Green, C. v. CSX Transportation

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
CLYDE GREEN : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC. :
:
Appellant : No. 2218 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered August 3, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): 190302966
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., MURRAY, J., and COLINS, J.
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 21, 2021
CSX Transportation, Inc. (“CSXT”) appeals from the denial of its motion
to dismiss pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322(e) and the doctrine of forum non
conveniens. On appeal, CSXT contends that the trial court erred in its
application of existing forum non conveniens precedent. Moreover, CSXT
asserts that it proffered sufficient evidence to demonstrate that dismissal
predicated on forum non conveniens was, contrary to the trial court’s
determination, the legally correct outcome. Through our thorough review of
the record and in looking at the totality of the circumstances as identified by
both parties, we find CSXT has satisfied its forum non conveniens burden.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
By way of background, Clyde Green filed a complaint pursuant to the
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 Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”), see 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq., wherein
Green alleged that he developed colon cancer through his employment-based
exposure to toxic substances. More specifically, Green averred that excessive
amounts of asbestos, diesel exhaust/fumes, and second-hand smoke were
either causally or contributorily related to the onset of his cancer and that his
employer was negligent for not providing him with a reasonably safe working
environment.
Green worked for CSXT1 and its predecessors, the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad and the Chessie System, as a train brakeman and conductor. Green
began his employment with CSXT in 1987, but had started working for those
prior businesses in 1974.
Green is a lifelong resident of Maryland and had worked for CSXT, as
well as its prior entities, almost exclusively in Maryland, too, having had a
career that spanned approximately forty-two years. Like Green, many of
Green’s former coworkers and supervisors maintain residency in Maryland.
Moreover, Green’s immediate family also lives in Maryland.
Although his primary job sites were in Maryland, on occasion, Green
would work out of railyards and terminals in Virginia and Washington, D.C.
While under CSXT’s employ, Green never worked in Pennsylvania. However,
Green, in the 1970s and 80s, infrequently traveled to a singular railyard in
Pennsylvania as a result of working for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and
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1CSXT is a Virginia corporation that is headquartered in Florida and resultantly
keeps its personnel files at that latter location.
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the Chessie System. In total, over the course of his entire career, Green
worked at thirteen separate railyards.
Green was both diagnosed and exclusively treated for his cancer in
Maryland. Every single medical professional that was directly involved in
Green’s health maintains or operated his or her practice in either Baltimore or
Annapolis, Maryland.
Following the filing of Green’s complaint, CSXT moved to dismiss
predicated on a forum non conveniens argument. In its motion, CSXT
indicated that, if the complaint were dismissed and refiled in Maryland, it
would not object to venue or personal jurisdiction and would consent to
utilizing the Pennsylvania filing date of this action for statute-of-limitations
purposes, provided that Green timely refiled his complaint.
Ultimately, however, the trial court denied such a request, concluding
that it was “no more vexatious to conduct … remote litigation in Maryland or
Pennsylvania[,]” Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, 8/3/20 (in the
context of the COVID-19 pandemic), and further, after CSXT filed a motion to
amend the court’s order, that CSXT “did not sustain its burden of proving that
there were any substantially weighty issues to overcome [Green’s] chosen
forum[.]” Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Amend [the trial] Court’s
Order, 10/2/20 (emphasis in original).
Thereafter, CSXT petitioned this Court for permission to appeal the trial
court’s denial of its motion to amend, which was correspondingly granted. As
such, this appeal is ripe for adjudication.
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CSXT presents three questions for our review, with varying degrees of
interrelatedness:
1. Did the trial court apply the wrong legal standard when it
denied [its] motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens
because a trial in Philadelphia would not be “vexatious”?
2. Did the trial court impermissibly suspend the application of the
Plum factors to [its] motion to dismiss for forum non
conveniens because of the COVID-19 pandemic?
3. Did [it] satisfy its burden for dismissal under Pennsylvania’s
generally applicable forum non conveniens principles, including
as articulated and applied in Hovatter, Wright, and Ficarra?
Appellant’s Brief, at 5-6.
To evaluate the discrete issues raised by CSXT, we apply our well-settled
standard of review on orders disposing of forum non conveniens motions:
Orders on motions to dismiss under the doctrine of forum non
conveniens are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. This standard
applies even where jurisdictional requirements are met. Moreover,
if there is any basis for the trial court's decision, the decision must
stand.
An abuse of discretion occurs if, inter alia, there was an error of
law or the judgment was manifestly unreasonable. When
reviewing for errors of law, the appellate standard of review is de
novo and the scope of review is plenary.
In Pennsylvania, the doctrine of forum non conveniens, which
originated in Common Law, has been codified by statute:
Inconvenient forum.-When a tribunal finds that in
the interest of substantial justice the matter should be
heard in another forum, the tribunal may stay or
dismiss the matter in whole or in part on any
conditions that may be just.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322(e).
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Hovatter v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 193 A.3d 420, 424 (Pa. Super.
2018) (quotations and citations omitted).
In deciding such a motion, a court must look beyond the principles of
jurisdiction and venue to consider whether “litigation in the plaintiff’s chosen
forum would serve the interests of justice under the particular circumstances.”
Alford v. Philadelphia Coca-Cola Bottling Co., Inc., 531 A.2d 792, 794 (Pa.
Super. 1987). In giving credence to the plaintiff’s initial forum choice, however,
justice must strongly demonstrate the utility of relegating the plaintiff to another
forum. See Wright v. Aventis Pasteur, Inc., 905 A.2d 544, 548 (Pa. Super.
2006). As such, “[t]he two most important factors the trial court must apply when
considering whether dismissal is warranted are that 1.) the plaintiff's choice of
forum should not be disturbed except for ‘weighty reasons,’ and 2.) there must
be an alternate forum available or the action may not be dismissed.” Robbins
for Estate of Robbins v. Consol. Rail Corp., 212 A.3d 81, 87 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(footnote, citation, and quotation marks omitted).
CSXT first asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by relying on the
wrong legal standard to deny its motion to dismiss. CSXT believes that the court,
inter alia, by writing the word “vexatious” in its order denying CSXT’s motion,
used language identical to the plaintiff-friendly standard governing intrastate
transfer, see Pa.R.C.P. 1006(d)(1), which, in comparison to dismissal on the basis
of forum non conveniens, requires the defendant to bear “a heavier burden.”
Wright v. Consol. Rail. Corp., 215 A.3d 982, 992 (Pa. Super. 2019).
Under the intrastate transfer precepts, a defendant must establish that “a
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plaintiff’s chosen forum is oppressive and vexatious for the defendant.” Id.Conversely, the burden on a defendant in a forum non conveniens motion requires
that party to present “weighty reasons” to overcome the plaintiff’s forum choice
by demonstrating that “there is a more convenient forum where the litigation
could be conducted more easily, expeditiously, and inexpensively.” Id. (citation
omitted). While proof of “weighty reasons” still requires a defendant to
demonstrate why interstate transfer is legally appropriate, the corresponding
burden of proof is lesser than that of motion seeking an intrastate transfer. See
id., at 992-93.
Irrefutably, the trial court included the word “vexatious” in its order denying
CSXT’s initial motion, wrote the words “oppression” and “oppressive” in its denial
of CSXT’s subsequent motion, and incorporated both sets of rationales into its
Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a) opinion. See Opinion,
12/14/20, at 2-3 (unpaginated). In the case of “vexatious,” the court concluded
that, in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it was equally
burdensome to conduct remote litigation in both Pennsylvania and Maryland. In
using the word “oppressive,” the court found that CSXT did not demonstrate that
Philadelphia would be excessively harmful to it having to defend itself there. By
writing these words, CSXT contends that “the trial court improperly intermingled
standards of heightened deference afforded to plaintiffs under Pa.R.C.P.
1006(d)(1) into this interstate transfer matter, [and resultantly] abus[ed] its
discretion.” Wright, 215 A.3d at 992-993 (indicating, too, in Wright, that a
plaintiff’s choice of filing an action in a foreign forum is not inherently deemed
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reasonable or treated with the same level of reasonability as a plaintiff filing in
his or her native forum).
While we are cognizant of the impact COVID-19 has had on Pennsylvania’s
court systems, there are obvious ambiguities in the court’s analysis of CSXT’s
motion, at least insofar as the first order is concerned. In its order denying CSXT’s
motion to dismiss, the court determined that all discovery and trial depositions
could be performed remotely. Therefore, as best can be discerned, the court
found that remote accessibility made it immaterial as to where the actual action
would be litigated. See Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, 8/3/20, at
1 n.1 (unpaginated) (concluding that the remote manner of recording testimony
means that witnesses can remain in “their home jurisdiction during discovery and
trial”).
The order denying CSXT’s motion to amend is a little more explanative.
There, the court “considered the relevant private and public interest factors,” but
denied its motion because CSXT “did not sustain its burden in proving that there
were any substantially weighty issues to overcome [Green’s] chosen forum.”
Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Amend, 10/2/20, at 1 n.1 (unpaginated)
(emphasis in original) (stating further that Green “has alleged that some of his
injury occurred while he was working at [CSXT] railroad while he worked in
Philadelphia, and particularly where [Green] has submitted that his intended
witnesses were not all from Maryland”) (emphasis in original). Instead, while
CSXT identified, via affidavit, that its witnesses were in Maryland, “there was no
exact identification of where within Maryland the witnesses were located, nor why
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it would be more oppressive or time consuming for those witnesses to travel to a
trial in Philadelphia versus a location somewhere in Maryland.” Id. In short, the
court ascertained that CSXT failed to meet its burden in demonstrating that “there
were any substantially weighty issues to override [Green’s] chosen forum.” Id.
The court’s 1925(a) opinion materially relies on its two prior orders and attendant
explanations in those orders.
We conclude that, although the court could have been more precise in its
verbiage, it ultimately evaluated CSXT’s motion under the “weighty reasons”
standard as espoused in, among other cases, Robbins. See 212 A.3d at 87
(citation omitted). Of note, the court explicitly mentioned its review of the private
and public interest factors existent in this matter. Then, it proceeded to identify
several of those factors that it either found to be compelling in its determination
or, conversely, that CSXT failed to prove. Accordingly, while we ultimately find
that its denial of CSXT’s motion to dismiss was an erroneous determination, we
do not do so on the basis that the court committed an error of law in this domain.
In its second issue, CSXT avers that the court “effectively suspended
consideration of the Plum factors[.]” Appellant’s Brief, at 20. In Plum v.
Tampax, Incorporated, our Supreme Court adopted the various private and
public factors illuminated by the United States Supreme Court in its consideration
of forum non conveniens claims. See 160 A.2d 549, 553 (Pa. 1960). Specifically,
courts are to contemplate:
the relative ease of access to sources of proof; availability of
compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of
obtaining attendance of willing, witnesses; possibility of view of
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premises, if view would be appropriate to the actions; and all other
practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and
inexpensive. There may also be questions as to the enforceability of
a judgment if one is obtained. The court will weigh relative
advantages and obstacles to a fair trial. * * *
Factors of public interest also have place in applying the doctrine.
Administrative difficulties follow for courts when litigation is piled up
in congested centers instead of being handled at its origin. Jury duty
is a burden that ought not to be imposed upon the people of a
community which has no relation to the litigation. There is
appropriateness, too, in having the trial * * * in a forum that is at
home with the state law that must govern the case, rather than
having a court in some other forum untangle problems in conflict of
laws, and in law foreign to itself.
Engstrom v. Bayer Corporation, 855 A.2d 52, 56 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation
omitted) (alterations in original). However, when evaluating the various public
and private considerations at play, “it is within the trial court’s discretion to weigh
some factors more heavily than others[.]” Robbins, 212 A.3d at 90.
Here, CSXT chiefly relies on the court’s initial justification it provided when
it denied CSXT’s motion to dismiss, namely its reference to COVID-19’s equal
impact on the courts of Maryland and Pennsylvania. While we agree that “there
is no support in the record for the trial court’s [equally affected] belief” and
further, no evidence as to how trials would proceed in Maryland versus
Pennsylvania under COVID-19 conditions, see Appellant’s Brief, at 20, we find
that such a determination is peripheral, if not immaterial, in the context of both
its larger analysis of the public and private factors and this Court’s conclusion that
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reversal is necessary.2
With that being said, the trial court relied on the COVID-19 pandemic as a
basis to suggest that video technology made state residency immaterial for the
collection of discovery and trial depositions. However, this Court has rejected “sua
sponte suggestions on how to trim costs or work around other objections … [such
as] the court’s encouragement of increased use of video technology[.]” Hovatter,
193 A.3d at 427. Although Hovatter was decided prior to COVID-19 and its
impact on Pennsylvania’s court systems, the thrust of the case remains viable.
Simply put, to the extent the trial court was suggesting that the use of video
recording technology would ameliorate potential problems with remote
witnesses, reliance on these “workaround” methods is misplaced. Stated
differently, overwhelming or exclusive reliance on “modern technology” to
obviate the need for in-person elements of the trial continuum has been
rejected as a justification to deny a motion to dismiss on forum non
conveniens grounds. See Wright, 215 A.3d at 996.
CSXT’s third issue is interrelated to its second, but is ultimately the basis
that we agree warrants reversal. CSXT contends that the court’s evaluation of
the private and public factors could have only led to one conclusion: dismissal.
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2 Assuming, arguendo, that COVID-19 did have an equal impact on the court
systems of Maryland and Pennsylvania, it would follow that, as Pennsylvania’s
court system was, at that juncture, still available to Green, Maryland’s would
have been, as well. Although Green does not contest the availability of
Maryland as an alternate forum, this determination would imply that such a
forum existed. See Robbins, 212 A.3d at 87.
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As has previously been stated, albeit in a slightly different context, our review
for abuse of discretion requires this Court to ascertain whether “there is a
more convenient forum where the litigation could be conducted more easily,
expeditiously, and inexpensively.” Hovatter, 193 A.2d at 427.
CSXT suggests that the trial court heavily, if not exclusively, utilized two
pieces of information not probative of this “easier forum” analysis. See
Appellant’s Brief, at 26.
First, CSXT states that the court’s reliance on the suggestion that some
of Green’s injury occurred while he worked in Pennsylvania is misplaced, given
that the location of an injury does not directly implicate any of the
aforementioned private or public factors. We agree that, in isolation, the
location of an injury does not inherently serve to demonstrate any one of the
enumerated private or public factors. Instead, the location may be important
if a site visit is necessary or if eyewitnesses to the causal or correlative events
are located within that specified forum. See Engstrom, supra.Even assuming that some component of Green’s alleged injury occurred in
Pennsylvania, a location where he not only sparsely performed work in but also
has not worked in over three decades, the notion that litigation could be
conducted more easily in in this state is tenuous, at best. Any connection Green
has with Pennsylvania is merely transitory and de minimis, with Maryland
appearing to be the obvious and more convenient alternate forum.
More specifically, none of the fact witnesses (medical or otherwise)
identified by either party reside in Pennsylvania. See e.g.., Plaintiff’s Answers to
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Defendant’s First Set of Interrogatories, 9/16/19, at 18, 20-21, 23-24; Affidavit
of Michael J. Scully on Behalf of CSX Transportation, Inc., at 1. In addition,
Green’s work in Pennsylvania amounted to the smallest component of his time,
compared to his workhours spent in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.
Second, CSXT challenges the court’s reliance on CSXT not deposing
Green or other witnesses in a timely manner. The court concluded that CSXT
should have sought depositions prior to the March 2020 COVID-19-related
court closings and if CSXT was “unable to secure a necessary witness through
court intervention, perhaps its burden would be met.” Order Denying
Defendant’s Motion to Amend, 8/3/20, at 1 n.1 (unpaginated). Moreover, the
court stated that CSXT’s affidavit indicating that “its witnesses were in
Maryland” was insufficient because it did not exactly identify the location of
those witnesses nor why Philadelphia would be “more oppressive or time
consuming” versus a location in Maryland for those witnesses. Id.It is unclear what impact these findings had on the court’s ultimate
disposition. However, according to the record, CSXT attempted to depose
Green in April 2020, prior to the filing of its motion to dismiss. See Motion for
Extraordinary Relief, at 2 (undated and unpaginated). Instead of availing
himself, Green “canceled that deposition due to the COVID-19 pandemic[.]”
Id. Furthermore, as to the saliency of CSXT’s affidavit, the record establishes
that Green primarily worked in Maryland. When faced with allegations
contained within affidavits, trial court are to exercise “common sense.”
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Wright, 215 A.3d at 993. As Maryland was the state of Green’s chief worksite,
CSXT’s “assertion in its affidavit[] that most or all of its witnesses reside
primarily, if not exclusively, in [Maryland] does not require additional record
support.” Id.Aside from identifying the fact that he worked in Pennsylvania at times
until 1987, Green, in response, relies on: (1) both sides already having access
to his employment and medical records; (2) the locational proximity of the
one Pennsylvania work site for jury-view purposes; and (3) “the majority of
witnesses were identified by [Green],” as three private bases to affirm the
trial court and, simultaneously, not to disturb his forum selection. Appellee’s
Brief, at 22-23. As to the public factors, Green states that “Philadelphia County
has both the judicial resources and experience with FELA matters.” Id., at 24.
While we give credence to the argument that some percentage of
Green’s purported injury may have occurred in Pennsylvania and that there is
one observable worksite located within this state, every other aspect of this
case militates a finding that CSXT presented “weighty reasons” in motioning
for dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds and that litigation could be
conducted much more easily in Maryland. As such, given the clear viability of
Maryland as an alternate forum, it was an abuse of discretion to find to the
contrary.
First, all of the witnesses with known addresses are located over 100
miles away from Philadelphia in the state of Maryland. Not only does that
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three-digit distance raise questions regarding the availability of compulsory
process on these out-of-state witnesses, but it also demonstrates that each of
these witnesses would be, at a minimum, several hours away by vehicle
should they need to appear for trial or other purposes in Philadelphia.
Likewise, because no witnesses have been identified in Pennsylvania, there is
no record support to establish a nexus between any Pennsylvania-based
witnesses and Green’s putative injury location in Pennsylvania.
Second, the possibility of viewing the Pennsylvania worksite must be
viewed in the context of Green not having performed any work in Pennsylvania
for over three decades and, more importantly, that his work in Pennsylvania
comprised a very small fraction of his occupational time. Instead, the record
indicates that he mostly worked in Maryland and to a lesser extent in Virginia
and Washington, D.C. See, e.g., Deposition of Clyde Green, 8/6/20, at 313.
Third, given that this case is between a Maryland resident and a Virginia
corporation headquartered in Florida, that all of the witnesses are located in
Maryland, and that Green has only a trivial connection to this state as a result
of working here briefly, it strains credulity to find that a Philadelphia jury would
have much, if any, relation to this litigation. Although a trial court is permitted
to weigh some of the private and public factors more than others, it cannot
depart from the undeniable conclusion that, based on the information of
record, Maryland is the most apt forum for this case, as it would allow for this
litigation to be conducted more easily, expeditiously, and inexpensively.
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Accordingly, we reverse the order denying CSXT’s motion to dismiss and
remand with directions to the trial court to dismiss the underlying complaint
without prejudice to refiling it, within the time limits previously stipulated, in
a more appropriate court.
Order reversed. Case remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/21/2021
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