In Re: Adoption of L.M.W., Appeal of: S.W., mother

J-S24043-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN RE: ADOPTION OF L.M.W. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: S.W., MOTHER :
:
:
:
:
: No. 1912 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Decree November 17, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Armstrong County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): No. 13 of 2016
IN RE: ADOPTION OF S.A.D. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: S.W., MOTHER :
:
:
:
:
: No. 1913 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Decree November 17, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Armstrong County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): 14 OF 2016
BEFORE: PANELLA, STABILE, JJ., and STEVENS, P.J.E*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED APRIL 21, 2017
S.W. (“Mother”) appeals from the decree entered in the Court of
Common Pleas of Armstrong County, terminating her parental rights to her
two daughters, L.M.W. (d.o.b. 12/25/2012), and S.A.D. (d.o.b. 8/13/2015)
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S24043-17
(“Children”), pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1) and (5),
and (b). For the following reasons, we affirm.
In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court summarized the history
of the case as developed at Mother’s Involuntary Termination/Permanency
Hearing of November 17, 2016.
1. Mother is the biological mother of the subject Children [ ].
2. S.A.D. currently is enrolled in Kindergarten. L.M.W. is
enrolled in preschool.
3. Mother and Father have a long history of drug use. Mother’s
history involves the use of heroin, crystal methamphetamine,
and marijuana.
4. In or about June 2015, CYF became involved with the family
because of Mother’s drug use, at which time she did not want
to enter treatment. The Children were not put into
placement, but went to live with Father’s mother, Lara
Cravenor (“Paternal Grandmother”).
5. At some point between June 2015 and August 2015, Mother
and Father absconded with the Children from Pennsylvania to
California because of outstanding arrest warrants related to
their drug use.
6. The Children were put into placement in California for a brief
period before Mother and Father were extradited back to
Pennsylvania on August 12, 2015. The Children then entered
placement in Pennsylvania on August 13, 2015, where they
have remained to date.
7. A shelter hearing was conducted on August 31, 2015. An
adjudication hearing followed on September 11, 2015, after
which the Children were adjudicated dependent. Mother and
Father were present for both hearings.
-2-
J-S24043-17
8. CYF did not have any contact with Mother after the
adjudication hearing until October 22, 2015, when the
caseworker assigned to the Children, Diane Whittaker,
([“Whittaker”]), went to the Armstrong County Jail to visit
Mother. At that meeting, Whittaker told Mother that the
Children were placed into care and that CYF had established a
concurrent placement goal of adoption. Whittaker further
advised Mother that if the Children could not be returned
home for any reason, CYF would pursue adoption.
9. Whittaker also presented Mother with her permanency plan,
which included the following elements: 1) completing mental
health treatment; 2) completing drug and alcohol treatment;
3) obtaining stable housing; [and] 4) [] complying with any
criminal penalties or sanctions.
10. While incarcerated, Mother could call the Children up to
one time per week, but it is not clear how often this actually
occurred. Mother last had any contact with the Children on
December 25, 2015. She spoke to them that day by
telephone. . . .
11. Mother remained incarcerated until January 26, 2016, at
which point she completed the incarceration portion of her
sentence and was released on probation to attend drug and
alcohol treatment.
12. After her release, Mother attempted to contact the
Children by telephone at Paternal Grandmother’s house. The
first time she called, Paternal Grandmother told her that the
Children were sleeping. Mother called several more times
immediately after her release and left messages, but none
were returned. She claims that she had a working telephone
and valid number, but Paternal Grandmother indicated to CYF
that mother did not leave a return number at which she could
be reached.
13. Mother then moved to Allegheny County to live with a
paramour, Justin Walker. Her probation supervision was
-3-
J-S24043-17
transferred to Allegheny County [after February 22, 2016,
when Mother first notified CYF of her move]. Mother resided
in Allegheny County until June 18, 2016, when [she and
Walker were arrested on drug charges,] her probation was
revoked and she was re-incarcerated
14. From January to June 2016, Mother did not enter drug and
alcohol treatment, did not secure adequate housing, and did
not seek any mental health treatment. She had no contact
with the Children and admits to using drugs during the entire
period. She claim[ed at her termination hearing of November
17, 2016,] that she could not do any visitation with the
Children at this time because she did not have transportation
to Armstrong County. She did not contact her court-
appointed counsel during this period and only spoke with CYF
on a few occasions. Mother admit[ted] that she did not
contact CYF because she was using drugs.
***
16. After Mother’s probation was revoked, she was
reincarcerated until August 3, 2016, when she again was
placed on probation. She then entered drug and alcohol
treatment at ARC Manor, which was court-ordered as a
condition of probation. Mother voluntarily terminated the
treatment, allegedly because a worker at ARC Manor made
sexual advances toward her. Upon leaving treatment, Mother
again was arrested and incarcerated on or about August 17,
2016, for violating the terms of her probation.
17. Prior to Mother’s leaving treatment at ARC Manor,
Whittaker met with her at ARC Manor to advise of upcoming
permanency hearings and that CYF intended to move forward
with the adoption permanency goal. At the end of the
meeting, Mother asked if she could visit with Children.
Whittaker told Mother that she could set up a 30-minute visit
the following week. This visit did not occur[, as Mother
voluntarily terminated her treatment].
18. CYF filed the instant petitions to determine involuntary
termination of parental rights on September 9, 2016.
-4-
J-S24043-17
19. Mother remained incarcerated until October 5, 2016, when
she again was released and ordered to enter drug and alcohol
treatment. Mother entered treatment at Cove Forge
Behavioral Health in Williamsburg, PA, which she completed
on November 11, 2016. During this period of treatment,
Mother attended a chemical dependency group, a mental
health group, and other activities. She also attended AA and
NA meetings and was taught relapse prevention strategies.
Upon her discharge, Cove Forge Behavioral Health
recommended that she continue treatment in halfway house
placement for 90 days.
20. Mother then was admitted to Cove Forge Renewal Center.
The Renewal Center is a halfway house for women in
recovery. Mother’s counselor, Amy Minor, indicates that
Mother has a “positive attitude and a willingness to learn.”
Mother’s treatment program will include coping skills, mental
health treatment, independent living skills, and parenting
classes that Mother has requested. Mother does not yet have
a set discharge date.
21. The halfway house program will last for at least 90 days,
or until February 2017. If Mother successfully completes the
program in that period, she will then be discharged. She will
continue to require treatment, and the Children will remain in
placement after that point. Whittaker indicated that,
assuming that Mother is discharged from Cove Forge in
February 2017, it would be at least another six to 12 months
before CYF would consider reunification.
22. Mother has approximately one year remaining on her
current probation sentence.
23. The Children currently are thriving and are well-adjusted
to living with Paternal Grandmother. They do not have any
special needs or developmental delays, and S.A.D. is doing
very well in school.
-5-
J-S24043-17
24. CYF, Father, and the Guardian ad Litem agree that
termination of Mother’s parental rights are in the Children’s
best interest.
25. Paternal Grandmother intends to seek adoption of the
Children.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/28/2016, at 1-7.
By the Court’s decree of November 17, 2016, it terminated Mother’s
parental rights pursuant to the Adoption Act, as noted, supra. This timely
appeal followed.
Mother presents the following questions for our review:
I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND
THAT THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED BY APPELLEE
CLEARLY AND CONVINCINGLY ESTABLISHED
GROUNDS FOR INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF
PARENTAL RIGHTS UNDER 23 PA.C.S § 2511(A)(1)?
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND
THAT THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED BY APPELLEE
CLEARLY AND CONVINCINGLY ESTABLISHED
GROUNDS FOR INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION OF
PARENTAL RIGHTS UNDER 23 PA.C.S. § 2511(A)(5)?
Appellant’s brief at 5.1
____________________________________________
1
In Mother’s court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, she raised an
additional issue asserting that the trial court inadequately considered the
parent-child bond existing between Mother and her children, as was required
by 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). Mother, however, fails to raise this issue in her
statement of questions presented. We could consider Mother’s challenge to
Section 2511(b) waived. See Krebs v. United Refining Company of
Pennsylvania, 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa.Super. 2006) (stating that, a failure
to preserve issues by raising them both in the concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal and statement of questions involved portion of the
brief on appeal results in a waiver of those issues).
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
-6-
J-S24043-17
Our standard of review is as follows:
In an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, our
scope of review is comprehensive: we consider all the evidence
presented as well as the trial court's factual findings and legal
conclusions. However, our standard of review is narrow: we will
reverse the trial court's order only if we conclude that the trial
court abused its discretion, made an error of law, or lacked
competent evidence to support its findings. The trial judge's
decision is entitled to the same deference as a jury verdict.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
Further, we have stated:
Where the hearing court's findings are supported by competent
evidence of record, we must affirm the hearing court even
though the record could support an opposite result.
We are bound by the findings of the trial court which have
adequate support in the record so long as the findings do not
evidence capricious disregard for competent and credible
evidence. The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of
the evidence presented, and is likewise free to make all
credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.
Though we are not bound by the trial court's inferences and
deductions, we may reject its conclusions only if they involve
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
In In the Interest of T.L.B., 127 A.3d 813 (Pa.Super. 2015), however, this
Court declined to find that the appellant had waived an issue, where it could
have been stated with more specificity, and the court opinion aptly
addressed the issue. Id., at 817 (citing Commonwealth v. Laboy, 936
A.2d 1058, 1060 (Pa. 2007) (declining to find waiver for failure to
adequately develop a sufficiency of the evidence claim)). We, too, decline to
find waiver, for Mother included the Section 2511(b) issue in her Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) statement, the trial court addressed the issue in its responsive
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, and Mother raises the issue, albeit summarily,
within her Issue II argument pertaining to Section 2511(a)(5).
-7-
J-S24043-17
errors of law or are clearly unreasonable in light of the trial
court's sustainable findings.
In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73–74 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citations omitted).
The Court's review in a termination of parental rights case begins with
an inquiry into the parent’s conduct. In re R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 508 (Pa.
Super. 2006). This inquiry is governed by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a), which
provides, in pertinent part:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
(a) General rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
...
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least
six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition
either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform
parental duties.
***
(5) The child has been removed from the care of the parent by
the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency
for a period of at least six months, the conditions which led
to the removal or placement of the child continue to exist,
the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions
within a reasonable period of time, the services or
assistance reasonably available to the parent are not likely
to remedy the conditions which led to the removal or
placement of the child within a reasonable period of time
and termination of the parental rights would best serve the
needs and welfare of the child.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (5).
-8-
J-S24043-17
Once the court has determined a statutory ground for termination has
been established, the court focuses on the child's needs and welfare, as set
forth in Section 2511(b):
(b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be
beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the
giving of notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b).
It is well established that:
Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of a
child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and support.
These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be met by a merely
passive interest in the development of the child. Thus, that
court has held that the parental obligation is a positive duty that
requires affirmative performance. This affirmative duty
encompasses more than a financial obligation; it requires
continuing interest in the child and a genuine effort to maintain
communication and association with the child. Because a child
needs more than a benefactor, parental duty requires that a
parent exert himself to take and maintain a place of importance
in the child's life.
In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa.Super. 2004) (emphasis added).
The petitioner has the burden of showing by clear and convincing
evidence that a statutory reason for termination exists. Santosky v.
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982). In order to affirm the termination of
parental rights, this Court need only agree with any one subsection of
-9-
J-S24043-17
Section 2511(a), in addition to subsection (b). See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d
380, 384 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc).
In Mother’s first issue, she claims that the evidence failed to make the
requisite Section 2511(a)(1) showing that she had either evidenced a settled
purpose of relinquishing her parental claim or refused or failed to perform
parental duties. We disagree.
At her termination hearing of November 17, 2016, Mother asserted
that the obstructive actions of Paternal Grandmother, in her capacity as
children’s custodial caregiver, amounted to the type of willful and intentional
foiling of a mother-child connection that precludes a court from terminating
parental rights. She accused CYF, as well, for encumbering her in her efforts
to see her children, as the agency allegedly disregarded her accusations
against Paternal Grandmother, failed to coordinate workable visitation dates,
and refused to accommodate her inability to obtain transportation out of
Allegheny County. The trial court, however, found no merit to her claims.
In the present appeal, she attempts to advance this theme by citation
to the record and reliance on authority prohibiting termination “where a
parent through no fault of [her] own, was unable to sufficiently exercise
[her] parental rights due to barriers being placed in [her] way by others,
including the agency.” Appellant’s brief at 9 (citing In re Baby Boy H., 585
A.2d 1054 (1991)).
Our Court has stated:
- 10 -
J-S24043-17
Where a non-custodial parent is facing termination of his or her
parental rights, the court must consider the non-custodial
parent's explanation, if any, for the apparent neglect, including
situations in which a custodial parent has deliberately created
obstacles and has by devious means erected barriers intended to
impede free communication and regular association between
that non-custodial parent and his or her child. Although a
parent is not required to perform the impossible, he must
act affirmatively to maintain his relationship with his
child, even in difficult circumstances. A parent has the
duty to exert himself, to take and maintain a place of
importance in the child's life. Thus, a parent's basic
constitutional right to the custody and rearing of his or
her child is converted, upon the failure to fulfill his or her
parental duties, to the child's right to have proper
parenting and fulfillment of his or her potential in a
permanent, healthy, safe environment. A parent cannot
protect his parental rights by merely stating that he does
not wish to have his rights terminated.
Id. at 855–86 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Additionally, “the court
must consider the barriers faced by parents to exercising their parental
rights. [However, t]he parent must exhibit reasonable firmness in
attempting to overcome the barriers or obstructive behavior of others.” In
re K.C.W., 689 A.2d 294, 299 (Pa.Super. 1997).
After a five-month incarceration, Mother gained her release from
county jail on January 26, 2016. She testified that she telephoned Paternal
Grandmother “after a few days” to check on the children only to have
Paternal Grandmother claim the children were sleeping. Mother, however,
said she could hear the children laughing and playing in the background.
Nevertheless, she chose not to press the issue and decided to call the next
day. N.T. at 41.
- 11 -
J-S24043-17
According to Mother, she received no answer to her call on the next
day. Id. She placed “multiple” phone calls thereafter, she maintained to the
trial court, but she kept no record of her calls. Id. Mother also indicated
that the CYF Caseworker Whittaker doubted her reported complaint against
Paternal Grandmother. N.T. at 41-42. It was Whittaker’s testimony that
Paternal Grandmother had received only one phone call from Mother, on
February 2, 2016, who asked only for a W-2 form without ever asking about
the children. N.T. at 30.
Whittaker testified that Mother first telephoned her on February 22,
2016, 27 days after being released from jail. CYF had been unable to locate
her, and it was not until the phone call that Mother revealed to the agency
that she was residing forty miles away in Pittsburgh with her boyfriend. N.T.
at 31.
According to Whittaker, Mother never asked to visit the girls, and “in
fact, said she didn’t plan to visit them[]”and hung up the phone after
Whittaker had broached the subject. N.T. at 31. Likewise, Mother failed to
ask about the children in the only other phone call between the two,
Whittaker testified. Id. Whittaker testified that she reminded Mother about
available “visit coaching” and gave her the phone number to make an
appointment, but Mother never called. Id.The record, therefore, established that Mother stayed with her
paramour in Pittsburgh until her June, 2016, arrest on drug charges. During
the five-month period between incarcerations, Mother sought no contact
- 12 -
J-S24043-17
with Children, and she would later admit to avoiding contact with CYF
because she was using drugs, namely, heroin, crystal meth, and marijuana.
N.T. at 12, 47, 49. The few times CYF managed to contact Appellant, she
failed to ask about the Children and disregarded advice regarding parenting
services and programs available to parents in drug and alcohol treatment.
At the time of her June, 2016 arrest, Mother had not physically parented her
children for one year. N.T. at 21.
From this evidence, the trial court determined that neither Paternal
Grandmother nor CYF prevented Mother from gaining access to her children.
We agree, as the record demonstrates not a third-party obstruction of the
parent-child relationship but, instead, Mother’s own volitional abandonment
of her children.
Even if Mother did experience some difficulty in contacting Children,
her established pattern of behavior during the relevant period reveals that
she made no affirmative attempt to overcome such difficulties for the sake of
renewing and maintaining a relationship with her children. At best, it may
be said of Mother that she failed to exhibit the reasonable firmness required
of a parent who claims others impeded access to her children.
In that regard, Mother does not present as the parent who, through no
fault of her own, could not contact her children. Indeed, Mother likens her
experience to that of the father in Baby Boy H., who confronted far more
challenging impediments such mother’s false claim of miscarrying, followed
by questions as to paternity. Here, after, at most, a few failed phone call
- 13 -
J-S24043-17
attempts, Mother made no meaningful effort to reestablish contact with her
daughters. Accordingly, we find no merit to Mother’s Section 2511(a)(1)-
based challenge.
In Mother’s second issue, she contends the evidence failed to prove
that she cannot or will not remedy within a reasonable amount of time the
conditions that led to the placement of her children, as required by Section
2511(a)(5). Because we have determined that a statutory reason for
termination existed under Section 2511(a)(1), we need not address this
issue. See In re B.L.W., supra.Even if we were to assess the propriety of termination of Mother’s
rights under Section 2511(a)(5), we would affirm on that basis, as well.
Specifically, Appellant argues that termination was improper because she
was successfully participating in a 90-day in-patient drug and alcohol
treatment program at the time. Within the text of her argument on this
issue, moreover, Mother also baldly asserts a Section 2511(b) argument
that the trial court failed to explore sufficiently the special bond existing
between herself and her children.
On September 11, 2015, Mother attended an adjudication hearing at
which the court placed her children in the care of Paternal Grandmother. On
October 22, 2015, Whittaker visited Mother at the jail and conducted what
she termed a “full disclosure meeting,” in which she explained to Mother that
CYF had developed both a permanency plan for Mother to follow in order to
reunify with her children and a concurrent goal of adoption for the children
- 14 -
J-S24043-17
should CYF conclude that it could not return the children home for whatever
reason. N.T. at 14-15. Therefore, Mother knew at the outset that she
risked losing her children to adoption if she faltered under the permanency
plan. N.T. at 15.
The CYF permanency plan required Mother to obtain, inter alia, mental
health treatment, drug and alcohol treatment, and, after serving out her jail
and probationary sentences, stable housing. N.T. at 15. Mother, however,
sought no treatment at Armstrong County jail during her three-month
incarceration there. Upon her January 26, 2016, release, Mother did not
report her whereabouts until February 22, 2016, when she telephoned from
Allegheny County indicating that she was living with her boyfriend. On
March 7, 2016, Mother alluded to an upcoming evaluation at Pyramid, a drug
and alcohol facility. N.T. at 18. However, Pyramid never submitted a report
indicating that Mother attended.
The next time the Whittaker received word regarding Mother was when
she learned Mother had been arrested in Pittsburgh in June of 2016 on drug
charges. Mother’s probation was revoked for her failure to meet with her
probation officer, and she was reincarcerated at Armstrong County jail.
During her incarceration, a CYF supervisor advised her of the “Family Links”
program, which provided an opportunity for Mother to reconnect with her
children if she progressed in the program. N.T. at 49. Mother opted against
enrolling. Id.- 15 -
J-S24043-17
Mother was released on August 3, 2016, under court order to attend
drug and alcohol treatment at ARC Manor in Kittanning. N.T. at 43-44. In
Mother’s own words, however, she made the “impulsive” decision to leave
the treatment center after only a few days, claiming that a counselor had
made sexual advances toward her. N.T. at 44. She reported to Whittaker
hours later, but authorities arrested her and returned her to county jail,
where she remained until October of 2016. N.T. at 45.
On September 9, 2016, CYF filed its petition for involuntary
termination of Mother’s parental rights. At that time, Children had been in
placement for 15 months. One month later, Mother entered a drug and
alcohol treatment center at Cove Forge Renewal Center, where she resided
from October 5 to November 11, 2016.
For the first year of her permanency plan, therefore, Mother sought no
mental health or drug and alcohol treatment, obtained no suitable housing,
violated the terms of her probation twice, and was incarcerated on three
separate occasions. N.T. at 22. During the same time span, she spoke to
her children just once, by telephone on Christmas Day. Indeed, Mother
admitted she had been using heroin and other drugs from January through
June of 2016 with her live-in boyfriend, and she did not contact CYF for this
reason. N.T. at 20, 47, 49.
Although Mother had, by the time of the termination hearing,
completed five weeks of drug and alcohol rehabilitation, it was undisputed
that she would not be eligible for discharge until she completed an additional
- 16 -
J-S24043-17
three months of rehabilitation without any findings of noncompliance.
Furthermore, Mother would have remained on probation and been required
to obtain suitable housing in the meantime.
According to Whittaker, even if Mother achieved all her goals at such
point without fail, CYF policy would have permitted return of Children to
Mother no sooner than six months after her discharge from rehabilitation, a
date which roughly coincided with Children’s two-year placement
anniversary. Given this history, we discern no error with the court’s
determination that petitioner proved by clear and convincing evidence
Mother’s inability to remedy the conditions that led to placement of her
children within a reasonable amount of time.
As addressed supra, within Mother’s argument in support of her
Section 2511(a)(5) issue, Mother included two sentences charging the court
with conducting an inadequate Section 2511(b) Parent-Child bond
assessment in the present matter. The sum of Mother’s argument in this
regard is as follows:
Additionally, [Mother] had developed a special bond between
herself and her children over the course of the first few years of
the children’s lives. This bond was not thoroughly explored by
the trial court in order to determine the extent of said parent-
child bond.
Appellant’s brief at 12.
Mother offers no detailed discussion of this issue and cites to neither
the certified record nor relevant authority to support her otherwise bare
assertion. Accordingly, we find Mother’s issue waived for briefing
- 17 -
J-S24043-17
deficiencies. See In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 339 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(quoting In re A.C., 991 A.2d 884, 897 (Pa. Super. 2010)) (“‘[W]here an
appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with citation to
relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful
fashion capable of review, that claim is waived.’”).
Even if we were to review this issue on its merits, we would discern no
merit to it. Only if the trial court determines that a parent's conduct
warrants termination under Section 2511(a) does the court engage in an
analysis of the best interests of the child under Section 2511(b). In the
Interest of B.C., 36 A.3d. 601 (Pa.Super. 2012). This Court has explained
our analysis with respect to Section 2511(b) in the following manner:
Section 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental
rights would best serve the developmental, physical, and
emotional needs and welfare of the child. As this Court has
explained, Section 2511(b) does not explicitly require a bonding
analysis and the term ‘bond’ is not defined in the Adoption Act.
Case law, however, provides that analysis of the emotional bond,
if any, between parent and child is a factor to be considered as
part of our analysis. While a parent's emotional bond with his or
her child is a major aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-
interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be
considered by the court when determining what is in the best
interest of the child.
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court
can equally emphasize the safety needs of the child,
and should also consider the intangibles, such as the
love, comfort, security, and stability the child might
have with the foster parent. Additionally, this Court
stated that the trial court should consider the
importance of continuity of relationships and whether
any existing parent-child bond can be severed
without detrimental effects on the child.
- 18 -
J-S24043-17
In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d 1212, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011)) (quotation marks and
citations omitted).
Moreover, our Supreme Court has observed: “[c]ommon sense
dictates that courts considering termination must also consider whether the
children are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond with
their foster parents.” In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 268 (citation omitted). The
T.S.M. Court directed that, in weighing the bond considerations pursuant to
Section 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking clock of childhood ever in
mind.” Id. at 269. The Court recognized that, “[c]hildren are young for a
scant number of years, and we have an obligation to see to their healthy
development quickly. When courts fail ... the result, all too often, is
catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id. See also In re Z.S.W., 946
A.2d 726, 732 (Pa. Super. 2008) (noting that a child's life “simply cannot be
put on hold in the hope that [a parent] will summon the ability to handle the
responsibilities of parenting.”)
Contrary to Mother’s assertion, there is no evidence of record that a
parent-child bond exists between Mother and Children, who were four and
two years old, respectively, when they were placed with Paternal
Grandmother over 17 months prior to the termination hearing. Therefore, it
was reasonable for the trial court to infer that no bond existed. See In re
- 19 -
J-S24043-17
K.Z.S., 946 A.2d at 762–63 (allowing for inference of no bond where
evidence of bond was absent).
Furthermore, though the trial court did not discredit Mother’s
expression of love for her children, we have explained that a “parent's own
feelings of love and affection for a child, alone, do not prevent termination of
parental rights.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121. This Court has stated: “[A]
parent's basic constitutional right to the custody and rearing of ... her child
is converted, upon the failure to fulfill ... her parental duties, to the child's
right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of [the child's] potential in a
permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d at 856(internal citations omitted).
Moreover, Caseworker Whittaker testified that both girls were doing
very well in Paternal Grandmother’s home. N.T. at 8-10. The girls were
developmentally on target, received all of their medical treatment and care,
and were doing well in kindergarten and Headstart, respectively. N.T. at 10.
From this evidence, the Court discerned that Children were bonded to the
Paternal Godmother, who remains the presumptive adoptive parent.
It is in the children's best interest to sever the parent-child
relationship in this unfortunate case. These children require permanency
and a healthy environment, which only Paternal Grandmother has provided
them so far in their young lives. Because Mother has proven incapable of
providing such a setting for her children, the court committed no error in
terminating Mother’s parental rights.
- 20 -
J-S24043-17
Decree Affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/21/2017
- 21 -