Com. v. Lehman, G.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
GARY KEITH LEHMAN
Appellant No. 1790 MDA 2014
Appeal from the PCRA Order entered September 15, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of the 41st Judicial District,
Perry County Branch
Criminal Division at No: CP-50-CR-0000451-2012
BEFORE: WECHT, STABILE, and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 08, 2015
Appellant, Gary Keith Lehman, appeals from an order denying relief
under the PCRA.1 He claims the PCRA court erred in rejecting his claims of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We affirm, albeit for different reasons
than the PCRA court.
In 2011, Appellant, then 21 years old, lived in Newport, Perry County.
Appellant’s 14-year-old-neighbor, S.A., alleged that he raped her three
times during July and August of that year. The incidents occurred inside of
S.A.’s house during the day, when her mother was not home. About a year
later, in July 2012, S.A. reported the sexual assaults to the Pennsylvania
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1
Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-46.
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State Police. Police charged Appellant with three counts each of rape by
forcible compulsion, statutory sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault,
and indecent assault.2 The aggravated indecent assault and indecent assault
charges were age-based, i.e., they did not require proof of force or lack of
consent. At trial, Appellant denied having any sexual contact with S.A. The
jury acquitted Appellant of rape and convicted him of all other counts. On
August 2, 2013, Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate of 42 to 84
months in prison. He filed a direct appeal, but discontinued it in this Court
on November 6, 2013.
On January 31, 2014, Appellant filed a timely first PCRA petition
raising three claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC). He contended
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request the trial court to instruct
the jury on lack of a prompt complaint by S.A. He also contended trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to cross-examine the victim about her
purported fear of men and discrepancies between her testimony on direct
examination and prior testimony. Following a hearing at which trial counsel
and Appellant testified, the PCRA court denied post-conviction relief, and this
appeal followed. Appellant filed a concise statement as ordered. The PCRA
court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, but cited no authority in support of
its reasons for denying relief.
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2
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(a)(1), 3122.1(a), 3125(a)(8), and 3126(a)(8),
respectively.
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Appellant raises four assignments of error:
1. W[h]ether the [Appellant] proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that trial counsel unreasonably failed to request a
[p]rompt [c]omplaint jury instruction, and thus severely
prejudiced his defense in this matter to the point that no
reliable adjudication [of guilt] could take place.
2. Whether the PCRA court’s conclusion that [Appellant] did not
prove that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to
request a [p]rompt [c]omplaint jury instruction is erroneous
and not supported by the evidence of record.
3. Whether the [Appellant] proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that trial counsel unreasonably failed to impeach the
victim’s testimony that she is “terrified” of men with available
witness testimony, and thus severely prejudiced his defense
in this matter to the point that no reliable adjudication [of
guilt] could take place.
4. Whether the PCRA court’s conclusion that the defendant was
not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to impeach the victim
with available evidence is erroneous and not supported by
evidence of record.
Appellant’s Brief at 3 (some quotation marks omitted). Appellant’s four
questions presented do not correspond with the three-part argument section
of his brief. Cf. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). We read Appellant’s Brief as presenting
three issues for review: (1) IAC for failure to request a prompt complaint
instruction; (2) IAC for failing to impeach effectively S.A.; and (3)
cumulative prejudice from trial counsel’s combined IAC.
“In PCRA appeals, our scope of review is limited to the findings of the
PCRA court and the evidence on the record of the PCRA court’s hearing,
viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.”
Commonwealth v. Reyes-Rodriguez, 111 A.3d 775, 779 (Pa. Super.
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2015) (en banc) (internal quotation omitted). We apply a mixed standard of
review, deferring to the PCRA court’s factual findings and credibility
determinations, but reviewing de novo its legal conclusions. Id.Additionally, we may affirm the PCRA court on any basis supported by the
record. Commonwealth v. Charleston, 94 A.3d 1012, 1028 (Pa. Super.
2014).
The PCRA allows relief for a petitioner who pleads and proves by a
preponderance of the evidence IAC “which, in the circumstances of the
particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process that no
reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.” 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(ii). “It is well-established that counsel is presumed
effective, and [a PCRA petitioner] bears the burden of proving
ineffectiveness.” Reyes-Rodriguez, 111 A.3d at 779-80.
To prevail on an IAC claim, a PCRA petitioner must plead and
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the
underlying legal claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel had no
reasonable basis for acting or failing to act; and (3) the
petitioner suffered resulting prejudice. A petitioner must prove
all three factors of the “Pierce[3] test,” or the claim fails.
Id. at 780 (internal citations omitted). Pierce “reiterates the preexisting
three-prong test for ineffective assistance of counsel in Pennsylvania and
holds it to be consistent with the two-prong performance and prejudice test
provided by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.
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3
Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 975 (Pa. 1987).
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Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).” Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 108
A.3d 821, 831 (Pa. 2014) (citing Pierce, at 527 A.2d at 976–77) (parallel
citations omitted).
To establish prejudice, a PCRA petitioner “must show that there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been
different but for counsel’s action or inaction.” Commonwealth v. Watkins,
108 A.3d 692, 702 (Pa. 2014). In other words, the petitioner must show
“that counsel’s ineffectiveness was of such magnitude that it ‘could have
reasonably had an adverse effect on the outcome of the proceedings.’”
Commonwealth v. Gribble, 863 A.2d 455, 472 (Pa. 2004) (quoting
Pierce, 527 A.2d at 977); accord Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692 (“[A]ny
deficiencies in counsel’s performance must be prejudicial to the defense in
order to constitute ineffective assistance under the Constitution.”). As our
Supreme Court has cautioned, prejudice under the PCRA is more exacting
than a harmless error analysis on direct appeal, in which the Commonwealth
must show the trial court error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 315 (Pa. 2014).
In his first argument, Appellant contends the PCRA court erred in
rejecting his IAC claim regarding trial counsel’s failure to request a prompt
complaint instruction. The Commonwealth concedes that Appellant’s claim
has arguable merit, and no reasonable basis exists for trial counsel’s failure
to request a prompt complaint instruction. It contends, however, that
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Appellant did not prove prejudice. The PCRA court rejected the claim for the
same reason:
Atlhough [t]rial [c]ounsel could not remember a specific reason
for not requesting the [p]rompt [c]omplaint instruction, and
therefore she could not voice a reasonable basis for that
admission, the [c]ourt does not find that the failure to have the
instruction given to the jury resulted in a different outcome than
what would have been reached if it had been given, has arguable
merit [sic]. When reviewing the verdict reached by the jury, it is
apparent that the victim’s credibility was questioned and taken
into consideration by the jury. The [Appellant] was acquitted on
charges of rape, which were the only charges that included an
element of force. The jury found the [Appellant] guilty of those
charges which were based on [sexual] contact alone, not force.
The [v]ictim testified that she was forced to have sexual contact
with the [Appellant], which it appears the jury did not believe.
PCRA Court Rule 1925(a) Opinion, at 2 (un-paginated). Although we
disapprove of the underlying reasoning, we agree with the PCRA court’s
conclusion. Appellant’s IAC claim fails, because he did not prove prejudice.
A prompt complaint instruction charges the jury that it may consider a
delay in reporting a sexual assault to evaluate the victim’s credibility, and to
assess whether the victim consented or whether the assault occurred at all.
See Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 77 A.3d 663, 667 (Pa. Super. 2013).
The suggested standard prompt complaint instruction is as follows:
1. Before you may find the defendant guilty of the crime
charged in this case, you must be convinced beyond a
reasonable doubt that the act charged did in fact occur and
that it occurred without [name of victim’s] consent.
2. The evidence of [name of victim’s] [failure to complain]
[delay in making a complaint] does not necessarily make [his]
[her] testimony unreliable, but may remove from it the
assurance of reliability accompanying the prompt complaint or
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outcry that the victim of a crime such as this would ordinarily
be expected to make. Therefore, the [failure to complain]
[delay in making a complaint] should be considered in
evaluating [his] [her] testimony and in deciding whether the
act occurred [at all] [with or without [his] [her] consent].
3. You must not consider [name of victim’s] [failure to make]
[delay in making] a complaint as conclusive evidence that the
act did not occur or that it did occur but with [his] [her]
consent. [name of victim’s] failure to complain [at all]
[promptly] [and the nature of any explanation for that failure]
are factors bearing on the believability of [his] [her]
testimony and must be considered by you in light of all the
evidence in the case.
Pa. Sugg. Stand. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 4.13A (2d ed. rev. 2012). As noted, the
Commonwealth concedes the merit of a prompt complaint instruction.
Moreover, trial counsel essentially conceded that a prompt complaint
instruction would have been beneficial, and she did not give a reason for not
requesting one. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 5/16/15, at 8-11.
The PCRA court found Appellant could not show prejudice because of
the jury’s acquittal of the forcible rape charges. It reasoned that the jury,
even without a prompt complaint instruction, evaluated S.A.’s credibility,
and apparently rejected her claim of forcible rape. This partial acquittal,
however, actually weighs in favor of prejudice. As Appellant contends, the
jury—properly instructed—could have disbelieved also S.A. regarding the
disputed elements of the other offenses—whether any sexual intercourse,
penetration, or indecent contact occurred between her and Appellant.
We also agree with Appellant that the PCRA court employed the wrong
legal standard to evaluate prejudice. In rejecting Appellant’s claim, the
PCRA court ruled he could not show a different outcome, i.e., acquittal,
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would have resulted if trial counsel requested, and the trial court gave, a
prompt complaint instruction. See PCRA Court Rule 1925(a) Opinion, at 2
(un-paginated). Under the correct standard, a PCRA petitioner must show a
reasonable probability that the result would have been different. See
Watkins, 108 A.3d at 702. Nevertheless, our analysis of Appellant’s first
issue does not end here.
We hold that Appellant cannot show prejudice. Appellant still was able
to cross-examine S.A. on her failure to promptly report the assaults. He
argued to the jury that S.A. was not credible, and the trial court gave a
general instruction on how to evaluate witnesses’ credibility. Further, the
trial court did not preclude cross-examination of S.A., or argument on, the
lack of a prompt complaint. The record shows that trial counsel questioned
S.A. regarding her failure to tell her mother, a friend, or police immediately
or soon after each assault. See N.T. Trial, 4/22/13, at 41-42, 47, 50-52.
Trial counsel also argued to the jury that it should reject S.A.’s testimony
because, inter alia, she delayed in reporting the assaults. See id. at 89-90.
We acknowledge Appellant’s argument that the jury could have found
the victim credible despite impeachment on cross-examination and it could
have disregarded trial counsel’s closing argument, whereas it was required
to follow jury instructions. Appellant, however, overlooks the trial court’s
general charge on credibility. See N.T. Trial, 4/22/13, at 106-07. Thus, the
jury was instructed on how to evaluate S.A.’s testimony, and trial counsel
told the jury not to believe her because she waited almost a year to report
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the sexual assaults. We have held, albeit in the context of harmless error on
direct appeal, that a general charge on credibility alleviates any prejudice
caused by the lack of a prompt complaint instruction. See Sandusky, 77
A.3d at 668-69. Sandusky supports our decision here. We find that the
trial court’s instruction, as a whole, prevents Appellant from carrying his
burden on prejudice.
The PCRA provides a remedy only where IAC “so undermined the
truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence
could have taken place.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(ii). “This requires
showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of
a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
The PCRA’s standard flows from the general principal that the United States
Constitution entitles a defendant to a fair trial, not a perfect one. See
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 877 A.2d 433, 443 (Pa. 2005); accord
Ross v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81, 91 (1988). Appellant cannot meet that
standard here. Consequently, we determine that he is not entitled to relief
on his first IAC claim.
In his second argument, Appellant contends trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to rebut S.A.’s testimony that she was “terrified of
guys” with evidence that S.A. was kissing a teenage boy outside of the
courtroom during a recess at trial. At trial, S.A. testified about the effects of
the sexual assaults on her as follows:
Q. Did this have any kind of long-term effects on you?
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A. Yes.
Q. What effects did it have?
A. I’ve been diagnosed with PTSD. I have nightmares. I have
flashbacks. I’m on medication because of this. I am afraid all
the time. I’m terrified to sleep with my door open. I’m terrified
of doors opening without me knowing. I’m terrified of guys. I’m
terrified all the time.
N.T. Trial, 4/22/13, at 32-33.
At the PCRA hearing, Appellant, his fiancée, Appellant’s mother, and
his fiancée’s mother testified that they saw S.A. holding hands with, and
kissing and groping, a teenage boy outside of the courthouse during a recess
in Appellant’s trial. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 5/16/14, at 31-32, 45-46, 53-
54, 60-61. When these witnesses tried to bring this incident to trial
counsel’s attention, trial counsel said that she could not use it to impeach
S.A. Id.The PCRA court addressed the claim as follows:
The charges of which the [Appellant] was convicted all contained
an age element. Consent or non-consent was not an issue
before the jury for those charges. Whether or not the [v]ictim is
[sic] “terrified of guys” is irrelevant[,] as the [v]ictim’s age at
the time of the assaults, i.e.[,] 14, was the relevant factor.
[Appellant] was acquitted of the rape charge[s], which did
contain an element of force. The [v]ictim could have consented
to the sexual activities[,] and the resulting verdicts could still
have been reached.
The [c]ourt finds that there was no prejudice to the [Appellant]
by [t]rial [c]ounsel failing to use the [v]ictim’s actions during
trial in an attempt to impeach her credibility. That omission did
not have an adverse effect on the outcome of the trial for the
reasons stated above.
PCRA Court Opinion, 9/15/14, at 3 (un-paginated).
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We disagree with the PCRA court’s analysis. Again, to prove prejudice,
Appellant was not required to show an actual adverse effect by trial
counsel’s deficient performance. Rather, he needed to show a reasonable
probability that trial counsel’s failure to use available cross-examination
material affected the outcome. See Watkins, 108 A.3d at 702.
It is also true that S.A.’s purported fear of men was not an element of
the age-based sex crimes of which the jury convicted Appellant. Fear of
men is not a material element of any sex crime, including the forcible-rape
charges of which the jury acquitted Appellant. Appellant does not argue that
trial counsel should have introduced the evidence to negate proof of the
crimes. Rather, he contends trial counsel should have used it to impeach
S.A. by testing her credibility. Without expressing an opinion as to
prejudice, we conclude that this issue lacks arguable merit.
A witness cannot be contradicted on a collateral matter. See
Commonwealth v. Holder, 815 A.2d 1115, 1119 (Pa. Super. 2003). As
our Supreme Court long ago explained,
There seems to be considerable misunderstanding of the rules of
evidence relating to the contradiction of witnesses. No
witness can be contradicted on everything he testifies to in
order to ‘test his credibility’. The pivotal issues in a trial cannot
be ‘side-tracked’ for the determination of whether or not a
witness lied in making a statement about something which has
no relationship to the case on trial. The purpose of trials is
not to determine the ratings of witnesses for general veracity. A
witness can be contradicted only on matters germane to the
issue trying. There is no rule more firmly established than this:
‘No contradiction shall be permitted on collateral matters.’
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Commonwealth v. Petrillo, 19 A.2d 288, 295 (Pa. 1941) (emphases in
original); see also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 638 A.2d 940, 943 (Pa.
1994) (“A collateral matter is one which has no relationship to the matter on
trial.”).
Here, Appellant’s proposed evidence could have discredited S.A.’s
statement that she is “terrified of guys” because of Appellant’s assaults.
S.A.’s purported fear of men, however, was collateral to the material issues
before the jury: whether Appellant forcibly raped S.A., and whether he had
sexual intercourse or sexual contact with her.
The only permissible use of Appellant’s proposed testimony was
impeachment. In context, the collateral nature of this evidence is apparent.
S.A. made the statement in response to a question about the effects of the
sexual assaults, see N.T. Trial, 4/22/11, at 32-33, not regarding whether
sexual contact between her and Appellant occurred, or whether he forcibly
raped her.
Appellant’s proposed evidence was collateral, and the evidence
therefore should have been excluded at trial. Because trial counsel cannot
be found ineffective for failing to advance a meritless argument, Appellant’s
second IAC claim fails.
Finally, Appellant argues that he suffered cumulative prejudice from
trial counsel’s combined errors. In a cumulative prejudice claim, a PCRA
petitioner accumulates multiple claims of arguable merit that do not
individually meet the standard for prejudice. See Commonwealth v.
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Rivera, 108 A.3d 779, 818 (Pa. 2014). We do not reach the merits of this
claim.
First, Appellant did not plead a cumulative-prejudice claim in his
counseled PCRA petition, i.e., he never raised the claim before the PCRA
court. Failing to do so bars appellate review, because a litigant cannot raise
a claim for the first time on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 33 A.3d 122, 126 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Second, Appellant did not include a cumulative prejudice argument in his
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Issues not included in
a concise statement are waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). Third,
Appellant did not include a cumulative prejudice argument in his statement
of questions involved. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question will be
considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or is
fairly suggested thereby.”). For these reasons, we cannot address the
merits of Appellant’s final argument.
In sum, Appellant did not show that trial counsel’s failure to request a
prompt complaint instruction prejudiced him. His ineffectiveness claim
regarding cross-examination of the victim has no arguable merit. His
cumulative prejudice claim is waived. Therefore, we affirm the PCRA court’s
order denying relief, though on different grounds.
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Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/8/2015
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