Commonwealth v. Soto

J-A19021-18
2018 Pa. Super. 356
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
NELSON SOTO :
:
Appellant : No. 1757 MDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 27, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-06-CR-0003614-2013
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., NICHOLS, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
OPINION BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 28, 2018
Appellant Nelson Soto appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed
after a jury found him guilty of aggravated assault, simple assault, disarming
a police officer, resisting arrest, and possession of a controlled substance.1
Appellant challenges the denial of his suppression motion, the sufficiency and
weight of the evidence, the trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury
instruction, and the trial court’s evidentiary rulings.2 We affirm.
The facts and procedures leading to Appellant’s conviction are well
known to the parties, and the relevant portions of the record will be discussed
below in further detail. We briefly note that Appellant was found guilty of the
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1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(3), 2701(a)(1), 5104.1(a), and 5104, and 35 P.S.
§780-113(a)(16), respectively. The trial court separately found Appellant
guilty of accident involving damage to an unattended vehicle. 75 Pa.C.S. §
3745(a). Appellant was found not guilty of possession with intent to deliver a
controlled substance and harassment.
2 We have reordered Appellant’s claims for this review.
J-A19021-18
above-stated offenses on September 21, 2017, and sentenced to an aggregate
4½ to 10 years’ imprisonment followed by 2 years’ probation on September
27, 2017. On October 6, 2017, Appellant timely filed post-sentence motions.
The trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motions on October 24, 2017.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on November 14, 2017, and
complied with the trial court’s order to file and serve a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement. The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Appellant presents the following questions for review:
[1.] Whether the suppression court erred in failing to suppress all
evidence and dismiss all charges because the police officer who
pursued Appellant after he allegedly struck a parked, unoccupied
vehicle, which is a summary offense under the Vehicle Code, did
not have authority to seize and arrest appellant under Article I, §
8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and/or the Vehicle Code?
[2.] Whether the evidence presented by the Commonwealth at
trial was insufficient to convict [A]ppellant of the charges of
aggravated assault, simple assault, disarming a police officer, and
resisting arrest because the Commonwealth failed to disprove
[A]ppellant was justified in his actions because he was attempting
to run away from committing a summary offense under the
Vehicle Code and the officer(s) who pursued him with lights and
siren down a one-way street the wrong way and who tasered him
in the back as he was trying to simply get away from the police
and then repeatedly deployed the [T]aser on [A]ppellant as many
as 10 times during which time [A]ppellant was trying to leave the
area. In addition, the evidence was insufficient to convict
[A]ppellant of the crimes of aggravated assault and simple assault
because there was not adequate evidence that Appellant
attempted to cause or caused bodily injury to a police officer. In
addition, the evidence at trial was insufficient to convict appellant
of the crime of disarming a police officer because at best the
evidence showed that Appellant grabbed Officer Epilito’s wrist or
hand while the officer was tasering him multiple times. In addition,
the evidence at trial was insufficient to convict the appellant of
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resisting arrest because the arrest was unlawful as set forth in
Issue [1]?
[3.] Whether the verdicts of the jury were against the weight of
the evidence on the charges of aggravated assault, simple assault,
disarming a police officer, and resisting arrest because of all the
reasons relied upon in the post-sentence motion filed in this case?
[4.] Whether the trial court erred by failing to give Appellant’s
point for charge on resisting arrest to the jury after the
Commonwealth agreed to the charge before the closing
arguments and the court stated on the record at the time points
for charge were discussed that it would give said charge and when
defense counsel renewed the request for that specific charge at
the close of the charge to the jury, but the court still refused to
give the charge even though defense counsel argued the specific
language and principles in that charge in closing to the jury to the
prejudice of [A]ppellant?
[5.] Whether the trial court erred in permitting the
Commonwealth’s witnesses to mention to the jury that [A]ppellant
was “on parole” because the prejudice to [A]ppellant by revealing
such information was unduly prejudicial to [A]ppellant and was
also evidence of other inadmissible bad acts such that the court
should have precluded the jury from hearing that evidence?
[6.] Whether the trial court failed to exclude all the evidence of
drugs seized from [A]ppellant because the Commonwealth failed
to establish an adequate chain of custody of that evidence for all
the reasons argued at the pretrial phase of the case pertaining to
the illegal conduct of Officer Jody Royer as the person in charge
of safeguarding this evidence and tasked with taking the evidence
to the [Pennsylvania State Police] lab for testing?
Appellant’s Brief at 3-5 (full capitalization omitted).
Suppression
The procedural background to Appellant’s challenge to the suppression
ruling is as follows. On January 27, 2016, Appellant filed a motion to suppress
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claiming that he was unlawfully seized. The trial court held a hearing on April
26, 2017, at which several police officers testified.
The suppression hearing testimony3 reveals that at approximately 2:30
a.m. on July 20, 2013, Officer Nicholas Epolito of the Reading Police
Department was “assigned to respond to a vehicle accident” on the 500 block
of Chestnut Street. N.T. Suppression, 4/26/17, at 7-8. When the officer
arrived at the accident scene, he saw a parked car and a second vehicle, which
appeared to have struck the parked vehicle. Id. at 8. There were two females
near the parked vehicle, who immediately began “yelling that the driver of the
striking vehicle was fleeing down Pearl Street” and pointing. Id. at 9, 10.
Officer Epolito looked around and saw Appellant running south on Pearl
Street. Id. at 9. The officer testified that Appellant “was the only person [he]
could see within the block.” Id. The officer thought Appellant “was the driver
of the vehicle and was now committing a hit-and-run.” Id. at 10.
Officer Epolito testified that he turned his vehicle around, “went the
wrong way down Pearl Street[,] following” Appellant with his emergency lights
and siren activated. Id. at 9, 23. Appellant ran into a vacant lot,
approximately one-half block from the accident scene. Id. at 9. Officer
Epolito continued to follow Appellant into the lot, and Appellant “attempted to
scale a [six-foot high] fence.” Id. at 11. The officer yelled for Appellant to
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3 The scope of review for suppression orders is limited to the evidence
presented at the suppression hearing. In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1085 (Pa.
2013).
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stop, and Appellant “did stop and turn[] around” to face the officer. Id. The
officer ordered Appellant “to turn away from” the officer. Id. Appellant
complied, and the officer “holstered [his] firearm to begin taking Appellant
into custody.” Id. The officer testified that Appellant then “turned back
around and shoved me away from him.” Id.
Officer Epolito testified that he used his Taser, but the Taser did not
incapacitate Appellant. A struggle ensued, and the officer pushed Appellant
to the ground. Id. at 11-12. The officer testified that he and Appellant
continued to struggle on the ground and Appellant attempted to punch him in
the face. Id. at 13. Appellant was not subdued until a backup officer,
Sergeant Brian Thomas Rogers, arrived. Both Officer Epolito and Sergeant
Rogers struck Appellant to subdue him. Id. at 30, 41. Appellant was
handcuffed and then taken from the scene to a hospital by another officer.
Id. at 50.
After the altercation, Officer Epolito returned to the accident scene and
completed an accident report. Id. at 16-17. The officer spoke to the two
females who initially reported that Appellant was fleeing the scene. Id.
According to the officer, “[t]hey stated that their vehicle was parked[,
Appellant] hit the vehicle[, and a]fter he hit the vehicle and realized we were
on the way, he said I got to go I’m on parole and took off running.” Id. Officer
Epolito stated that one of the females was the owner of the vehicle. Id. On
cross-examination, Officer Epolito testified that the two women reported that
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Appellant was on parole and told them he could not stay before the officer
began pursuing Appellant. N.T. Suppression at 22.
Also during the cross-examination of Officer Epolito, Appellant’s counsel
emphasized that the officer arrived on the scene approximately ten minutes
after the accident was reported, and that the officer’s post-incident reports
did not indicate that he saw the two vehicles in contact with each other. See
id. at 23, 33. Appellant elicited the officer’s concessions that (1) the officer
did not see the accident happen, (2) the officer did not know whether
Appellant was the driver of the striking vehicle, and (3) Appellant could have
given the owner of the other car his paperwork in the ten minutes between
the report of the accident and the officer’s arrival at the accident scene. Id.
at 21-22, 33. Additionally, Appellant highlighted that Officer Epolito did not
know the two females who reported that Appellant was the driver of the
striking vehicle and ran away, and that the officer did not interview the
females before pursuing Appellant. Id. at 21.
Officer Christian Morar testified that he arrived at the scene in a police
transport wagon. Id. at 46. When Officer Morar arrived, Appellant was
already in handcuffs. Id. at 47. Before placing Appellant in the wagon, Officer
Morar searched Appellant and recovered plastic bags containing suspected
cocaine from Appellant’s shorts. Id. at 47-48. Further analysis of the
contraband revealed that Appellant was in possession of thirty-two bags of
cocaine. Id. at 15-16.
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At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ordered the parties to
submit memorandums in place of oral arguments. In his memorandum,
Appellant asserted that Officer Epolito lacked the authority to arrest Appellant.
Specifically, Appellant noted that “a police officer in uniform may arrest
somebody for a violation of the Vehicle Code without a warrant when the
Vehicle Code violation occurs in the presence of the police officer.” Appellant’s
Mem. of Law, 6/3/16, at 3 (citing 75 Pa.C.S. § 6304(b), and Pa.R.Crim.P. 400,
440). Appellant argued that “because Officer Epolito had not witnessed the
alleged Vehicle Code violation, he had no authority to arrest [Appellant]
without a warrant and at best should have issued him a citation if he in fact
had committed an alleged Vehicle Code violation.” Id. at 4. Appellant
continued, “Because Officer Epolito pursued [Appellant] in an attempt to make
a warrantless arrest for a summary vehicle code violation . . ., the officer
exceeded his arrest authority under the laws of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania.” Id.
The Commonwealth responded that Officer Epolito had reasonable
suspicion to detain Appellant based on the report received from the two
women and his flight from the scene. Commonwealth’s Legal Mem. in Opp’n,
6/23/16, at 6. The Commonwealth further argued that probable cause to
arrest Appellant for aggravated assault, attempting to disarm a police officer,
and resisting arrest arose when Appellant “shoved Officer Epolito and began
pulling away from him,” “a struggle ensued,” and Appellant grabbed the
officer’s Taser. Id. at 7-8.
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The trial court issued an order and opinion denying Appellant’s motion
to suppress. The court found that Officer Epolito received information from
the two women at the scene that the driver was fleeing and observed that (1)
the parked vehicle and the striking vehicle were still in contact, (2) Appellant
was running down Pearl Street, and (3) there were no other individuals on the
street. Mem. & Order, 7/7/16, at 1, 5. The trial court concluded that the
totality of the circumstances gave Officer Epolito reasonable suspicion to
pursue and detain Appellant for further investigation. Id. at 5-6. The trial
court further concluded that Appellant’s resistance to Officer Epolito’s attempt
to detain Appellant established probable cause to arrest Appellant for other
crimes. Id. at 6. The trial court, therefore, concluded that Appellant’s arrest
and the ensuing search of Appellant, which resulted in recovery of suspected
cocaine, were proper.
On appeal, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his
motion seeking to suppress the cocaine found on his person. Appellant asserts
that he was subject to an unlawful seizure when Officer Epolito began following
him in a police vehicle with the lights and siren activated. Appellant’s Brief at
8. Appellant further suggests that he was subjected to a custodial detention
when the officer cornered Appellant in the parking lot, drew his weapon,
ordered Appellant to come down off of the fence, tasered him in the back, and
shoved him to the ground. Appellant’s Brief at 16.
Appellant further argues that the two women who identified Appellant
as the perpetrator of the accident were anonymous tipsters who were not
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sufficiently reliable to justify a pursuit, detention, or arrest of Appellant. Id.
at 16-17. Appellant continues that his flight from Officer Epolito alone did not
give rise to an independent basis for the seizure. Id. Appellant refers to
several legal principles including (1) the commencement of summary
proceedings by arrest, id. at 12 (citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 400, 440), (2)
Pennsylvania law regarding coerced abandonment, id. at 13 (citing
Commonwealth v. Matos, 672 A.2d 769 (Pa. 1996)), and (3) the
unreliability of anonymous tips, id. at 14 (citing Commonwealth v. Mackey,
177 A.3d 221 (Pa. Super. 2017)).
Appellant also notes that Officer Epolito’s testimony was inconsistent
with his post-arrest reports, including the narrative summary report and an
affidavit of probable cause. Appellant reiterates that the officer’s reports did
not mention that the officer observed the two vehicles being in contact or that
the officer believed Appellant was the driver of the vehicle. Id. at 15.
Appellant also notes the officer’s initial reports indicated that Appellant
attempted to shove him, rather than actually pushing him, before attempting
to flee from the fence. Id. at 27.
It is well settled that
[o]ur standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial
court’s denial of a suppression motion is limited to
determining whether the factual findings are supported by
the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from
those facts are correct.
We may consider only the evidence of the prosecution and
so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the
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record as a whole. Where the record supports the findings
of the suppression court, we are bound by those facts and
may reverse only if the court erred in reaching its legal
conclusions based upon the facts.
Moreover, it is within the [trial] court’s province to pass on the
credibility of witnesses and determine the weight to be given to
their testimony.
Commonwealth v. McCoy, 154 A.3d 813, 815-16 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(citations and brackets in original omitted).
The principles governing our review of Appellant’s claim are as follows:
Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect individuals from
unreasonable searches and seizures. “To secure the right of
citizens to be free from such [unreasonable] intrusions, courts in
Pennsylvania require law enforcement officers to demonstrate
ascending levels of suspicion to justify their interactions with
citizens as those interactions become more intrusive.” We have
long recognized that there are three levels of intrusion involved in
interactions between members of the public and the police. The
first is a mere encounter, which requires no level of suspicion at
all. The second level is an investigative detention, which must be
supported by reasonable suspicion. Finally, the third level is an
arrest or custodial detention, which must be supported by
probable cause.
***
The determination of whether an officer had reasonable
suspicion that criminality was afoot so as to justify an
investigatory detention is an objective one, which must be
considered in light of the totality of the circumstances. It is
the duty of the suppression court to independently evaluate
whether, under the particular facts of a case, an objectively
reasonable police officer would have reasonably suspected
criminal activity was afoot.
Commonwealth v. Walls, 53 A.3d 889, 892-93 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations
omitted).
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A pursuit of a fleeing suspect constitutes a seizure under Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Matos, 672 A.2d at 770 (holding
that individuals who abandoned items while being pursued by an officer
without reasonable suspicion were entitled to suppression); Commonwealth
v. Ranson, 103 A.3d 73, 77 (Pa. Super. 2014). Therefore, for a pursuit to be
constitutional, the Commonwealth must demonstrate reasonable suspicion or
probable cause that a defendant was engaged in criminal activity. See In re
D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1164 (Pa. 2001); Ranson, 103 A.3d at 77.
When considering an “anonymous tip,” a court must consider “whether
under the ‘totality of the circumstances’ the informant’s tip established the
necessary reasonable suspicion . . . .” Ranson, 103 A.3d at 78 (citation
omitted). As this Court noted in Mackey:
The veracity and reliability of anonymous tips are particularly
difficult for the police to evaluate. Unlike trusted (or at least
tested) informants or members of the public not concealing their
identity, anonymous tipsters know they cannot be held to account
for false allegations. In addition, they often fail to reveal the basis
for their alleged knowledge and are generally unavailable to
answer follow-up questions from police.
Mackey, 177 A.3d at 230 (citations omitted).
This Court has distinguished cases involving tips received by anonymous
phone calls and those received in person. Commonwealth v. Williams, 980
A.2d 667, 672 (Pa. Super. 2009). Unlike an anonymous phone call, a face-
to-face report exposes the tipster to possible criminal liability and permits an
officer “to observe the witness’[s] demeanor and assess [the witness’s]
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credibility in light of [the officer’s] past experience with investigating crimes.”
Id. Accordingly, a tip made in person “must be given more weight than a
mere anonymous phone call.” Id. (citations omitted).
Even if an initial seizure is not justified by reasonable suspicion, an
individual may commit separate acts that permit a police officer to arrest the
individual. See Commonwealth v. Britt, 691 A.2d 494, 498 (Pa. Super.
1997). In Britt, this Court concluded that even if police officers lacked
probable cause to seize a defendant, the defendant “was not justified in
resisting the officers’ approach” and engaging in conduct “designed to inflict
bodily injury upon the officers during the performance of their duty.” Id. at
497-98. The Britt Court determined that “the officers had probable cause to
pursue and arrest [the defendant] for aggravated assault and reckless
endangerment” independent of an initial improper seizure. Id. at 498.
Instantly, Appellant raised inconsistencies between Officer Epolito’s
initial post-incident reports and his suppression hearing testimony. However,
it was for the trial court to resolve those inconsistencies. See McCoy, 154
A.3d at 815-16. There was support in the suppression hearing for the court’s
findings that the officer received information from two women at the scene,
specifically that Appellant was the driver of the striking vehicle and was fleeing
the scene. The record also supported the court’s findings that the officer
observed that (1) the parked vehicle and the striking vehicle were still in
contact, (2) Appellant was running down Pearl Street, and (3) there were no
other individuals on the street. See id.
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The trial court, moreover, appropriately considered the totality of the
circumstances confronting Officer Epolito when he arrived at the scene. See
Walls, 53 A.3d at 892-93. Contrary to Appellant’s legal argument, the trial
court was not obligated to regard the in-person report that the driver of a
vehicle was fleeing as an anonymous tip. See Williams, 980 A.2d at 672.
Additionally, other factors corroborated the report that Appellant was the
driver of the striking vehicle, including Appellant’s flight, which began before
the officer arrived at the scene, and that Appellant was the only other person
at the scene. Accordingly, we discern no basis to disturb the trial court’s
factual or legal conclusions that Officer Epolito stated specific facts justifying
his pursuit and detention of Appellant for fleeing the scene of an accident.4
We also agree with the trial court that there was probable cause to arrest
Appellant based on Officer Epolito’s testimony that Appellant pushed the
officer during a lawful detention, attempted to flee, and then engaged in an
altercation with the officer. Therefore, even if the detention or arrest were
improper, the officer’s testimony that Appellant attempted to punch the officer
____________________________________________
4 To the extent Appellant asserts that it was unlawful to arrest him for an
accident involving damage to an unattended vehicle, we note that Officer
Epolito saw two cars that appeared to be in contact with each other, received
information that the driver of the striking vehicle was leaving the scene, and
observed Appellant approximately one-half block away from the accident
scene. Under these circumstances, we conclude that there was a reasonable
basis for the officer to believe that a violation of the Vehicle Code was
occurring in his presence, even if approximately ten minutes elapsed from the
time of the accident to the time the officer arrived at the scene. Moreover,
the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure permit an arrest for summary
violation under extraordinary circumstances, such as when the suspect may
be fleeing. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 400 & explanatory cmt. to Ch. 4.
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gave rise to separate probable cause to arrest Appellant for aggravated
assault. See Britt, 691 A.2d at 498. Therefore, Appellant’s suppression claim
merits no relief.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant next claims that the evidence at trial was insufficient to
convict him of (1) aggravated assault and simple assault, (2) disarming a
police officer, and (3) resisting arrest.
By way of background, we note that Officer Epolito’s trial testimony was
substantially similar to his suppression hearing testimony. Specifically, Officer
Epolito testified at trial that after catching up to Appellant in the parking lot
and reholstering his firearm, the officer attempted to grab Appellant. N.T.
Trial, 9/19 to 9/21/17, at 37. According to the officer, as he moved closer to
Appellant, Appellant “took both hands and pushed forward, pushing me by my
upper body, trying to get away from me.” Id. at 38.
Officer Epolito further testified that as Appellant’s back was to him, he
fired his Taser, but when prongs of the Taser struck Appellant, they were too
close together for the Taser to incapacitate Appellant. Id. at 39-40. According
to the officer, the shock from the Taser would have only caused pain, but not
a loss of function. Id. at 40.
After attempting to use his Taser on Appellant, Officer Epolito stated
that he “shoved” Appellant, and Appellant stumbled forward and turned. Id.
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At that time, Appellant “grabbed ahold of the actual [T]aser that [the officer]
was in the process of deploying and held onto it with his hand.” Id.
Officer Epolito described the ensuing struggle with Appellant as follows:
At that point I grabbed ahold of [Appellant] and shoved him fully
to the ground. Once we were on the ground he continued to try
and wrestle that [T]aser away from me attempting to use the end
of it as leverage to get it away. I was able to pin him to the ground
with my knee and one arm while still trying to control the [T]aser
with the hand that he was attempting to rip it out of. [Appellant]
was attempting to throw punches at me. I was able to deflect
them. He didn’t make any strong contact with my face. He was
punching more towards my body. We continued to wrestle around
for some period of time.
***
. . . One -- the first back-up officer to arrive was, at the time he
was my sergeant, Sgt. Rogers. He arrived on the scene, found the
two of us fighting in the parking lot. He ran up, jumped in with us.
Once he was able to get there and help me try and get control of
[Appellant] I was able to break my hand away that [Appellant]
was holding onto with the [T]aser. I was able to throw the [T]aser
to the side. At that time I struck [Appellant] several times with a
closed fist. Once he was struck several times and the second
officer was also on top of him, we were able to get control of his
hands and get him into handcuffs.
Id. at 40-41.
During cross-examination of Officer Epolito, Appellant elicited testimony
that the officer “drive stunned” Appellant with the Taser during the struggle
on the ground. Id. at 58. The officer described a “drive stun” as “a secondary
activation of the [T]aser” after the prongs have deployed and as “reengaging
the [T]aser while placing the body of the [T]aser directly against the person
who’s being tased.” Id. Appellant also presented a log for the Taser that
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indicated it was engaged approximately ten times during the struggle. See
Ex. D-1.
Before considering Appellant’s specific arguments regarding the
offenses, we restate the principles governing our review.
“Whether sufficient evidence exists to support the verdict is a
question of law; our standard of review is de novo and our scope
of review is plenary.” We review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict winner to determine whether there
is sufficient evidence to allow the jury to find every element of a
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
In applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence
and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition,
we note that the facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
finder of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe
all, part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 792–93 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(citations omitted).
Aggravated and Simple Assault
Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of
aggravated and simple assault. Appellant argues that the testimony as a
whole failed to establish that he acted aggressively or violently. Appellant’s
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Brief at 30. Appellant insists that his actions were defensive and attempts “to
avoid the effects” of the multiple times Officer Epolito deployed or attempted
to deploy his Taser. Id. Appellant notes that Officer Epolito’s initial reports
of the incident indicated that Appellant only attempted to punch the officer
once. Id. at 27. In sum, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth failed to
establish that Appellant caused or intended to inflict bodily injury on the
officer.5
Section 2702(a)(3) of the Crimes Code defines aggravated assault as
follows: “A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he . . . attempts to cause
or intentionally or knowingly causes bodily injury to any of the officers, agents,
employees or other persons enumerated in subsection (c), in the performance
of duty.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(3). The definition of protected “officers” under
Section 2702(a)(3) includes police officers. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(c)(1). Section
2701(a)(1) defines simple assault as: “a person is guilty of assault if he: (1)
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5 Appellant briefly refers to self-defense when discussing the sufficiency of the
evidence regarding aggravated and simple assault. Appellant’s Brief at 26.
We note, however, that self-defense is generally not available “to resist an
arrest which the actor knows is being made by a peace officer, although the
arrest is unlawful.” See 18 Pa.C.S. § 505(b)(1)(i). “[T]he only circumstance
under which the law will contemplate physical resistance to a police officer is
when the officer unnecessarily uses unlawfully excessive or deadly force which
triggers the right of self-defense.” Commonwealth v. Biagini, 655 A.2d
492, 499 (Pa. 1995). Although Appellant challenges the basis for an arrest,
he does not develop a claim that Officer Epolito used unlawful force to
accomplish an arrest. Therefore, Appellant’s passing reference to self-defense
when challenging the sufficiency of the evidence merits no relief.
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attempts to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury
to another[.]”6 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1).
Because both Sections 2702(a)(3) and 2701(a)(1) refer to attempts to
cause bodily injury, the Commonwealth need not show that a complainant
suffered an actual injury. Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 560 (Pa.
Super. 2011) (en banc). Instead, convictions under Sections 2702(a)(3) and
2701(a)(1) may be established be showing that a defendant had the specific
intent to cause bodily injury and took a substantial step toward causing bodily
injury. See id. “Bodily injury” means an “[i]mpairment of physical condition
or substantial pain.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301.
Reviewing the record in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
the verdict winner, Officer Epolito testified that Appellant grabbed the officer’s
Taser, attempted to wrestle the weapon away from him, and attempted to
punch him several times. N.T. Trial at 40-41. Although the officer testified
that he managed to deflect Appellant’s punches and did not suffer bodily
injury, there was ample basis for the jury to conclude that Appellant attempted
to cause substantial pain. See Brown, 23 A.3d at 560.
Disarming a Police Officer
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6 This Court has noted that “[l]ogically speaking, a simple assault committed
against a police officer in the performance of his duties would satisfy the
elements of § 2702(a)(3).” Commonwealth v. Rahman, 75 A.3d 497, 501
(Pa. Super. 2013)
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Appellant next argues that the conviction for disarming a police officer
must be vacated. According to Appellant:
During the entire encounter, he never attempted to reach for the
officer’s gun, and the alleged attempt to grab Officer Epolito’s
[T]aser or [T]aser hand/arm occurred when the [the officer]
pushed [him] to the ground and he was falling backwards and
reached for the [o]fficer to try to stop from falling to the ground.
The actions [he] took are best described as defensive or to avoid
injury and cannot be labeled affirmative acts to remove the
[T]aser.
Appellant’s Brief at 31. As with his challenge to the sufficiency of the assault
convictions, Appellant suggests that the Commonwealth failed to prove his
intent to remove the Taser from Officer Epolito.
Section 5104.1(a) states:
A person commits the offense of disarming a law enforcement
officer if he:
(1) without lawful authorization, removes or attempts to
remove a firearm, rifle, shotgun or weapon from the person of
a law enforcement officer or corrections officer, or deprives a
law enforcement officer or corrections officer of the use of a
firearm, rifle, shotgun or weapon, when the officer is acting
within the scope of the officer’s duties; and
(2) has reasonable cause to know or knows that the individual
is a law enforcement officer or corrections officer.
18 Pa.C.S. § 5104.1(a).
Instantly, the Commonwealth presented evidence that Appellant, while
attempting to punch the officer, “continued to try and wrestle that [T]aser
away from” Officer Epolito. N.T. Trial at 40. The jury was entitled to credit
that evidence and conclude that Appellant intended to remove the officer’s
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weapon. See Tejada, 107 A.3d at 792–93. Thus, Appellant’s claim warrants
no relief.
Resisting Arrest
Appellant’s final sufficiency of the evidence argument focuses on
resisting arrest. Appellant relies on the arguments he set forth in support of
his suppression claim to assert that Officer Epolito lacked probable cause to
arrest him. He cites Commonwealth v. Hock, 728 A.2d 943 (Pa. 1999), for
the proposition that a valid charge of resisting arrest requires that the
underlying arrest be lawful. Id. at 30. Alternatively, Appellant suggests that
his conduct did not rise to a sufficient level to sustain a conviction for resisting
arrest. Rather, Appellant maintains that he “engaged in a minor scuffle with
police.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Eberhardt, 450 A.2d 651 (Pa. Super.
1982); Commonwealth v. Rainey, 426 A.2d 1148 (Pa. Super. 1981)).
Section 5104 defines the crime of resisting arrest as follows:
A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, with
the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful
arrest or discharging any other duty, the person creates a
substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or anyone
else, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to
overcome the resistance.
18 Pa.C.S. § 5104.
Section 5104 criminalizes two types of conduct intended to prevent a
lawful arrest: the creation of a substantial risk of bodily injury to the officer or
anyone else or means justifying or requiring a substantial force to overcome.
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 5104; Commonwealth v. Thompson, 922 A.2d 926, 928
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(Pa. Super. 2007) (noting that Section 5104 criminalizes resistance that
requires substantial force to surmount and rejecting the defendant’s claim that
the defendant’s “passive resistance” did not amount to resisting arrest);
Eberhardt, 450 A.2d at 652 (noting that Section 5104 contains “disjunctive”
provisions).
In Rainey, this Court reversed a resisting arrest conviction when the
defendant squirmed and twisted in an attempt to “shake off” a police officer’s
arm. Rainey, 426 A.2d at 1150. In Eberhardt, this Court specifically
concluded that a defendant’s struggle did not create a substantial risk of bodily
injury even though an officer suffered a bruise on his arm during an extended
struggle.7 Eberhardt, 450 A.2d at 653.
____________________________________________
7 More specifically, the Eberhardt Court summarized the relevant facts
regarding the police’s attempts to arrest the defendant at his home after
finding the defendant lying under a bed on the second floor of his residence:
After the officers removed [the defendant] from underneath the
bed, he began to scuffle with them, claiming he was not Anthony
Eberhardt. The scuffle proceeded into the living room and then
downstairs into the dining room. During the scuffle, much
furniture was overturned and one of the officers sustained a bruise
on his forearm. [The defendant], finally breaking free, darted to
the third floor of the home, exited through a window onto a porch,
and successfully fled the area. Three days later, [the defendant]
was located on the Northside of Pittsburgh and was placed under
arrest, without incident, by police officers.
Eberhardt, 450 A.2d at 652. Despite the substantial efforts exerted to
overcome the defendant’s resistance, the Eberhardt Court confined its
analysis to whether the defendant’s conduct created a substantial risk of bodily
injury. Id.
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By contrast, in Thompson, this Court affirmed a resisting arrest
conviction based on the fact that the defendant’s conduct—interlocking her
limbs with her husband’s limbs—required substantial force to overcome the
resistance. Thompson, 922 A.2d at 928. In Commonwealth v. Miller, 475
A.2d 145, 147 (Pa. Super. 1984), this Court affirmed a resisting arrest
conviction when the defendant attempted to free himself from two police
officers to assist his brother and later, as officers attempted to handcuff him,
the defendant “resisted their efforts by ‘straining’ against them with his arms
and the upper part of his body.” Miller, 475 A.2d at 147. The officers were
required to pick the defendant up and push him into police car. Id.
It is well settled, however, that “a valid charge of resisting arrest
requires an underlying lawful arrest, which, in turn, requires that the arresting
officer possess probable cause.” Hock, 728 A.2d at 946 (citation omitted).
In Hock, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed the defendant’s conviction
for resisting arrest because the defendant’s use of a single curse word did not
give rise to probable cause for disorderly conduct. Id. at 946 (noting that the
defendant’s use of a “single epithet, uttered in a normal tone of voice while
walking away from a police officer, did not alarm or frighten him, and there
were no bystanders”).
Instantly, we have previously concluded that the trial court’s
suppression rulings regarding Officer Epolito’s pursuit, detention, and arrest
of Appellant were proper. The same reasoning applies here, and we discern
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no merit to Appellant’s contention that his resisting arrest conviction arose
from an illegal arrest.
As to Appellant’s alternative argument, Appellant’s attempts to equate
his conduct to those in Rainey warrant no relief. Unlike the defendant, in
Rainey, who twisted and squirmed to “shake off” a police officer’s arm,
Appellant attempted to take a police officer’s Taser and punch him.
Appellant’s conduct presented both a substantial risk of injury to the officer
and required substantial force to overcome. See Miller, 475 A.2d at 147.
Thus, Appellant’s challenge to the conviction for resisting arrest fails.
In sum, we conclude that Appellant’s challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence are meritless.
Weight
Appellant next contends that the verdicts were against the weight of the
evidence. In support, Appellant reproduces his post-sentence motion
preserving the claims and setting forth his arguments.8 Appellant’s Brief at
40-41. He then concludes that he is entitled to a new trial. Id. at 42.
It is well settled that
____________________________________________
8 We note Appellant reproduces his post-sentence motion challenging the
weight of the evidence. See Appellant’s Brief at 40-41. Although the trial
court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion challenging the weight of the
evidence, it did not author an opinion detailing its reasons. Moreover, the trial
court’s Rule 1925(a) opinion did not respond to the weight of the evidence
claim raised in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement. In light of these factors,
we decline to find waiver of Appellant’s weight of the evidence claim.
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A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict is against
the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the
trial court. A new trial should not be granted because of a mere
conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same facts
would have arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, “the role of
the trial judge is to determine that ‘notwithstanding all the facts,
certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them
or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.’”
It has often been stated that “a new trial should be awarded when
the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s
sense of justice and the award of a new trial is imperative so that
right may be given another opportunity to prevail.”
An appellate court’s standard of review when presented with a
weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard of review
applied by the trial court:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise
of discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the
verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because the
trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the
evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest
consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the
trial judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination that
the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. One of the
least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial
is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict was or was
not against the weight of the evidence and that a new trial
should be granted in the interest of justice.
This does not mean that the exercise of discretion by the trial court
in granting or denying a motion for a new trial based on a
challenge to the weight of the evidence is unfettered. In describing
the limits of a trial court’s discretion, we have explained:
The term “discretion” imports the exercise of judgment,
wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion
within the framework of the law, and is not exercised for the
purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge. Discretion
must be exercised on the foundation of reason, as opposed
to prejudice, personal motivations, caprice or arbitrary
actions. Discretion is abused where the course pursued
represents not merely an error of judgment, but where the
judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the law is not
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applied or where the record shows that the action is a result
of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054-55 (Pa. 2013) (citations and
emphasis omitted).
Instantly, it is apparent that Appellant’s weight of the evidence claim
rests on the same arguments that he raised in support of his challenges to the
sufficiency of the evidence. Specifically, he alleges his arrest was unlawful,
he was justified in his attempt to flee from Officer Epolito, and his resistance
to Officer Epolito was not assaultive. Appellant’s Brief at 41. Appellant merely
suggests an interpretation of the trial evidence in a light most favorable to
him.
However, nothing in the record suggests that Appellant’s interpretation
of the evidence was of such greater weight that it would deny justice.
Therefore, we discern no basis to disturb the trial court’s ruling denying
Appellant’s weight of the evidence claim. See Clay, 64 A.3d at 1054-55.
Jury Instruction
Appellant next claims that the trial court erred in refusing to charge the
jury on the authority of police officers to make a lawful arrest for an accident
involving damage to an unattended vehicle. By way of background, Appellant
submitted requested jury instructions that included two points regarding
resisting arrest. Requested Points for Charge, 9/21/17, ¶¶ 2(C)-(D). Of
relevance to this appeal, Paragraph 2(C) read:
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Police officers have authority to make a lawful arrest for “hit and
run” otherwise known as leaving the scene of an accident after
hitting an unattended vehicle when the accident occurs in the
presence of an officer. Commonwealth v. Karl, 476 A.2d 908,
909 (Pa. Super. 1984).
Id. at ¶ 2C. At the charging conference, the Commonwealth did not object to
Appellant’s request under Paragraph 2(C). N.T. Trial at 215.
During closing arguments, Appellant asserted that Officer Epolito could
have issued Appellant a citation and should not have attempted to arrest
Appellant. See id. at 307-08. The Commonwealth responded that the
officer’s conduct was proper in light of Appellant’s flight from the scene. Id.
at 325.
The trial court’s charge to the jury, however, did not include an
instruction requested in Paragraph 2(C). When the trial court asked for any
additions or corrections to its charge, Appellant specifically objected to the
failure to instruct on Paragraph 2(C) of his requested instructions. Id. at 360.
The trial court indicated that it reconsidered giving the requested instruction
under Paragraph 2(C), and acknowledged Appellant’s objection. Id.
Appellant presently argues that he was entitled to the instruction he
requested under Paragraph 2(C). Appellant notes that he initially requested
the charge, and that the trial court appeared to accept his request. Appellant’s
Brief at 38. He further notes that he and the Commonwealth both argued
about whether an arrest for an accident involving damage to an unattended
vehicle was proper under the circumstances of the case. Id. Before charging
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the jury, however, the trial court denied Appellant’s request for the charge
and refused to issue it.9 Id.
Our review is governed by the following principles:
In reviewing a jury charge, we determine “whether the trial court
committed a clear abuse of discretion or an error of law which
controlled the outcome of the case.” We must view the charge as
a whole; the trial court is free to use its own form of expression
in creating the charge. “Our key inquiry is whether the instruction
on a particular issue adequately, accurately and clearly presents
the law to the jury, and is sufficient to guide the jury in its
deliberations.” Moreover,
it is well-settled that “the trial court has wide discretion in
fashioning jury instructions. The trial court is not required
to give every charge that is requested by the parties, and
its refusal to give a requested charge does not require
reversal unless the appellant was prejudiced by that
refusal.”
Commonwealth v. Wise, 171 A.3d 784, 787-88 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations
and brackets omitted), appeal denied, 186 A.3d 939 (Pa. 2018). A defendant
“may not claim entitlement to an instruction that has no basis in the evidence
presented during trial.” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 668 (Pa.
2014) (citation omitted).
In Karl, this Court vacated a conviction for resisting arrest. In that
case, the defendant struck another vehicle and drove away from the scene of
the accident before the police responded. Karl, 476 A.2d at 910. When the
____________________________________________
9 We note that the trial court and the Commonwealth have both argued that
a justification instruction was not necessary when responding to Appellant’s
claim. It is apparent, however, from Appellant’s trial objection and his Rule
1925(b) statement that Appellant intended to challenge the failure to issue
the requested Paragraph 2(C) instruction.
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police arrived at the scene, they began questioning the owner of the struck
vehicle, and the defendant returned to the scene on foot. Id. The owner of
the struck vehicle and another witness identified the defendant as the driver
of the striking vehicle. Id. The police chased the defendant and detained him
as he was about to enter his vehicle. Id. The police obtained his identification
and then placed him under arrest. Id. The police brought the defendant back
to the scene and attempted to place him in the backseat of a police cruiser,
but a struggle ensued. Id.
In vacating the defendant’s resisting arrest conviction, this Court
reasoned:
In this case there is no evidence to show that the arrest underlying
the resisting arrest charge was lawful. In fact both parties and the
trial court agree that the York police officers did not have the
authority to make a lawful arrest for “hit and run”—that is, leaving
the scene of an accident after hitting an attended vehicle—
because the incident did not occur in the presence of the officers.
Under such circumstances, the appellant could not, as a matter of
law, be convicted under the provisions of § 5104 pertaining to
lawful arrest.
Id. at 911 (emphasis added).
Following our review, we discern no merit to Appellant’s contention that
he was entitled to the requested instruction based on Karl. Contrary to
Appellant’s suggestion, Karl does not stand for the proposition that an officer
must personally observe the actual accident between the two cars. Here,
unlike Karl, the evidence in this case showed that Officer Epolito received a
report that Appellant was the driver of the striking vehicle and observed
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Appellant fleeing the scene of an accident. Accordingly, Appellant failed to
establish that the evidence presented at trial required his requested
instruction.
Moreover, although the trial court suggested that it would give the
requested instruction, Appellant failed to establish actual prejudice based on
the trial court’s failure. Therefore, Appellant has not demonstrated reversible
error.
Evidentiary Issues
Appellant’s final two issues challenge the trial court’s rulings denying his
motions in limine to (1) preclude the Commonwealth’s witnesses from
referencing the statement that Appellant was on parole and (2) exclude
evidence about the cocaine recovered after Appellant’s arrest based on an
improper chain of custody.
The standards governing our review are as follows.
Generally, a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion in
limine is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of
review. In this context,
The term “discretion” imports the exercise of judgment,
wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion,
within the framework of the law, and is not exercised for the
purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge. Discretion
must be exercised on the foundation of reason, as opposed
to prejudice, personal motivations, caprice or arbitrary
actions. Discretion is abused when the course pursued
represents not merely an error of judgment, but where the
judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the law is not
applied or where the record shows that the action is a result
of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will.
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Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 715-16 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc)
(citations omitted). The trial court’s evidentiary ruling may be affirmed on a
different basis that is apparent from the record. Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 160 A.3d 127, 144 n.15 (Pa. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 508
(2017).
Parole
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion in
limine to preclude statements that he was on parole. A review of the record
reveals that there were two statements that referred to Appellant’s parole
status. First, as noted above, Officer Epolito received information from the
women at the accident scene that Appellant told them he was on parole before
fleeing. N.T. Trial at 35. Second, after Appellant was transported to the
hospital, Appellant told Officer Victor Morrison that following the accident, he
ran from the scene because he was on parole and had cocaine on him. Id. at
106.
Appellant’s counsel, in support of his motion in limine, argued that the
statements referring to his parole status at the time of the accident constituted
hearsay and were prejudicial because it implicated his prior bad acts. Id. at
5-6. The Commonwealth responded that Officer Epolito could testify that the
female’s statement under the excited utterance or present sense impression
exceptions to the general rule against hearsay. Id. at 6. Additionally, the
Commonwealth asserted that Officer Morrison could testify as to Appellant’s
statement at the hospital as a party admission. Id. at 7. The Commonwealth
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asserted that the statements were relevant to establish motive for Appellant’s
flight from the accident scene. Id.
The trial court, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, focused on the statements
relayed to Officer Epolito. See Trial Ct. Op. at 12. The court suggested that
the reference to Appellant’s parole status was relevant because it was not
offered to show that Appellant was on parole, but to establish Officer Epolito’s
basis for pursuing Appellant. Id. The court also suggested that the testimony
merely established the officers’ and the witnesses’ states of mind at the time
of the incident. Id.
On appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
permitting these references to his parole status, because his parole status was
not relevant to the charges. Appellant’s Brief at 35. Appellant further
contends that the trial court erred by failing to consider the prejudice resulting
from the reference to prior bad acts under Pa.R.E. 404(b). Id. at 35-36.
This Court has stated:
Due to its prejudicial impact, evidence indicating that the
defendant had previously been convicted of other crimes generally
is not admissible, especially when offered to prove the character
of the defendant or action in conformity with that character.
However, evidence of other crimes may be admissible when the
need for such evidence outweighs its prejudicial effects, such as
when offered to prove motive, intent, absence of mistake,
common plan or scheme, or the identity of the person accused.
Commonwealth v. Moore, 715 A.2d 448, 451 (Pa. Super. 1998) (citations
omitted); see also Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2); Commonwealth v. Matthews, 783
A.2d 338, 340-42 (Pa. Super. 2001) (concluding trial counsel was ineffective
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for failing to object to testimony that a defendant spoke to his parole officer
because the prejudice outweighed the relevance of the Commonwealth’s
rebuttal evidence).
Instantly, the references to Appellant’s parole status were relevant to
explain his flight from the accident scene and show motive for his attempts to
avoid the police. See Commonwealth v. Mollett, 5 A.3d 291, 307 (Pa.
Super. 2010) (indicating evidence that a defendant was on parole may tend
to establish the defendant’s motive to avoid being captured). Moreover,
having reviewed the record, we agree that the two references to Appellant’s
status as a parolee were not so unfairly prejudicial as to outweigh the
relevance of the evidence.10 Accordingly, we discern no basis to disturb the
trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion to preclude the references to his
parole status.
Chain of Custody
Appellant lastly contends that the trial court erred in permitting the
Commonwealth to admit evidence regarding the testing of the cocaine
recovered from him after his arrest. Appellant’s claim focuses on Jody B.
Royer, a former police officer in the Evidence Section of the Reading Police
Department.
____________________________________________
10Indeed, even if there were error, we would find it harmless based on the
overwhelming evidence of Appellant’s guilt. See Hairston, 84 A.3d at 671-
72.
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By way of background to this claim, Appellant preserved his chain-of-
custody objection in a pretrial motion. The trial court held a pretrial hearing
at which Appellant called Lieutenant Kyle Rentschler, Royer’s supervisor.
Lieutenant Rentschler testified that Royer was responsible for retrieving
evidence from a temporary storage locker, logging it into the computer,
securing evidence, and transporting evidence to and from the Pennsylvania
State Police (PSP) laboratory for testing. N.T. Pretrial Hr’g, 4/12/17, at 9, 15.
Appellant elicited evidence that Royer was convicted for stealing money
from evidence.11 An investigation into Royer began in 2014 when it was
discovered he failed to log and secure marijuana and had taken money seized
in connection with that case. Audits conducted in 2014 revealed that money
from several different cases was taken from the evidence room. Although the
audit did not show drugs were missing, the audit was conducted after the
evidence from Appellant’s case would have been processed through the
Evidence Section. It was undisputed that Royer was charged in 2014, pled
guilty to theft by unlawful taking in 2016, and was responsible for retrieving,
logging, and transporting the suspected cocaine taken from Appellant.
The trial court reserved ruling on Appellant’s motion until trial. At trial,
the Commonwealth presented the following evidence regarding the chain of
custody. Officer Morar, who transported Appellant from the accident scene to
____________________________________________
11 Appellant notes that there was evidence presented at the pre-trial hearing
that Royer’s work station was unorganized and that he reacted poorly to
criticism.
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the hospital, testified he searched Appellant before placing him inside the
police wagon and recovered the plastic bags containing the suspected cocaine.
N.T. Trial at 88-89. Officer Morar gave the suspected cocaine to Officer
Morrison at the hospital. Officer Morrison photographed the suspected
cocaine, placed it in a bag, and sealed the bag. Id. at 106-112.
After the evidence was transported to the Pennsylvania State Police
laboratory by Royer, the laboratory technician noted that there were no
indications that the seal on the drug evidence had been broken. Id. at 162-
163. Testing revealed that the contraband was cocaine, weighed
approximately four grams, and was contained in thirty-two plastic packets.
The trial court, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, explained its decision to deny
Appellant’s motion as follows:
The chain of custody was not broken. The evidence presented in
court showed that Officer Royer did not tamper with the evidence
of this case and that all seals on the drug evidence were intact or
properly opened in the course of official police or court business.
There were no unauthorized breaks in the evidence packaging, all
labels were in place, and all identification markings showed a
consistent chain of custody from evidence seizure to testing to
presentation in court.
Trial Ct. Op., 1/10/18, at 14.
On appeal, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the
evidence of the cocaine over his objection to the chain of custody. Appellant
argues that the Commonwealth failed “to establish that the items transported
to the PSP lab for testing in this case were in fact the ones possessed by
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Appellant on the date in question or that those substances were properly
stored by Royer.” Appellant’s Brief at 47.
The principles governing our review are well settled.
“To satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an
item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient
to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it
is.” Pa.R.E. 901(a). Critically, “[p]hysical evidence may be
properly admitted despite gaps in testimony regarding custody.”
Furthermore, any issue regarding gaps in the chain of custody
relate to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.
Commonwealth v. Witmayer, 144 A.3d 939, 950 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(citations omitted), appeal denied, 169 A.3d 27 (Pa. 2017).
Instantly, the Commonwealth produced photographs of the contraband
taken shortly after Appellant’s arrest and elicited testimony establishing that
the bag containing the contraband was sealed by Officer Morrison and was
received by the PSP lab with the seal intact. That evidence provided a
foundation to establish that the cocaine presented at trial was identical to the
contraband taken from Appellant at the time of his arrest and tested at the
PSP laboratory. Although Appellant raised the possibility that Royer could
have tampered with the contraband, those allegations went to the weight—
not the admissibility—of the evidence as to whether Appellant was in
possession of cocaine at the time of his arrest. See id. Accordingly, we
discern no basis to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when
overruling Appellant’s chain of custody objection. See Reese, 31 A.3d at
715-16.
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In sum, having reviewed Appellant’s claims, we find no basis to disturb
his conviction or to award a new trial.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/28/2018
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