In the Int. of: P.N., Appeal of: C.H.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: P.N. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
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APPEAL OF: C.H., MOTHER : No. 490 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Order Entered March 30, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): CP-02-AP-0000139-2021
BEFORE: STABILE, J., KING, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED: NOVEMBER 22. 2022
Appellant, C.H. (“Mother”), appeals from the order entered in the
Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, granting the petition of Appellee,
the Allegheny County Office of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”), for
involuntary termination of Mother’s parental rights to her minor child, P.N.
(“Child”). We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this appeal are as follows.
CYF first became involved with the family in 2015, when it received a referral
because Mother and her oldest child had tested positive for marijuana. CYF
received additional referrals in 2015, 2017, and 2018. Child was born in April
2018. In February 2019, CYF opened a case after Mother was hospitalized
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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due to a physical altercation with a neighbor, and she had no one to care for
her children while in the hospital. At that time, CYF implemented in-home
services and referred Mother for a drug and alcohol assessment.
Despite CYF’s involvement, the court adjudicated Child dependent on
November 20, 2019. CYF placed Child into foster care where she has
remained ever since. Around this time, CYF developed a family service plan
(“FSP”) and identified goals for Mother, including improvement of her mental
health, maintaining sobriety, and the development of parenting skills.
Nevertheless, Mother failed to meet these objectives.
On August 3, 2021, CYF filed a petition to terminate the parental rights
of Mother and W.W. (“Father”). The court conducted a termination hearing
on March 4, 2022. At the hearing, the court heard testimony from Angela
Cameron, one of Mother’s in-home service providers, and Deborah Moncrieff,
a CYF supervisor. Mother did not attend the hearing or present witnesses, but
her attorney was present to cross-examine the CYF witnesses and argue on
Mother’s behalf. By order entered March 30, 2022, the court terminated
Mother’s parental rights.1 On April 27, 2022, Mother timely filed a notice of
appeal and concise statement of errors per Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i).
Mother now raises one issue for our review:
Did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or err as a matter
of law in concluding that CYF met its burden of proving by
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1The court also involuntarily terminated Father’s parental rights, but he is not
a party to the current appeal.
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clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of
the child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)?
(Mother’s Brief at 6).
Appellate review in termination of parental rights cases implicates the
following principles:
In cases involving termination of parental rights: “our
standard of review is limited to determining whether the
order of the trial court is supported by competent evidence,
and whether the trial court gave adequate consideration to
the effect of such a decree on the welfare of the child.”
In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1115 (Pa.Super. 2010) (quoting In re I.J., 972
A.2d 5, 8 (Pa.Super. 2009)).
Absent an abuse of discretion, an error of law, or
insufficient evidentiary support for the trial court’s
decision, the decree must stand. … We must employ
a broad, comprehensive review of the record in order
to determine whether the trial court’s decision is
supported by competent evidence.
In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 383 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en
banc), appeal denied, 581 Pa. 668, 863 A.2d 1141 (2004)
(internal citations omitted).
Furthermore, we note that the trial court, as the finder
of fact, is the sole determiner of the credibility of
witnesses and all conflicts in testimony are to be
resolved by [the] finder of fact. The burden of proof
is on the party seeking termination to establish by
clear and convincing evidence the existence of
grounds for doing so.
In re Adoption of A.C.H., 803 A.2d 224, 228 (Pa.Super.
2002) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The
standard of clear and convincing evidence means testimony
that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable
the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without
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hesitation, of the truth of the precise facts in issue. In re
J.D.W.M., 810 A.2d 688, 690 (Pa.Super. 2002). We may
uphold a termination decision if any proper basis exists for
the result reached. In re C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201
(Pa.Super. 2000) (en banc). If the court’s findings are
supported by competent evidence, we must affirm the
court’s decision, even if the record could support an opposite
result. In re R.L.T.M., 860 A.2d 190, 191[-92] (Pa.Super.
2004).
In re Z.P., supra at 1115-16 (quoting In re Adoption of K.J., 936 A.2d
1128, 1131-32 (Pa.Super. 2007), appeal denied, 597 Pa. 718, 951 A.2d 1165(2008)).
CYF filed a petition for the involuntary termination of Mother’s parental
rights on the following grounds:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
(a) General rule.— The rights of a parent in regard to
a child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
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(2) The repeated and continued incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the
child to be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be
remedied by the parent.
* * *
(5) The child has been removed from the care of
the parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency for a period of at least six months, the
conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
child continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not
remedy those conditions within a reasonable period of
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time, the services or assistance reasonably available to
the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child within a
reasonable period of time and termination of the parental
rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the
child.
* * *
(8) The child has been removed from the care of
the parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
the date of removal or placement, the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist and termination of parental rights would best serve
the needs and welfare of the child.
* * *
(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating
the rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare
of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated
solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and
medical care if found to be beyond the control of the parent.
With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection
(a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any efforts by
the parent to remedy the conditions described therein which
are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), (b). “Parental rights may be involuntarily
terminated where any one subsection of Section 2511(a) is satisfied, along
with consideration of the subsection 2511(b) provisions.” In re Z.P., supra
at 1117.
On appeal, Mother argues that the record does not include sufficient
evidence demonstrating that termination best serves the needs and welfare
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of Child. Mother claims that the record lacks any expert opinions to support
the court’s determination. Mother maintains that she underwent a
psychological evaluation, but CYF did not provide evidence of the evaluation
for the court’s consideration. Mother insists that CYF also failed to offer
evidence of the impact “that termination would have on [Child], psychological
or otherwise.” (Mother’s Brief at 11). Mother emphasizes that both of CYF’s
witnesses “acknowledged the love and bond between Mother and [Child].”
(Id. at 16). Additionally, Mother complains that Child was at an appropriate
age and development level to express a position regarding the preservation
of the parent-child relationship, yet the court did not hear from Child. Based
upon the foregoing, Mother concludes that this Court must reverse the order
terminating her parental rights.2 We disagree.
Under Section 2511(b), the court must consider whether termination
will meet the child’s needs and welfare. In re C.P., 901 A.2d 516, 520
(Pa.Super. 2006). “Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability
are involved when inquiring about the needs and welfare of the child. The
court must also discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, paying
close attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing the bond.”
Id. (internal citations omitted).
In this context, the court must take into account whether a
bond exists between child and parent, and whether
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2 In her brief, Mother does not include a challenge to the evidence supporting
termination under Section 2511(a).
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termination would destroy an existing, necessary and
beneficial relationship.
When conducting a bonding analysis, the court is not
required to use expert testimony. Social workers and
caseworkers can offer evaluations as well. Additionally,
Section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding
evaluation.
In re Z.P., supra at 1121 (internal citations omitted).
“The statute permitting the termination of parental rights outlines
certain irreducible minimum requirements of care that parents must provide
for their children, and a parent who cannot or will not meet the requirements
within a reasonable time following intervention by the state, may properly be
considered unfit and may properly have his or her rights terminated.” In re
B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007, 1013 (Pa.Super. 2001).
There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties.
Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and
support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be
met by a merely passive interest in the development of the
child. Thus, this [C]ourt has held that the parental
obligation is a positive duty which requires affirmative
performance.
This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial
obligation; it requires continuing interest in the child and a
genuine effort to maintain communication and association
with the child.
Because a child needs more than a benefactor, parental duty
requires that a parent exert [herself] to take and maintain
a place of importance in the child’s life.
Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively with
good faith interest and effort, and not yield to every
problem, in order to maintain the parent-child relationship
to the best of his or her ability, even in difficult
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circumstances. A parent must utilize all available resources
to preserve the parental relationship, and must exercise
reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed in the path
of maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental rights
are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable or
convenient time to perform one’s parental responsibilities
while others provide the child with his or her physical and
emotional needs.
In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 582 Pa.
718, 872 A.2d 1200 (2005) (internal citations omitted).
Instantly, the court conducted the termination hearing on March 4,
2022.3 CYF presented Ms. Cameron, who testified that Mother is one of her
clients. Ms. Cameron continues to meet with Mother once each week. (See
N.T. Termination Hearing at 7). Ms. Cameron testified that CYF’s goals for
Mother included enrollment in parenting classes, a drug and alcohol
assessment, and improved mental health. (See id. at 8). Mother had mixed
success in completing her goals. Although Mother completed a parenting
class, she did not find a mental health program that would accept her.
Additionally, Ms. Cameron explained that the drug and alcohol program at
Pathways “did not believe [Mother] needed any treatment.” (Id. at 9).
CYF then presented Ms. Moncrieff, who testified that “Mother’s very
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3 Mother correctly notes that Child did not testify at the hearing. Our review
of the record, however, reveals that Child’s counsel was present at the
hearing. Counsel indicated that she met with Child regarding the termination
petition. During this meeting, Child “was not able to state a preference
regarding termination and adoption due to her age and level of development.”
(N.T. Termination Hearing, 3/4/22, at 81).
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attentive to the children when I’m around. Loving and caring.” (Id. at 40).
Ms. Moncrieff explained, however, that Mother’s visits with Child were
inconsistent, and Mother does not always provide confirmation prior to visiting
Child. This lack of consistent contact “weakened the bond between mother
and child.” (Id.) Ms. Moncrieff acknowledged that Mother’s visits were
impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but Mother’s visits continued to be
inconsistent after pandemic-related restrictions eased. Specifically, Mother
attended only three (3) out of nineteen (19) scheduled visits with Child
between August 2020 and December 2020.4 (See id. at 35). Mother began
to visit Child “more regularly” beginning in March 2021. (See id. at 37).
In May 2021, Mother became entitled to weekly in-home visits, but she
did not always confirm the visits. (See id. at 38). Ms. Moncrieff explained
that Mother meets Child’s psychological needs when she participates in weekly
visits, which Child enjoys. Mother does not, however, meet Child’s educational
or developmental needs. Rather, Ms. Moncrieff emphasized that foster mother
meets Child’s educational, psychological, and developmental needs, and Child
calls foster mother “mommy.” (See id. at 41).
Ms. Moncrieff further described why CYF sought termination of Mother’s
parental rights:
The prior referral is her giving birth to all of the children
while smoking marijuana during her pregnancy. History of
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4 Ms. Moncrieff clarified that three (3) of the missed visits were not the fault
of Mother. (See N.T. Termination Hearing at 36).
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being depressed and mental health issues interfering with
her ability to parent and not addressing her mental health
issues. She’ll get into treatment and leave. Doesn’t stay
long in treatment. She has a history of neglecting the
children, leaving them home alone. Her history of a
warrant, being arrested. The conditions which led the
children being removed not addressed. Mental health
sobriety. History of THC usage. DUI. And fighting, making
poor decisions with the neighbors. [Interpersonal violence]
history with her partner. Everything else that goes into
parenting, civility, staying out of violence, confrontation,
staying sober, address her mental health, not being
arrested, not neglecting her children when she feels
overwhelmed.
(Id. at 41-42). Based upon the foregoing, Ms. Moncrieff opined that
termination was in Child’s best interests. Child receives care and stability with
foster mother. Despite the presence of some bond between Mother and Child,
“[Child] needs stability. She needs to be able to feel safe and be able to thrive
and grow without being in fear of what is next to come.” (Id. at 43).
The court considered this testimony and determined that CYF presented
sufficient evidence under Section 2511(b):
There was clear and convincing evidence presented that
Mother was not meeting [Child’s] medical needs,
educational needs, emotional needs nor psychological
needs. There were multiple times CYF discovered Mother
leaving young children alone to fend for themselves. There
is no doubt to [the c]ourt that Mother has love for [Child].
However, she has failed to establish her ability to provide a
safe and stable home for [Child] nor her other children. At
the March 4, 2022 termination of parental rights hearing,
[the c]ourt considered all of Mother’s progress, and
determined that Mother has not shown her ability to
properly care for [Child] since [Child] came into care in
October of 2019. [The c]ourt believes the testimony from
both the casework[er] and CYF supervisor was credible.
There was absolutely no testimony that Mother had the
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ability to keep [Child] safe nor meet her needs.
(Trial Court Opinion, 7/22/22, at 11). We accept the court’s determination.
To the extent that Mother now argues the court should have considered
expert testimony about the impact of termination, such testimony is not
required.5 See In re Z.P., supra. Here, the inconsistency of Mother’s contact
with Child has weakened their bond. (See N.T. Termination Hearing at 41-
42). Although Mother exhibits love and care to Child during the visits she
attends, Mother has been unable to maintain the parent-child relationship.
See In re B., N.M., supra. Terminating Mother’s parental rights would not
destroy an existing, necessary, and beneficial relationship for Child. See In
re Z.P., supra. Based upon the foregoing, the record supports the court’s
conclusion that CYF presented clear and convincing evidence warranting
termination under Section 2511(b). See id. Consequently, we affirm the
order terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child.
Order affirmed.
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5 Additionally, Ms. Moncrieff testified that she did not yet have the
psychologist’s individual evaluation of Mother at the time of the termination
hearing. (See N.T. Termination Hearing at 32).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/22/2022
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