In Re: Adoption of B.M.M., Minor, Appeal of: J.M.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN RE: ADOPTION OF B.M.M., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: J.M., NATURAL FATHER : No. 1547 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Order Entered October 11, 2017
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): 2017-596 IVT
BEFORE: OLSON, OTT, and STRASSBURGER*, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED MARCH 28, 2018
J.M. (Father) appeals from the order entered October 11, 2017, in the
Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County, which terminated involuntarily his
parental rights to his minor son, B.M.M. (Child). We affirm.
Child was born to Father and A.S. (Mother) in March 2013. Father and
Mother lived together for about a year before Mother became pregnant, but
separated four months later. Father and Mother resumed living together in
July or August 2013, but separated again in September or October 2014, when
Child was about one and a half years old.
Following her separation from Father, Mother filed a protection from
abuse (PFA) petition.1 The parents entered into a PFA order by agreement,
which prohibited Father from contacting Mother, but made no finding of abuse.
Mother also filed a child custody complaint. Mother received primary physical
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6101-6122.
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custody of Child, while Father received supervised partial physical custody for
two days each week and every other weekend.
This arrangement continued until approximately October 2015, when
the parents entered into an interim consent order reducing Father’s supervised
partial physical custody to every other Saturday. Following a hearing in
December 2015, the trial court in the custody matter entered an order
providing Father with one final supervised visit on Christmas Eve, and
suspending all other partial physical custody. The court suspended Father’s
custody based on a variety of concerns, including his illegal substance abuse,
mental health issues, and numerous retail theft convictions. However, the
court provided that Father could have a daily phone call with Child. Father
has not seen Child or spoken with him on the phone since the Christmas Eve
visit in 2015.
Meanwhile, Mother began a relationship with J.S. (Stepfather). Mother
and Stepfather began dating in November 2014, and married in August 2015.
They have one biological child together, Child’s younger half-brother, C.S.,
born in August 2016.
On July 3, 2017, Petitioners filed a petition to terminate Father’s
parental rights to Child involuntarily. The orphans’ court conducted a
termination hearing on September 27, 2017, and October 4, 2017.2 Following
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2Child had the benefit of legal counsel during the termination hearing. We
note with displeasure that Child’s legal counsel did not file a brief or otherwise
advocate Child’s position in this Court.
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the hearing, on October 11, 2017, the court entered an order terminating
Father’s parental rights. Father timely filed a notice of appeal on October 16,
2017, along with a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Father now raises the following issues for our review.
1. Whether the [orphans’ c]ourt erred in terminating [Father’s]
parental rights to [C]hild, because the Petitioners failed to meet
their burden by clear and convincing evidence, including, but not
limited to failing to identify how termination of [Father’s] parental
rights would impact [C]hild, in particular, the bond between
[Father] and [C]hild.
2. Whether the [orphans’ c]ourt erred in terminating [Father’s]
parental rights to [C]hild, because the [c]ourt did not adequately
weigh the barrier placed between [Father] and the Petitioners, due
to the Petitioners’ failure to permit [Father] to have phone contact
with [C]hild per the terms of their custody order.
Father’s Brief at 3 (suggested answer omitted).
We consider Father’s claims mindful of our well-settled standard of
review.
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse
of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have previously
emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
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In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Termination of parental rights is governed by section 2511 of the
Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, which requires a bifurcated analysis.
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for
termination delineated in [subs]ection 2511(a). Only if the court
determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his
or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of
the analysis pursuant to [subs]ection 2511(b): determination of
the needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best
interests of the child.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
In this case, the orphans’ court terminated Father’s parental rights
pursuant to subsections 2511(a)(1) and (b), which provide as follows.
(a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of
at least six months immediately preceding the filing of
the petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused
or failed to perform parental duties.
***
(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
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to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (b).
We first address whether the orphans’ court abused its discretion by
terminating Father’s parental rights pursuant to subsection 2511(a)(1). To
meet the requirements of this section, “the moving party must produce clear
and convincing evidence of conduct, sustained for at least the six months prior
to the filing of the termination petition, which reveals a settled intent to
relinquish parental claim to a child or a refusal or failure to perform parental
duties.” In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citing In re
Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 510 (Pa. Super. 2006)). The court must
then consider “the parent’s explanation for his or her conduct” and “the post-
abandonment contact between parent and child” before moving on to analyze
subsection 2511(b). Id. (quoting In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708
A.2d 88, 92 (Pa. 1998)).
This Court has explained that a parent does not perform his or her
parental duties by displaying a “merely passive interest in the development of
the child.” In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (quoting In
re C.M.S., 832 A.2d 457, 462 (Pa. Super. 2003)). Rather,
[p]arental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively with
good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every problem, in
order to maintain the parent-child relationship to the best of his
or her ability, even in difficult circumstances. A parent must utilize
all available resources to preserve the parental relationship, and
must exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed in
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the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental
rights are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable or
convenient time to perform one’s parental responsibilities while
others provide the child with his or her physical and emotional
needs.
Id. (citations omitted).
In its order terminating Father’s parental rights, the orphans’ court
found that Father refused or failed to perform parental duties during the six
months immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition on July 3,
2017. Order, 10/11/2017, at ¶ 10-11. The court reasoned that Father last
saw Child in December 2015, and made only one attempt to call Child on the
phone. Id. at ¶ 6. The court rejected Father’s testimony that Mother created
“roadblocks” to prevent him from maintaining contact with Child. Id. at ¶ 9.
The court reasoned that Father “took no reasonable action at all to overcome
these roadblocks, if indeed they existed.” Id.
On appeal, Father acknowledges that he last saw Child in December
2015, but blames his lack of contact on Mother. Father’s Brief at 5. Father
argues that Mother changed her phone number, which prevented him from
calling Child pursuant to the December 2015 custody order. Id. at 16-18.
After a thorough review of the record in this matter, we conclude that
the orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion. During the termination
hearing, Mother testified that the parties’ PFA order prohibited Father from
contacting her directly. N.T., 9/27/2017, at 32. However, Child’s maternal
grandmother (Maternal Grandmother) served as a liaison to coordinate
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Father’s contact with Child.3 N.T., 9/27/2017, at 32. Mother testified that
Father last saw Child in December 2015, and that Father contacted Maternal
Grandmother to request a phone call with Child only once in December 2016.
Id. at 13, 18-19. Mother stated that she did not act on Father’s request
because she did not want to confuse Child, and because “I didn’t feel like it
was right not going through the courts since after his visitation was canceled,
everything should have went through the courts.”4 Id. at 26, 28. Mother
testified that Father never filed for additional partial physical custody of Child.
Id. at 13.
Similarly, Maternal Grandmother testified that Father never provided
her with cards, gifts, or anything else for Child, and contacted her only once
after the December 2015 custody hearing. Id. at 40, 48. Maternal
Grandmother clarified that this contact took place in March 2016. Id. at 40.
Father contacted Maternal Grandmother using Facebook, and asked to speak
with Child on the phone or using FaceTime. Id. Maternal Grandmother
directed Father that “he would have to go through the courts to get another
hearing.” Id. at 41. Maternal Grandmother further clarified that she received
a phone call from Child’s paternal grandmother in December 2016. Id. at 42-
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3Maternal Grandmother has lived in the same home and maintained the same
phone number since Mother and Father were dating. N.T., 9/27/2017, at 18-
19, 42, 48.
4 Both Mother and Maternal Grandmother testified that they did not realize
that Father was entitled to phone calls pursuant to the custody order. N.T.,
9/27/2017, at 27-28, 41-42.
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43. Child’s paternal grandmother requested visitation for herself and Child’s
paternal grandfather, but “[s]he didn’t say anything about [Father].” Id. at
43.
Thus, the record confirms that Father refused or failed to perform
parental duties for at least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
termination petition on July 3, 2017. Father last saw Child in December 2015.
Father did not file a petition requesting additional partial physical custody of
Child, and he made only one request for phone contact, which occurred well
before the start of the relevant six-month period. While it is true that Mother’s
refusal to facilitate Father’s request for phone contact was an obstacle limiting
his ability to perform parental duties, he made no effort at all to overcome
that obstacle.
We next consider whether the orphans’ court abused its discretion by
terminating Father’s parental rights pursuant to subsection 2511(b).
S[ubs]ection 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental
rights would best serve the developmental, physical, and
emotional needs and welfare of the child. As this Court has
explained, [subs]ection 2511(b) does not explicitly require a
bonding analysis and the term ‘bond’ is not defined in the Adoption
Act. Case law, however, provides that analysis of the emotional
bond, if any, between parent and child is a factor to be considered
as part of our analysis. While a parent’s emotional bond with his
or her child is a major aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-
interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be
considered by the court when determining what is in the best
interest of the child.
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can
equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, and
should also consider the intangibles, such as the love,
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comfort, security, and stability the child might have
with the foster parent. Additionally, this Court stated
that the trial court should consider the importance of
continuity of relationships and whether any existing
parent-child bond can be severed without detrimental
effects on the child.
In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d 1212, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011)) (quotation marks and
citations omitted).
The orphans’ court concluded that terminating Father’s parental rights
would best serve Child’s needs and welfare. Order, 10/11/2017, at ¶ 13. The
court found that Child has a bond with Stepfather, and rejected the possibility
of any bond between Child and Father. Id. at ¶ 12-13. The court explained,
“[Father] has not seen his child for a visit since December 24, 2015. He has
had no phone contact. The [c]ourt does not need a bonding analysis to
conclude that whatever bond there had been between the two does not now
exist.” Id.
Father argues that Petitioners failed to present sufficient evidence
concerning the mental and emotional impact that terminating his parental
rights would have on Child. Father’s Brief at 7. Father emphasizes that
Petitioners did not present the testimony of a mental health professional, or
subject Child to a bonding assessment. Id. 14-15.
We again discern no abuse of discretion. It is well-settled that a
subsection 2511(b) bond analysis does not require expert testimony or a
formal bonding evaluation. In re D.L.B., 166 A.3d 322, 328 (Pa. Super.
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2017) (citing In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010)). The
orphans’ court was free to rely on the observations of lay witnesses when
conducting its analysis, or to reach its own conclusions based on the
circumstances of the case.
Here, Child last saw Father in December 2015, when he was less than
three years old. By the time of the termination hearing in September and
October 2017, Child was over four and a half years old. Mother testified that
Child does not ask about Father, and she did not believe that Child would even
remember who he is. N.T., 9/27/2017, at 28, 33. Given Mother’s testimony,
and Father’s complete absence from Child’s life for nearly two years, the
record supports the finding of the orphans’ court that no bond exists between
Father and Child.
Moreover, Mother testified that Child has developed a strong bond with
Stepfather. Id. at 15. Child initially referred to Stepfather by his first name,
J., but now refers to him as “Daddy [J.]” Id. It is clear that terminating
Father’s parental rights will best serve Child’s needs and welfare, by allowing
him to remain in a permanent, stable, and loving family.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the orphans’ court did not
abuse its discretion by terminating Father’s parental rights to Child
involuntarily. Therefore, we affirm the court’s October 11, 2017 order.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/28/2018
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