In Re: M.A.O.R., a/k/a M.O., Appeal of: V.R.L.

J-S72040-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN RE: M.A.O.R., A/K/A M.O., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
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APPEAL OF: V.R.L., MOTHER :
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:
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: No. 657 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Decree Entered March 14, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
85415
IN RE: A.Y.O.R., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: V.R.L., MOTHER :
:
:
:
:
: No. 658 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Decree Entered March 14, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
85416
IN RE: V.O.R., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: V.R.L., MOTHER :
:
:
:
:
: No. 659 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Decree March 14, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
85417
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.
J-S72040-18
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: MAY 20, 2019
V.R.L. (“Mother”) appeals from the orphans’ court decrees entered on
March 14, 2018, that granted the petitions filed by the Berks County Office of
Children and Youth Services (“CYS”) to involuntarily terminate her parental
rights to three minor children: M.A.O.R., born January 2009; A.Y.O.R., born
July 2010; and V.O.R., born June 2013. We affirm.
The family became involved with CYS during May of 2015 due to
Mother’s inadequate parental supervision, deficient parental skills, and neglect
of the children’s basic needs. The agency was also concerned about Mother’s
mental health, substance abuse, and susceptibility to domestic violence.
Within a month, the juvenile court adjudicated the three children dependent
and placed them together in their current foster home, a pre-adoptive
resource.
The juvenile court ordered Mother to participate in parenting education,
complete a mental health evaluation and follow recommendations, obtain
stable and appropriate housing, and continue employment. She was also
required to maintain contact with CYS, complete casework services through
third-party referrals, and follow recommendations. In addition, Mother was
ordered to comply with random urinalysis, complete a drug and alcohol
evaluation, and follow recommendations. Mother’s compliance with the court-
sanctioned reunification plan was inconsistent during the course of the
dependency proceedings.
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On March 30, 2017, CYS filed petitions to involuntarily terminate
Mother’s parental rights to M.A.O.R., A.Y.O.R., and V.O.R. pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b). The orphans’ court conducted a
hearing on February 26, 2018.1 CYS called one witness, Melissa Evans, the
CYS caseworker who maintained the family’s case file. The witness’s
testimony was guided by a twenty–page case summary that she prepared in
anticipation of the hearing. CYS marked the summary as Exhibit 79, and
sought to admit it into evidence as part of a packet of eighty-one exhibits.
Mother leveled hearsay objections to the admissibility of nearly all of the
exhibits, and following argument, the orphans’ court granted CYS’s request to
take judicial notice of all but three exhibits. Specifically, the court took judicial
notice of “all the documents that were submitted and incorporated in [the]
prior [dependency] hearings.” N.T., 2/26/18, at 101. Of the three exhibits
that remained subject to Appellant’s hearsay objections, the orphans’ court
admitted Exhibit 71 and Exhibit 80, two sets of documents that outlined
Mother’s record of attendance at random drug tests and reported the
attendant results, under the medical records exception to the rule against
hearsay. Id. Thereafter, approximately two weeks after the hearing, the
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1 The children’s legal interests were represented during the contested
involuntary termination of parental rights proceedings by Melissa Krishock,
Esquire, the guardian ad litem appointed to represent the best interests of the
children during the dependency action. Attorney Krishock confirmed that no
conflict existed in her simultaneous representation of the children’s best
interests and legal interests, having talked to the children and discerned the
children’s preference to be adopted by their foster parents. N.T., 2/26/18, at
98, 116-17.
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orphans’ court admitted without explanation Exhibit 79, the twenty–page case
summary that guided Ms. Evans’s in-court testimony. See Orphans’ Court
Order, 3/14/18, Document # 17.
On March 14, 2018, the orphans’ court terminated Mother’s parental
rights to M.A.O.R., A.Y.O.R., and V.O.R. Mother filed timely notices of appeal
and complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) by simultaneously filing concise
statements of errors complained of on appeal.
Mother presents five issues for our review.
A. Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law and abused
its discretion by permitting [CYS] to submit inadmissible hearsay
evidence, to wit: a voluminous packet of exhibits—including
various reports from service providers, evaluations, case notes
from third parties not present at the hearing—all of which were
submitted for the truth of the matters asserted therein, and not
covered by any hearsay exceptions under the Pennsylvania
[R]ules of [E]vidence?
B. Whether the lower court erred as a matter of law and abused
its discretion in its evidentiary rulings at hearing and in the order
entered March 14, 2018, by admitting Exhibit no. 79 inadmissible
hearsay evidence, to wit: the summary of court proceedings
outline which of the caseworker’s rendition of the court
proceedings and casework session, counseling and of the services
or events, all of which were submitted for the truth of the matters
asserted therein and not covered by any hearsay exception under
the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence?
C. Whether the trial court erred in its evidentiary ruling at trial
by permitting [CYS] to present hearsay testimony by the [CYS]
caseworker?
D. Whether the trial court erred in determining that [CYS] met
its burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that the
statutory grounds for termination in 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511 had been
met?
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E. Whether the trial court erred in determining that [CYS] met
its burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that
termination best meets the needs and welfare of the child[ren] as
required by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b)?
Mother’s brief at 4.
We review these claims mindful of our well-settled standard of review:
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse
of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have previously
emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
As Mother presents a single argument supporting her first three issues,
we address those claims collectively. Mother contends that the orphans’
court’s admission of the CYS exhibits over her hearsay objection, particularly
the case summary marked Exhibit 79, was contrary to our Supreme Court’s
recent holding in In re A.J.R.-H., 188 A.3d 1157 (Pa. 2018). In that case,
the Court overruled the orphans’ court’s wholesale admission of 167 exhibits
under the business records exception to the prohibition against hearsay, and
concluded that the court’s evidentiary error could not be excused as harmless.
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Significantly, Mother does not invoke the Supreme Court’s holding in In
re A.J.R.-H., for the specific proposition that en masse admission of exhibits
is reversible error per se, as that was not our Supreme Court’s holding. In
actuality, Mother relies upon our High Court’s discussion to highlight that the
orphans’ court’s admission of the “documents without proper foundation,
specifically . . . the admission of [E]xhibit 79, the [case summary], is
reversible error.” Mother’s brief at 9. (emphasis added). Mother continues,
“it cannot be asserted that the admission of said documents was harmless
error in that the caseworker testified ongoingly [sic] to hearsay based on the
documents offered as exhibits[.]” Id.The only aspects of the orphans’ court’s evidentiary determination that
is subject to Mother’s hearsay challenge relate to the court’s admission of
Exhibits 71, 79, and 80 because the court took judicial notice of the
information in the other seventy-eight exhibits without objection. Thus, we
limit our review to whether Mother’s hearsay argument has merit pursuant to
the Supreme Court’s discussion in In re A.J.R.-H.
In In re A.J.R.-H., the Supreme Court rejected the orphans’ court’s
rote admission of a collection of exhibits under the business records exception,
without proper foundation. The High Court reasoned,
Without question, the manner in which these exhibits were
admitted into evidence in the first instance failed to satisfy the
requirements of the business records exception. CYS did not
present any witness in support of the exhibits’ admission, let alone
“the custodian or other qualified witness.” See 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 6108(b); Pa.R.E. 803(6)(D). Instead, all of the exhibits were
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presented to the court for admission, in bulk, by the county
solicitor prior to calling any witnesses to testify. N.T., 8/12/2016,
at 16. There was also no testimony of record that someone with
knowledge created any of the 167 exhibits at or near the time of
the event or that they were created in the regular practice of the
various agencies from which the documents came. See 42
Pa.C.S. § 6108(b); Pa.R.E. 803(6)(A), (C). Additionally, none of
the documents were certified copies. See Pa.R.E. 803(6)(D),
902(11). The only information provided at the time of the
exhibits’ admission was the county solicitor’s assurance, in
response to the leading question posed by the orphans’ court, that
the exhibits were contained in CYS’s files and “were collected in
the ordinary course of business with regard to this case.” N.T.,
8/12/2016, at 18-19; see 42 Pa.C.S. § 6108(b); Pa.R.E.
803(6)(B).
Id. at 1167-68 (footnote omitted). Thus, the High Court held that it was error
for the orphans’ court to admit the exhibits without first establishing the
proper foundation to support the business records exception. As the exhibits
were not prepared by the testifying witnesses, and CYS neglected to lay a
foundation with regard to their preparation, the exhibits were held to be
inadmissible.
Furthermore, as it relates to whether the evidentiary error was harmless
in light of the concurrent testimony that CYS adduced at the evidentiary
hearing, the High Court stressed, “the standard for finding harmlessness in a
termination case requires us to conclude that the evidentiary error could not
have had any impact upon the orphans’ court’s decision.” In re A.J.R.-H.,
supra at 1175. Notably, it continued, “[t]hat there may have been properly
admitted evidence sufficient to support termination does not render the
orphans’ court’s substantial evidentiary error harmless.” Id.
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Thereafter, the In re A.J.R.-H. Court clarified that, while couched as
harmless error, this Court’s practice of affirming a trial court decision on any
basis supported by the certified record is, in reality, an application of the “right
for any reason” doctrine. Id. at 1176. Importantly, the Court observed that
this doctrine is inappropriate where an unresolved dispute of fact exists. It
explained, “appellate courts should refrain from assuming the role of a fact-
finder in an attempt to sustain the action of the court below.” Id. (quoting
Bearoff v. Bearoff Bros., Inc., 327 A.2d 72, 76 (Pa. 1974)). Hence,
according to the High Court, the right for any reason doctrine “may not be
used to affirm a decision when the appellate court must weigh evidence and
engage in fact finding or make credibility determinations to reach a legal
conclusion.” In re A.J.R.-H., supra at 1176.
Instantly, the orphans’ court neglected to identify which exception to
the rule against hearsay it invoked to admit Exhibit 79, Ms. Evans’s case
summary. Notably, that exhibit is comparable to the “termination testimony,”
marked as Exhibit 161, which was a point of contention in In re A.J.R.-H.
Id. at 1162-63. In the same manner that Ms. Evans relied upon Exhibit 79
throughout her testimony, the Supreme Court noted that “[a]t various points
throughout her testimony, [the CYS witness] referred to her written summary
of the case (Exhibit 161) to answer questions posed to her about the family.”
Id. at 1164.
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The In re A.J.R.-H. Court held that the written summary was
inadmissible because, although it was created by the testifying caseworker, it
was an aggregate of information from various unknown sources and prior
caseworkers who did not provide corresponding documentation. As the
Supreme Court noted, Exhibit 161 “is comprised almost exclusively of
additional hearsay statements (some with multiple levels of hearsay), for
which no exception to the prohibition against hearsay was offered before the
orphans’ court.” Id. at 1170. Indeed, citing In re Involuntary Termination
of Parental Rights (Jones), 297 A.2d 117, 121 (Pa. 1972), the Court
reiterated that “we have long recognized that summaries of this nature are
not admissible at termination proceedings” and observed that, while the
summary may qualify as a business record insofar as it was compiled by the
testifying caseworker, application of the exception was inappropriate because
the summary lacked any foundation regarding the “sources of information and
the time and manner of preparation.” In re A.J.R.-H. supra at 1170 (quoting
Jones, supra at 121). Hence, the Supreme Court held that the orphans’
court committed an abuse of discretion in admitting the myriad exhibits,
including Exhibit 161, under the business record exception without requiring
CYS to satisfy the foundational prerequisites.
For the same reasons that the Supreme Court found Exhibit 161
inadmissible in In re A.J.R.-H., we conclude that the orphans’ court erred in
admitting Exhibit 79 in the case at bar. In anticipation of her testimony, Ms.
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Evans created an aggregate summation of relevant information that she
compiled from various undocumented sources. While it is possible that
Exhibit 79 could qualify as a Pa.R.E. 803(6) business records hearsay
exception, CYS neglected to proffer any foundational basis for the admission
of the exhibit, or the numerous separate documents contained therein, and
the orphans’ court failed to identify which exception applied to warrant
admission of the evidence over Mother’s hearsay objection.
For similar reasons, the urine screens, marked as Exhibits 71 and 80,
are not admissible under the medical records exception found at
Pa.R.E. 803(4) because CYS failed to proffer a foundation for their admission.
The orphans’ court’s declaration that the exhibits fall within that exception is
woefully inadequate as it is beyond peradventure that merely stating that a
document is a medical record is insufficient to permit its admission into
evidence. Commonwealth v. Fink, 791 A.2d 1235, 1246 (Pa.Super. 2002).
The Fink Court expounded on this reality as follows,
The medical treatment exception provides that testimony
repeating out-of-court statements made for the purposes of
receiving medical treatment are admissible as substantive
evidence. . . . [A] statement comes within this exception when
two requirements are met: (1) the declarant must make the
statement for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, e.g.,
statements relating to the cause of the injury, including testimony
repeating statements made to nurses for the purposes of medical
treatment and diagnosis; and (2) the statement must be
necessary and proper for diagnosis and treatment, e.g.,
statements to medical personnel as to how the person sustained
the injuries, but not the identity of the perpetrator.
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Id. at 1246 (citing Commonwealth v. Smith, 681 A.2d 1288, 1291 (Pa.
1996)).
Instantly, CYS neglected to demonstrate that the two exhibits, which
track Mother’s attendance record and the results of the random urine screens,
were made for the purposes of receiving medical treatment or that they were
necessary for medical diagnosis and treatment. As these foundational
prerequisites are absent herein, the orphans’ court erred in admitting the
exhibits under the medical records exception outlined in Pa.R.E. 803(4).
Next, having explained that the orphans’ court erred in admitting all
three exhibits over Mother’s hearsay objections, a developed analysis of the
error is warranted pursuant to In re A.J.R.-H. Preliminarily, we observe that,
since Ms. Evans’s in-court testimony was founded on the same out-of-court
statements she compiled in Exhibit 79, her admittedly duplicative testimony
is insufficient to cure the orphans’ court’s error in admitting the inadmissible
hearsay.2 See In re A.J.R.-H., at 1172-73; citing Jones, supra (caseworker
could not testify to substance of inadmissible documentary evidence); and In
re Sanders Children, 312 A.2d 414, 416 (Pa. 1973) (“The witness’[s] first-
hand knowledge of some of the facts contained in the report cannot justify the
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2 The certified record is replete with examples of Ms. Evans’s reference to the
exhibit prior to answering questions posed during both direct examination and
cross examination. See e.g., N.T., 2/26/18, at 46, 61, 96.
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admission of otherwise incompetent hearsay testimony drawn from the same
report.”).
The In re A.J.R.-H. Court confronted this precise scenario and, relying
upon the foregoing precedent, it reasoned,
As in Jones and In re Sanders Children, [the case
worker] in the case at bar admitted that the majority of her
testimony was not based on her firsthand knowledge about the
family, and instead that she relied on reports from prior CYS
caseworkers and third-party service providers. It could not have
been otherwise, as [the case worker] only assumed responsibility
for the case in February 2016, around the time that CYS filed the
petitions to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the Children.
Throughout her testimony, [the caseworker] regularly had to refer
to the exhibits (in particular, Exhibit 161) to provide answers to
questions posed to her regarding the history of CYS’s involvement
with the family and the parties’ compliance with the court ordered
services. No other witness provided any testimony in support of
the above-findings made by the orphans’ court in support of
termination.
In re A.J.R.-H., at 1173 (internal citation to record omitted).
Since Ms. Evans’s in-court testimony was drawn from Exhibit 79, we
cannot simply rely upon that testimony to remedy the orphans’ court’s error
in failing to sustain Mother’s hearsay objection to that exhibit.3 However,
unlike the Supreme Court’s ultimate disposition in In re A.J.R.-H., our review
of the seventy-eight exhibits of which the orphans’ court took judicial notice
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3 As Ms. Evans was the adoption caseworker, she had ample first-hand
knowledge of the children’s interactions with Mother and their foster parents,
respectively. Hence, Ms. Evan’s testimony concerning the children’s needs
and welfare pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) is not tainted by her references
to Exhibit 79.
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confirms that the certified record supports the orphans’ court’s decision to
terminate Mother’s parental rights notwithstanding its admission of Exhibit 79.
Importantly, the state of the certified record, which is flush with
judicially-noticed facts, is a significant departure from the circumstance that
the High Court confronted in In re A.J.R.-H. Indeed, the packet of judicially-
noticed exhibits includes six sets of permanency review hearings and their
accompanying findings of fact that provide the narrative of Mother’s progress
between the first permanency review hearing during November 2015 and the
permanency review hearing that preceded the orphans’ court proceeding on
February 2018. See CYS Exhibits 19-21, 22-24, 28-30, 34-36, and 46-51. In
sum, that evidence reveals Mother’s noteworthy progress during the first
several months of the dependency proceedings. During this period, Mother
demonstrated substantial compliance with the reunification plan and moderate
to substantial progress toward alleviating the circumstances that led to the
children’s placement. Mother’s attendance at the drug screens remained
inconsistent, however, and she was discharged from a mental health program
due to non-attendance. Nevertheless, Mother maintained full-time
employment and independently obtained appropriate housing.
However, these gains were ephemeral. After CYS granted Mother
unsupervised overnight visitation with the three children, a precursor to
reunification, Mother initiated a campaign of self-sabotage that culminated in
CYS filing the petitions to terminate her parental rights. Between February
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2017 and January 2018, Mother made little progress toward reunification. She
began by disappearing for two months without contacting CYS or the children.
When Mother reappeared, she did little more than maintain employment and
attend supervised visitations, which CYS reduced in frequency and duration.
Mother’s housing was sporadic, and she was uncooperative with CYS, her
service providers, and mental health counselors. Mother was twice discharged
from outpatient therapy for non-attendance, and after the program
readmitted her, it deemed her highly apathetic and lacking a genuine
commitment to treatment. Similarly, Mother attended random drug screens
infrequently, submitted diluted urine samples, and tested positive for K2 (a
synthetic cannabinoid) on several occasions.4
In addition, Mother’s unhealthy behavior remained a prevailing concern,
as is highlighted by her irresponsible conduct and unwillingness to address her
issues with domestic violence. For example, due to Mother’s noncompliance
with the terms of her participation in the accelerated rehabilitative disposition
(“ARD”) program in relation to a 2015 offense, the criminal court revoked ARD
and issued a bench warrant for her arrest during April 2017. Likewise, Mother
continued to minimize the significance of her extensive history with domestic
violence, and she justified her victimization. In this vein, Mother filed a
petition for protection from abuse (“PFA”) against her quarrelsome paramour,
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4Nearly all of the evidence contained in the drug screen exhibits, Nos. 71 and
80, could be gleaned from the judicially-noticed orders.
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but she elected to withdraw the petition before the entry of a final PFA order.
As of December 2017, Mother maintains a relationship with her alleged
abuser.
Having reviewed all of the judicially-noticed facts, it is obvious that no
unresolved dispute of fact exists which would require this Court to engage in
fact finding, weigh evidence, or make credibility determinations. Hence, the
underlying evidentiary errors “could not have had any impact upon the
orphan’s court’s decision,” In re A.J.R.-H., supra at 1175. Accordingly, the
orphans’ court’s evidentiary errors were harmless.
Next, we address Mother’s remaining argument that the orphans’ court
erred in finding that CYS demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence the
statutory grounds to terminate her parental rights to M.A.O.R., A.Y.O.R., and
V.O.R. From what we can glean from Mother’s scant argument, she contends
that, after omitting the improperly admitted evidence from consideration, the
remaining evidence was insufficient to support the termination of her parental
rights. Mother’s assertion fails.
Termination of parental rights is governed by § 2511 of the Adoption
Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, which requires a bifurcated analysis:
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for
termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if the court
determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his
or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of
the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the
needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests
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of the child. One major aspect of the needs and welfare analysis
concerns the nature and status of the emotional bond between
parent and child, with close attention paid to the effect on the child
of permanently severing any such bond.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
Instantly, the orphans’ court terminated Mother’s parental rights
pursuant to § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5) (8), and (b), which provide as follows:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least
six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition
either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing parental
claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform parental
duties.
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his
physical or mental well-being and the conditions and causes of
the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be
remedied by the parent.
....
(5) The child has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency for
a period of at least six months, the conditions which led to the
removal or placement of the child continue to exist, the parent
cannot or will not remedy those conditions within a reasonable
period of time, the services or assistance reasonably available
to the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which led
to the removal or placement of the child within a reasonable
period of time and termination of the parental rights would best
serve the needs and welfare of the child.
....
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(8) The child has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency,
12 months or more have elapsed from the date of removal or
placement, the conditions which led to the removal or
placement of the child continue to exist and termination of
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the
child.
....
(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b).
First, it is a well ensconced legal principle that appellate courts do not
review sufficiency claims on a diminished record. See e.g., D’Alessandro v.
Pennsylvania State Police, 937 A.2d 404, 410 (Pa. 2007) (plurality)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Lovette, 450 A.2d 975, 977 (Pa. 1982)) (“A
sufficiency claim will not be reviewed on a diminished record, ‘but rather on
the evidence actually presented to the finder of fact rendering the questioned
verdict.’”); Commonwealth v. Weaver, 76 A.3d 562, 569 (Pa.Super. 2013)
(law is clear that we are required to consider all evidence that was actually
received without consideration as to admissibility of evidence or whether
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court’s evidentiary rulings were correct). Thus, Mother’s predicate contention
that we must disregard the improperly admitted evidence is baseless.
Moreover, as outlined supra, and for the reasons cogently articulated in
the orphan’s court opinion, CYS adduced ample evidence to sustain its burden
of proof. Thus, after a thorough review of the certified record, the parties’
briefs and the pertinent law, we affirm the March 14, 2018 decrees on the
basis of the well-reasoned trial court opinion entered on May 14, 2018, by the
distinguished Judge Benjamin Nevius.
Decrees affirmed.
Judge Shogan joins the memorandum.
Judge Kunselman files a concurring statement.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date:5/20/2019
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Circulated
Received 6/18/2018 12:49:59 PM Superior04/09/2019 10:10
Court Middle AM
District
Filed 6/18/2018 12:49:00 PM Superior Court Middle District
657 MDA 2018
INRE: OF BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
ORPHANS' COURT DIVISION
M.A.0.-R. No. 85415
A.Y.0.-R. No. 85416
V.0.-R. No. 85417
Jennifer L. Grimes, Attorney for BCCYS, Petj ner/Appellee
ti '
Melissa Krishock, Guardian Ad Litem
Kathleen Dautrich, Attorney for N.R., Mother
Q;plNION, J, Benjamin Nevius, J. Dated: May 11, 2018
This matter arises from separate petitions (the "Petitions") filed by Berks County
Children and Youth Services ("BCCYS'') to terminate the parental rights of V.R.-L. ("Mother"),
M.0.-M. ("Father"), and/or anyone else claiming paternity of three minor children, M.A.0.-R.
(born 2009), A.Y.0.-R. (born 2010), and V.0.-R. (born 2013) (collectively, the "Children"),
pursuant to Section 2511 of the Adoption Act, 23 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 2101, et seq. (the "Act").
On March 31, 2017, BCCYS filed a Petitions for Involuntarily Termination of Parental
Rights relative to Mother, Father, and/or anyone else claiming paternity of the Children (the
"Petitions") pursuant to Section 2511 of the Act. On February 26, 2018, the Court presided over
a hearing on BCCYS's Petitions. Mother was present in the courtroom with her court-appointed
attorney. Father did not attend and, in fact, has not participated in any proceedings in
dependency or before the Orphans' Court relative to the Children.
On February 26, 2018, the Court entered separate Orders terminating the parental rights
of Father and/or anyone else claiming paternity of the Children. On March 14, 2018, and much
careful consideration, the Court entered a separate Final Decree terminating the parental rights of
1
Mother, finding that BCCYS had established its burden by clear and convincing evidence. On
I Father has not
appealed the Court's Final Decree terminating his parental rights. Accordingly, this Opinion
addresses Mother's appeal and the termination of her parental rights, only.
April 13, 2018, Mother filed a Notice of Appeal (the "Notice") and a Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal (the "Statement"), raising five issues for consideration on appeal:
(1) The trial court erred as a matter of law and abused its
discretion by permitting the Appellee BCCYS to submit
inadmissible hearsay evidence, to wit: a voluminous packet
of exhibits-including various reports from service
providers, evaluations, case notes from third parties not
present at the hearing-all which were submitted for the
truth of the matters asserted therein, and not covered by any
hearsay exception under the Pennsylvania Rules of
Evidence.
(2) The lower court erred as a matter of law and abused its
discretion in its evidentiary rulings at hearing and in the
Order entered March 14, 2018, by admitting Exhibit No 79,
inadmissible hearsay, to wit: the summary of court
proceedings outline which of the caseworker's rendition of
the court proceedings and casework session, counseling and
of the services or events, all of which were submitted for
the truth of the matters asserted therein and not covered by
any hearsay exception und the Pennsylvania Rules of
Evidence.
(3) The trial court erred in its evidentiary ruling at trial by
permitting BCCYS to present hearsay testimony by the
BCCYS caseworker.
(4) The Trial court erred in determining that the Berks County
Office of Children and Youth Services (BCCYS) met its
burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that
the statutory grounds for termination in 23 Pa.C.S.A §2511
has been met.
(5) The trial court erred in determining that BCCYS met its
burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that
termination best meets the needs and welfare of the child as
required by 23 Pa C.S.A §251 l(b).
[See Statement, p. I].
In sum, Mother argues that the Court made a number of mistaken evidentiary rulings
pertaining to hearsay, and that the Court erred in finding that (a) parental rights should be
2
terminated, and (b) that termination best meets the needs and welfare of the Children. [Id., pp. 1-
2). Mother failed to request a transcript of the proceedings. This Opinion follows.2
WAIVER
As an initial matter, it is well settled that an appellate court may only consider facts
which have been duly certified in the record on appeal. See Murphy v. Murphy, 599 A.2d 647,
652 (Pa. Super. Ct. l 99 l ). Furthermore, the appellant is responsible for providing the Superior
Court with the complete record for review. See Com. v. Feflie, 581 A.2d 636, 640 (Pa. Super.
Ct. l 993). «where a claim is dependent upon materials not provided in the certified record, the
claim is considered waived." Com. v. Proetto, 771 A.2d 823, 834 (Pa .. Super. Ct. 2001).))
Here, a review of the issues raised by the Mother is dependent upon a transcript of the
proceedings that documents both proper preservation of issues and the bases for the Court's
decision to terminate parental rights. Mother's failure to have the hearing transcribed for official
use should result in a waiver of all issues on appeal.
BASES FOR TERMINATION
Substantively, the Court terminated Mother's parental rights based upon her failure to
comply with Court-ordered services, treatment, and testing. BCCYS established by clear and
convincing evidence that, despite numerous chances> Mother failed to recognize or remedy
unsafe conditions presenting a danger to herself and to her Children.
2
"The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases requires appellate courts to accept the findings of
fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record. If the factual findings are
supported, appellate courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law or abused .its discretion. A
decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness,
partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial court's decision, however, should not be reversed merely because the
record would support a different result. We have previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have
first-hand observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings." In re Adoption ofA.C., 162 A.3d 1123, 1128
(2017) (citing In re T.S.M, 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013)); see also In re Adoption o/S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa.
2012) ("[E]ven where the facts could support an opposite result, as is often the case in ... termination cases, an
appellate court must resist the urge to second guess the trial court and impose.Its own credibility determinations and
judgment").
3
On May 26, 2015, the Hon. Maryann Ullman of the Court of the Berks County Court of
Common Pleas entered an Order adjudicating the Children dependent, requiring that Mother
comply with certain services, treatment, and testing. The Court expanded that list of obligations
through subsequent Orders entered in connection with the dependency proceedings as a result of
Mother's continued failure to make suitable progress. Among other things, the Court ordered
Mother to:
(a) Undergo a mental health evaluation and comply with any
treatment recommendations;
(b) Establish and maintain suitable and appropriate housing and
mcome;
(c) Notify BCCYS of changes in income or residence;
(d) Participate in casework sessions through BCCYS and
comply with any recommendations;
(e) Undergo a drug and alcohol evaluation and comply with any
treatment recommendations; and
(f) Undergo random urinalysis.
Since May 2015, Mother has failed to satisfactorily participate in these Court-ordered
services, among others. For example, Mother inconsistently attended monthly casework
meetings with BCCYS and failed to comply with recommendations. BCCYS caseworker, Sara
Evans ("Ms. Evans"), indicated that Mother initially appeared motivated to participate in
programs and casework sessions, but that Mother failed to follow through. Ms. Evans testified
that Mother would pretend as though she was hearing about Court-ordered services for the first
time each time that she met with BCCYS.
Recently, third-party service provider, Justice Works Youth Care ("Justice Works"),
reported to BCCYS that Mother failed to appear for four sessions in December 2017, at which
time BCCYS had arranged for weekly meetings. Further, Mother promised to provide
information to BCCYS regarding her mental health treatment and providers, but failed to do so.
Ultimately, Justice Works discharged Mother for non-compliance and minimal progress.
4
With regard to stable housing, Mother moved nine times over the course of three years,
mostly residing with family and friends. She frequently failed to advise BCCYS of her changes
in residence. In fact, BCCYS was unaware where Mother was residing immediately prior to the
hearing on the Petitions. As recently as July 2017 (months after BCCYS filed the Petitions to
terminate her parental rights), Mother averred to a service provider in an application for housing
assistance that she was homeless, living out of a car, and without food. Further, Ms. Evans
reported that Mother changed her telephone numbers numerous times without informing
BCCYS, making it nigh impossible for BCCYS to contact and remind Mother about
appointments and other obligations.
Although Mother, for the most part, consistently participated in visitation with the
Children, she engaged in conduct for a period of time that Ms. Evans described as "self-
sabotage." Specifically, in January 2017, BCCYS was working toward overnight visitation with
Mother, with the goal of reunification. Mother, however, disappeared and ceased attending
visitation completely. One month later, in February 2017, Mother contacted BCCYS and
advised that she was "hiding out" to avoid contact with an ex-paramour who had assaulted
Mother. Mother revealed that she was in an abusive relationship during this period and did not
want the Children to see her. Ms. Evans also reported that Mother admitted to frequent
substance abuse - K2 - during this period.
With regard to substance abuse, Mother failed to acknowledge, much less properly
address, these issues or comply with Court-ordered treatment and testing. Ms. Evans indicated
that, since 2015, Mother engaged and disengaged in drug and alcohol treatment/counseling
numerous times. Throughout her treatment, counselors reported that Mother appeared
"ambivalent>' and unmotivated to participate in treatment. Mother appeared to be "in denial" and
5
"minimized" her issues. As a result, Mother's counselors discharged her for non-compliance
multiple times. In January of this year- 10 months after BCCYS filed its Petitions to terminate
Mother's parental rights - she sought to reengage in drug and alcohol counseling.
With regard to testing, Mother missed 66 of her 118 scheduled screenings, had a number
of diluted screenings, and tested positive seven times for K2. The most recent positive test came
in July 2017, more than three months after BCCYS filed the Petitions. As Ms. Evans observed
during the hearing on the Petitions, this was the same period during which Mother produced a
number of diluted urine samples. To this date, concerns remain about Mother's sobriety, as she
provided four diluted samples and failed to attend four screenings immediately prior to the
termination hearing from December 19, 2017 through February 20, 2018.
Additionally, Mother had been required to participate in mental health and domestic
violence evaluations, as well as participate in any counseling recommended as a result of those
evaluations. Although Mother purported to participate in some individual mental health therapy,
Ms. Evans and others were unable to confirm what services Mother participated in because
Mother did not provide the necessary information to BCCYS.
With regard to domestic violence concerns, as indicated above, in early 2017, Mother
advised BCCYS that she was "hiding out'tto escape an abusive relationship. The alleged abuser
resided with Mother at the time. BCCYS identified this concern, among others, during the
dependency proceedings, and the Court required Mother to participate in domestic violence
counseling. Although Mother attended her domestic violence evaluation and began treatment,
she shortly thereafter started failing to appear for sessions. 'As a result, in January '2018,
Mother's domestic violence counselor discharged her from treatment. In conversations with Ms.
6
Evans about the situation, Mother minimized the risk and failed to recognize the dangers of an
abuser living in the home with her Children.
While all of this was going on with Mother, the Children had been bonding and attaching
with their foster parents, most notably looking at them as being their parents. Although Mother
has a bond with the Children, and although she clearly loves them very much, all evidence points
toward the best interests of the Children being served by remaining with their resource family.
Ms. Evans testified the Children are doing well in their placement and that they have bonded
with their foster parents. Further, Ms. Evans testified that the Children expressed their desire to
remain in the care of their foster parents. Ms. Evans observed the Children interacting with the
foster parents, and her observations were consistent with the desires expressed to her by the
Children. Ms. Evans observed the Children telling the foster mother that they loved her, and she
noted that the Children are clearly bonded with the foster parents - they look to their foster
parents for love, safety, and support.
Section 2511 of the Act provides, among other things, that parental rights in regard to a
child may be terminated if/when:
(I) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least six
months immediately preceding the filing of the petition
either bas evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform
parental duties;
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or
refusal of the parent has caused the Children to be without
essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for
his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and
causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or ·
will not be remedied by the parent;
(5) The Children has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency
for a period of at least six months, the conditions which led
7
to the removal or placement of the Children continue to
exist, the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions
within a reasonable period of time, the services or
assistance reasonably available to the parent are not likely
to remedy the conditions which led to the removal or
placement of the Children within a reasonable period of
time and termination of the parental rights would best serve
the needs and welfare of the Children; and
(8) The Children has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an
agency, twelve months or more have elapsed from the date
of removal or placement, the conditions which led to the
removal or placement of the Children continue to exist and
termination of parental rights would best serve the needs
and welfare of the Children."
�ee 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 211 l(a)(l), (2), (5), and (8).
Section 2511 further provides that, "[w]ith respect to any petition filed pursuant to (a)(l),
(6), or (8), the court shall not consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the filing of the
petition." 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 251 l(b). · "Parental rights may not be preserved by waiting for some
more suitable financial circumstance or convenient time for the performance of parental duties
and responsibilities." In re: D.J.S., 737 A.2d 283, 287 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999). The long-standing
law of the Commonwealth is that the inability of a parent to perform parental duties makes him
or her just as parentally unfit as a parent who refuses to perform these duties. In re: B.L. W., 843
A.2d 380, 388 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004).
Regardless of inability or refusal, once a parent demonstrates a failure to fulfill his or her
parental duties,' the child's right to fulfillment of his or her potential in a permanent, healthy,
3
There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties. Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be met
by a merely passive interest in the development of the child. Thus, this court has held that the parental obligation is a
positive duty which requires affirmative performance. In re Adoption ofA. C., 162 A.3d at 1129.
8
safe environment with proper parenting supersedes the parent's basic constitutional right to
custody and rearing of the child. Id. In terminating the rights of a parent, the court must give
"primary consideration to the developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the
[c [hildren." 23 Pa. C.S.A. §2511 (b ).
The Court can appreciate that Mother cares for the Children. That said, given numerous
opportunities, Mother has shown a propensity for beginning services but failing to follow
through. Mother began but failed to complete domestic violence counseling. Mother began but
foiled to complete drug and alcohol treatment. Mother began but failed to complete individual
mental health counseling. Mother began, but failed to participate in casework services.
Based upon Ms. Evans's testimony, the Children are bonded with the foster parents.
Terminating Mother's parental rights will not detrimentally affect the Children. In fact, the
foster parents are resources who can continue to meet the Children's developmental, physical,
and emotional needs. It is, therefore, in the Children's best interest to continue in the care of
their foster parents.
Mother was unable or unwilling to comply with Court-ordered services, and to make the
changes necessary to provide for a safe, healthy, and permanent living environment for the
Children. After much reflection on the matter, and after careful consideration, the Court
terminated Mother's parental rights to offer the Children the permanency they need. The
Children deserve stability, permanency, and an opportunity to grow up in an environment free of
the disruption and turmoil surrounding the dependency process.
Here, Mother's "right to the custody and rearing of [C]hildren is converted, upon the
failure to fulfill her parental duties.jo the [C)hildren's right to have proper parenting and
fulfillment of his or her potential in a permanent, healthy safe environment, H In re: B.L. w:, 843
9
A.2d at 388. As the Superior Court has observed, "it is time to give [the Children] a chance to
have [their] fundamental needs met without the constant insecurity that comes with knowing that
someday, perhaps in the unreasonably distant future, [they] might again be wrenched away from
[their] committed and capable caregivers." Id. (quoting In re N.C., 763 A.2d 913, 919 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 2000)).
For the foregoing reasons, the Court found that BCCYS carried its burden of establishing
by clear and convincing evidence that Mother's parental rights should be terminated, and that, in
fact, it is in the best interest of the Children that this occur. As such, the Court entered its Decree
terminating the parental rights of Mother to the Children.4
BY THE COURT:
Distribution:
Clerk of the Orphans' Court
BCCYS Solicitor
Guardian Ad Litem
Attorney for Mother
Attorney for Father
4
With regard to Mother's objections based upon evidentiary rulings, which are not preserved on appeal, "[a] trial
court has broad discretion to determine whether evidence is admissible and a trial court's ruling on an evldentiary
issue will be reversed only if the court abused its discretion." Com. v. Cook, 676 A.2d 639, 647 (Pa. 1996).
Accordingly, a ruling admitting evidence "will not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling reflects manifest
unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support to be clearly erroneous." Co111. v.
Minich, 4 A.3d I 063, 1068 (Pa. Super. Ct. 20 I 0) (citations omitted); see a{so Com. v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 966
(Pa. Super. Ct.2013). Here, the Court entertained, carefully considered, and ruled on evidentlary objections. All
documents admitted are documents of BCCYS kept in the ordinary course of the dependency and orphans' court
proceedings, and/or prepared by its caseworkers.
10