Zapert, K. v. Horn, W.

J-A14038-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
KIMBERLY L. HORN, N/K/A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
KIMBERLY L. ZAPERT, : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
v. :
:
:
WILLIAM A. HORN :
: No. 172 MDA 2022
Appellant :
Appeal from the Order Entered December 30, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Tioga County Civil Division at No(s):
0085-FS-2018
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: JULY 5, 2022
Appellant/Father William A. Horn appeals from the Custody Order
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Tioga County on December 30, 2021,
following a custody trial granting Appellee/Mother Kimberly L. Horn, N/K/A
Kimberly L. Zapert primary physical custody and Father periods of supervised
physical custody of the parties’ three minor children: M.H. (born 2005); B.H.
(born 2008); and A.H. (born 2011) (collectively referred to herein as “Minor
Children”). The parties also were awarded shared legal custody of the Minor
Children and required to participate in reunification therapy.
Recognizing that while there appears to be no physical risk of harm to
the Minor Children if supervised visits were discontinued but also recognizing
testimony indicates there remains a mental and emotional risk of harm to the
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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older children if supervised visits were discontinued, following a careful
review, we affirm the Custody Order and the well-reasoned opinion of the
Honorable George W. Wheeler.
The instant appeal arises from the latest proceeding in an acrimonious
and litigious custody matter between Mother and Father. The parties were
married on August 1, 2006, and a divorce decree was entered on October 13,
2020. Relevant to the instant appeal, Mother filed a Petition for Protection
from Abuse (“PFA”) on April 18, 2018, wherein she sought a protective order
for herself and the Minor Children, and a temporary PFA order was entered
that day.
A hearing on the PFA was scheduled for August 3, 2018, and on that
date the parties entered into a stipulation which, inter alia: vacated the
temporary PFA order; dismissed the PFA; provided Mother and Father shared
legal custody of the Minor Children; and provided Mother with primary physical
and Father partial, supervised custody of the Minor Children, with the caveat
that M.H. and B.H. may choose not attend the supervised periods of custody.
On September 12, 2018, Father filed a Petition for Modification of
Custody wherein he averred that supervision of his custody visits was no
longer needed and requested that he be granted primary physical custody of
the Minor Children. On November 29, 2018, the parties entered into a
Temporary Agreement and Order wherein the parties would share legal
custody, with Mother having primary physical custody. The Order further
provided that Father would receive supervised partial custody with no set
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schedule but specified that all three Minor Children were required to attend
the custodial periods unless their counselors were to indicate in writing that it
would be therapeutically harmful for any or all of them to attend such
visitation.
On January 11, 2019, a guardian ad litem was appointed for all three
Minor Children. Several motions filed by both Mother and Father and custody
conferences were held thereafter, and additional Temporary Agreements and
Orders followed.
Ultimately, a custody trial commended on September 15, 2021, and the
trial court entered its Custody Order and Opinion on December 30, 2021.
Therein, the trial court made the following findings in support of its
determination regarding custody of the Minor Children:
1 . Both parties exhibit an extreme level of distrust and animosity
toward each other. The conflict is of such a degree that it is likely
neither parent, if permitted, would support continuing physical
contact with the other. Father is adamant and focused in his belief
that all issues between the parties and the challenges that those
problems present for the children are the result of a designed and
Intentional effort by Mother to remove him entirely from the
children’s lives. Father seems to suggest that the proper remedy
would simply be to grant him complete custody and exclude
further interference by mother. Mother has maintained custody of
the children for a period of nearly three (3) years. The children
have only participated in supervised visitation sessions with
Father during that time, Mother's conduct and demeanor towards
Father strongly suggests that she wishes to minimize and control
Father's contact to the maximum extent possible. It is noted that
Mother is as adamant in her position that Father is entirely
responsible for all current challenges as Father is in his counter
position. Mother has suggested that contact between the children
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and Father should be entirely supervised and perhaps avoided
entirely until “the children are older.”
2. There is no evidence that Mother has engaged in physical abuse
of any of the children. There is evidence, in the form of testimony
from Mother, and B.H., that Father, prior to the parties’ separation
in 2018, struck at least one (1) of the children, B.H. Father does
not dispute that he struck the child but testified that he did so in
the form of spanking as a form of discipline and not as abuse.
Father was charged with harassment as a result of the incident
and was found not guilty. Mother has repeatedly asserted in this
proceeding, in contact with the GAL and with others. that Father
struck B.H. so violently during this episode that he suffered a
separated tailbone. According to mother, the child was seen at
Geisinger Hospital in Danville for a previously scheduled
appointment the following day, despite this no evidence in the
form of medical testimony or record has been presented in any
proceeding, nor, according to her report, to the GAL, to support
this serious allegation. This matter, and several others, have been
the subject of investigations all of which were determined to be
unfounded.
There is testimony that at least the two (2) older children
observed Father strike Mother prior to separation. Father denies
this. Additionally, Mother and the children have reported that
Father is loud and demeaning towards them at times including the
use of threating language, inappropriate names and sarcasm.
There is no evidence to suggest any acts of abuse by Father post-
separation. Rather, evidence demonstrates that the numerous
supervised visits between Father and the children have gone quite
well. While an allegation of abuse regarding an event during a visit
was investigated, it was ultimately. deemed unfounded. The
supervision reports and the testimony of the custody supervisor
make clear that physical safety has not been a concern during
Father's, custody periods.
3. Post-separation, Mother has performed all parental duties on
behalf of the children. Prior to separation, the evidence suggests
that Father was active and that both parents actively participated
in and shared parental duties, including assistance with school
work, meals, transportation, and discipline.
4. All three (3) children are currently enrolled in the Wellsboro
Area School District (WASD) and have been for at least a year and
a half The children have developed friendships and connections
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within their respective schools and are generally content. The
children have expressed a desire to remain within the WASD and
Wellsboro community. There have been academic struggles for
the two (2) older children, which are being appropriately
addressed. Additionally, at least B.H. receives additional support
services through his school. Similarly, they are connected to and
engaged in the Wellsboro community. The children have
progressed socially and emotionally during their time in Wellsboro
5. Evidence related to extended family revealed that Father has a
twin brother who resides within Tioga County and is known to the
children. Father has a sister who resides in Pennsylvania several
hours away, and Paternal Grandmother resides with her.
Mother's extended family includes her two (2) adult
children, from a prior marriage, who reside outside of
Pennsylvania. Her husband resides with her and the children in
Wellsboro.
6. The children are clearly bonded with each other and express a
desire to remain, together. They currently reside together with
their mother, and Father's periods of supervised custody are
scheduled to occur together.
7. Each child clearly expressed a desire to continue to reside with
Mother. The two (2) older children have both requested the ability
to “opt-out” of scheduled periods of custody with Father. Both
currently do so at times, with the oldest, M.H., declining most
opportunities for time with her father.
M.H. has, expressed fear of and anger and frustration with
her Father. She feels Father refuses to accept or acknowledge any
of his, past behaviors, which include allegations of abuse. She also
feels Father minimizes the impact that the events occurring in the
home have had on her and her sibling [sic]. Additionally, she
expresses concern that Father has not “done his work” to address
his anger and to work toward reunification. Also, she is aware that
Father dismisses the appropriateness or necessity of her therapy.
Further, M.H. is very aware of each of her parent’s disdain of the
other. M.H. at one point suggested that she would be content to
have no contact with Father if she could so, choose but later made
clear she is willing to see her father but would like to maintain a
substantial amount of control over the same. M.H. is a bright,
articulate young lady who seems to express herself comfortably,
this observation is consistent with: the reports of others including
therapists and the GAL. It is clear M.H. has thought extensively
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about her relationship with her father and wants it to be better
but feels that will require investment in the relationship and
changes by her father.
B.H. also expressed some fear of and frustration with his
father. B.H. as discussed above, is alleged, by Mother, to have
suffered physical and verbal abuse by Father. B.H. reports these
allegations to be true. Similar to his older sister, B.H. is frustrated
that Father does not acknowledge any past conduct or a need for
any change to be made by Father. B.H. likes the current custody
arrangement whereby he sees his father for periods of supervised
custody. He would like to have the option to refuse his Father's
periods of custody. While B.H. is younger than his sister he is also
well versed, likely too much so, in the hostility between his
parents.
A.H., the youngest child, expresses that she wants to
continue seeing her father, but does not want to live with him or
stay at “his house”. She does not express any fear of her Father
or spending time with him.
8. Father insists that his children have been intentionally alienated
from him by Mother's conduct since the parties separated. Father
adamantly denies that he committed any acts of abuse toward any
of the children or Mother. Father essentially suggests that none of
the services provided to the children are necessary but rather are
part of the “plan” being executed by Mother. Mother insists that
Father is dangerous and, that all actions she has taken have been
in response to her fears for her safety and that of the children.
The children have clearly adopted this position. As noted
elsewhere, the children are all aware of the hostilities and
accusations each parent have and continue to make against the
other. It is clear that during the time since the parties separated,
the children, despite the security of a home with their mother,
limitations on father's contact and access to services continue to
struggle with fears related to their father and their relationship
with him.
9. Father's current attitude and conduct strongly suggests that he
would at times struggle, as the circumstances currently exist, to
maintain a stable, consistent and nurturing relationship with the
children, particularly M.H. and B.H. Specifically, Father insists that
he has never perpetrated any abuse but rather is the victim of
Mother's conduct. M.H. and B.H. are equally insistent that Father
did engage in abuse and refuses to acknowledge doing so or take
any steps to remediate it. Father clearly discounts the children
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participating in individualized counseling and views it as
unnecessary, whereas the children (particularly M.H. and B.H.)
view it as vital to their well-being. Additionally, the older children
both clearly indicated that Father says and does things which
make them feel disregarded. B.H. recounted incidents where
Father has mocked, stereotyped or otherwise belittled persons
based upon their physical appearance or physical or mental
limitation. B.H. reports Father continued to do this even when
advised by B.H. that he did not believe it was appropriate and
asked him to stop. M.H. recounted a recent visit when, after
choosing to not to attend several periods of custody, she
approached Father and he refused to acknowledge or speak to
her. On a later visit, Father minimized M.H.'s excitement regarding
her orthodontic braces which had just been placed.
10. Mother has demonstrated both the ability and willingness to
attend to the physical, emotional, developmental, educational,
and special needs of the children. Father similarly has
demonstrated, prior to separation, the ability and willingness to
meet the needs of his children. Subsequent to the separation,
Father has struggled to engage with the service providers who
have attempted to assist the family and the children individually.
Father attributes this failure to others, noting that providers will
not listen to him, that services being provided are not necessary,
that providers misunderstand or misinterpret his conduct as
hostile rather than frustration or that providers are not qualified
to provide the services. Father demonstrates a complete refusal
acknowledge any need of his, Children, absent an enthusiastic and
unqualified acceptance, of his position that all of the experiences
they have had, emotions they possess and the challenges they
face are the sole result of Mother's alienation efforts. Father’s
hostility toward the appropriateness or need for services of any
kind is concerning as it would likely have a significant impact on
particularly to two oldest children.
11. The parties currently reside fifteen (15) to eighteen (18)
minutes apart within Tioga County. Both maintain residences
which are physically adequate to meet the needs of the children.
While the parties reside in different school districts, both have
adequate resources to provide any transportation to ensure
custody can be, exercised as ordered.
12. Father operates, with his twin brother, a bushiness which
produces glass tools. The primary physical facility is located in
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Tioga Borough, Tioga County. Father testified that he has
substantial flexibility to take time away from work to care for the
children. Father reports he previously regularly transported the
children to school and adjusted his schedule as necessary to meet
the needs of the children. Mother works from home on a limited
basis and reports she has availability to meet any childcare needs.
Mother has, since separation, met all childcare needs for the
children, including transportation to and attendance at medical
and other appointments.
13. There is an extremely high level of conflict between the
parties. Father attributes total responsibility for the parties
separation to Mother, Further, he insists that Mother has
deliberately alienated the children from him. Mother is equally
insistent that all of her actions are intended to protect the safety
of and advance the well-being of the children. This extreme level
of conflict is known to the children and has been a significant
impediment to their well being and the relationship they have with
Father.
14. There is no evidence of drug or alcohol abuse by either party
or any member of either household.
15. Neither party is limited as to their ability to care for the
children by any physical or mental limitation. Mother suffers from
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, as do two (2) of the children, but this
does not substantially limit her ability to perform parental duties.
Both parties underwent psychological evaluations which revealed
no mental health condition that would prevent them from
parenting the children.
16. Need for reunification therapy; Father retained Dr. Stanley
Clawar to support to support his claim of parental alienation.
Mother agreed to the use of Dr. Clawar and participated in the
process. Dr. Clawar produced an extensive written report which
was admitted at trial. He also testified for nearly a full day at trial.
In considering the best interests of the children, which clearly
includes maintaining and, if possible, strengthening the
relationship between Father and each of the children, it is clear
that an effort must be made at reunification. This determination
is not an adoption by the Court of Father's espoused position that
Mother has intentionally engaged in alienation, but rather is an
acknowledgement of the reality that M.H. and B.H. are, in fact,
significantly estranged from Father and likely will remain so
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without a significant intervention. While A.H. is not yet similarly
estranged, she is at risk to become so. This reality necessitates
an attempt, through appropriate reunification therapy, to reunify
the children and Father. The focus of this effort is not on the past
but rather on the future. More importantly, it is not to be used as
a process for fixing blame or accessing guilt or exacting a
punishment or revenge, but instead to be a process to support the
needs and interests of the children in restoring their relationship
with Father. It is emphasized that both parents will be ordered to
cooperate in the process, including any treatment recommended
by the provider. Simply repeating or even screaming that
alienation is at the root of all that is wrong between Father and
the children will not be acceptable, nor may Mother, despite past
attempts or failures in the effort, decline to participate. In an effort
to maximize the potential for success, Father will be responsible
for the initial selection of a qualified reunification therapist, he
shall immediately notify Mother and the GAL of his selection.
Physical safety of the children. Substantial testimony was
presented regarding concerns about the physical safety of the
children in Father's care. Father has been accused of engaging in
physical abuse of Mother and at least one of the children.
Additional allegations have been made that Father has threated a
neighbor and strangers in the driveway of the family home, has
irresponsibly stored firearms with in the home, holds racist and/or
white supremacist beliefs, has tortured animals, may have
exposed the children, to pornography and other allegations. While
the undersigned is well aware that many acts of abuse occur in
private and are intended to be unobserved, it is of note that in this
matter, despite the length of time to prepare for trial, the volume
of material presented at trial and the serious nature of some of
the allegations, little, other that her own testimony has been
presented to support most of the allegations. For example, Mother
has repeated that on at least two occasions, Father threatened
others with a firearm on the property, including a neighbor, yet
no one was presented to testify to either event. Further, as
discussed above, Mother accuses Father of striking B. H. so
violently that he suffered a separated tailbone yet no medical
evidence has ever been presented to support the claim, despite
the child being seen the very next day at Geisinger Hospital for a
prescheduled appointment. Further, Mother testified to
photographs she had taken, according to her testimony at the
direction of Haven, to document the irresponsible storage of
firearms within the home, however no such photos were
presented. These allegations can not [sic] be merely disregarded
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but must be balanced against the fact that Father has been
repeatedly investigated for alleged abuse against the children and
that all were determined to be unfounded. Additionally, there have
been a significant number of supervised periods of custody and
nothing from them suggests a threat to the physical safety of the
children. What is clear is that the older two children have said they
are uncomfortable with unsupervised visits at this time and this
must also be considered. On consideration, visits will continue to
be supervised at this time for M.H. and B.H. and they will be
scheduled for alternating Mondays. A.IH. will have a supervised
visit each Monday. On Mondays on which the visits are not
scheduled to include M.H. and B.H., the visits with A.H. shall be in
a public place within Wellsboro but shall not require supervision.
M.H. and/or B.H. may at their sole discretion attend any of A.H.'s
visits however their presence will be with the understanding that
it will not otherwise change the conditions of the visit.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/30/21 at 1-9.1
____________________________________________
1 “The Pennsylvania Child Custody Act (“the Custody Act”), 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§
5321–5340, governs all custody proceedings commenced after January 24,
2011. E.D. v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 77 (Pa.Super. 2011). The Custody Act
requires a trial court to consider all of the Section 5328(a) best interest factors
when “ordering any form of custody.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).
Soon after the current iteration of the Custody Act was enacted in 2011,
this Court was tasked with interpreting Section 5323(d),“Reasons for award,”
and held that the trial court must delineate its reasons for its custody award
prior to the deadline by which a litigant must file notice of the
appeal. See C.B. v. J.B., 65 A.3d 946, 954 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied,
620 Pa. 727 (Pa. 2013). We reasoned that if the litigant were forced to take
an appeal without the benefit of the trial court’s rationale, then the litigant
would be in an untenable position of having “to guess as to which information
the trial court found pertinent, and how the evidence informed the court's
analysis of the Act’s sixteen custody factors.” Id. at 955.
It is noteworthy that the trial court herein did not specifically cite to the
sixteen, enumerated factors of Section 5328(a) in its December 30, 2021,
Opinion and Order. Indeed, the court did not reference the Custody Act at all
therein and instead merely refers to “the various factors set forth in the
statute.” See Opinion, filed 12/21/30, at 1. However, the trial court’s decision
to include sixteen (16) individually numbered paragraphs in its Opinion
suggests an intent to mirror the sixteen subsections of Section 5328(a).
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Father filed a timely notice of appeal on January 28, 2022. On that
same date, Father filed a concise statement of matters complained of on
appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) wherein he presented sixteen (16)
claims of error. The trial court entered its Supplemental Opinion Pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925 on March 3, 2022.
In his appellate brief, Father raises the following Statement of Questions
Involved for this Court’s review:
A. Whether the Trial Court erred or abused its discretion by
continuing to impose upon Father a restrictive supervised
visitation schedule in its final order when the Trial Court confirmed
there was no evidence of record substantiating abuse or an
ongoing risk of harm to the Minor Children?
B. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by
issuing a final order based on the unreasonable and tainted
preference of the Minor Children?
C. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by not
considering and addressing the uncontroverted evidence of
alienation on the part of Mother and its impact on the Minor
Children’s best interests?
D. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by
issuing a final order based on the testimony of the guardian ad
litem when the guardian ad litem’s report was not filed and she
failed to conduct a proper investigation?
Brief for Father at 4.2
____________________________________________
2 Mother failed to file a timely appellate brief and, therefore, was precluded
from participating in oral argument. The guardian ad litem was available at
oral argument and responded to questions posed by the three-judge panel.
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As Father’s issues are interrelated, we will consider them together. In
doing so, we begin with our scope and standard of review:
In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest
type and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept
findings of the trial court that are supported by competent
evidence of record, as our role does not include making
independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to
issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to
the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses
first-hand. However, we are not bound by the trial court's
deductions or inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the
test is whether the trial court's conclusions are unreasonable as
shown by the evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions
of the trial court only if they involve an error of law, or are
unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.
With any child custody case, the paramount concern is the
best interests of the child. This standard requires a case-by-case
assessment of all the factors that may legitimately affect the
physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual well-being of the child.
J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 650 (Pa.Super.2011) (citation
omitted).
M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 334 (Pa.Super. 2013).
It is well-settled that in any custody case decided under the Custody
Act, the paramount concern is the best interest of the child. See 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§§ 5328 and 5338. Section 5328(a) of the Act sets forth the best interest
factors that a court must consider in awarding custody. See E.D. v. M.P., 33
A.3d 73, 79-80 n.2 (Pa.Super. 2011). Specifically, Section 5328(a) provides:
(a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
affect the safety of the child, including the following:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit frequent
and continuing contact between the child and another party.
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(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or member
of the party's household, whether there is a continued risk of harm
to the child or an abused party and which party can better provide
adequate physical safeguards and supervision of the child.
(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating to
consideration of child abuse and involvement with protective
services).
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf of the
child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child's education,
family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child's sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the child's
maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the other
parent, except in cases of domestic violence where reasonable
safety measures are necessary to protect the child from harm.
(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for
the child's emotional needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily physical,
emotional, developmental, educational and special needs of the
child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party's availability to care for the child or ability to make
appropriate child-care arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the willingness
and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another. A party's
effort to protect a child from abuse by another party is not
evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with that party.
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(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or member of
a party's household.
(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or member of a
party's household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a).
It is also axiomatic that:
The record on appeal must clearly demonstrate that the trial
court considered all of the factors listed in section
5328(a). J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa.Super. 2011).
Section 5323(d) provides that a trial court shall delineate the
reasons for its decision on the record in open court or in a written
opinion or order. Additionally, section 5323(d) requires the trial
court to set forth its mandatory assessment of the sixteen section
5328(a) custody factors prior to the deadline by which a litigant
must file a notice of appeal. ...
In expressing the reasons for its decision, there is no
required amount of detail for the trial court's explanation; all that
is required is that the enumerated factors are considered and that
the custody decision is based on those considerations. A court's
explanation of reasons for its decision, which adequately
addresses the relevant factors, complies with section 5323(d).
A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 822-23 (Pa.Super. 2014) (internal citations,
quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
In addition to being aware of our deference to the trial court's credibility
and weight of the evidence determinations, we are mindful that it is within the
trial court's purview as finder of fact to determine which factors are most
salient and critical in each particular case. See M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d at
339. However, we will find error “where the trial court listed the Section
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5328(a) factors but failed to apply them.” C.A.J. v. D.S.M., 136 A.3d 504,
510 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citations omitted).
Section 5323 of the Custody Act provides for the following types of
awards:
(a) Types of award.—After considering the factors set forth
in section 5328 (relating to factors to consider when awarding
custody), the court may award any of the following types of
custody if it in the best interest of the child:
(1) Shared physical custody.
(2) Primary physical custody.
(3) Partial physical custody.
(4) Sole physical custody.
(5) Supervised physical custody.
(6) Shared legal custody.
(7) Sole legal custody.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5323(a).
Supervised physical custody is defined as “[c]ustodial time during which
an agency or an adult designated by the court or agreed upon by the parties
monitors the interaction between the child and the individual with those
rights.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5322.
In circumstances where trial courts determine safety restrictions in a
custody order are warranted:
[i]t is important for courts to impose restrictions
sparingly. See Ferencak v. Moore, 300 Pa.Super. 28, 445 A.2d
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1282 (1982). Courts ought not to impose restrictions which
unnecessarily shield children from the true nature of their parents
unless it can be shown that some detrimental impact will flow from
the specific behavior of the parent. The process of children's
maturation requires that they view and evaluate their parents in
the bright light of reality. Children who learn their parents'
weaknesses and strengths may be able better to shape lifelong
relationships with them.
Once a court concludes that the imposition of a restriction is
necessary, it must phrase the restriction in the least intrusive
language reasonably needed to safeguard the child. Somers v.
Somers, 326 Pa.Super. 556, 474 A.2d 630 (1984); Dile v.
Dile, 294 Pa.Super. 459, 426 A.2d 137 (1981); Morris v.
Morris, 271 Pa.Super. 19, 412 A.2d 139 (1979). Broad or
nonspecific restrictions will be invalidated in favor of narrowly
focused, precise restrictions that are directed toward the child's
welfare. Somers; Dile. This principle underscores the policy that
it is preferable for parent-child relationships to be defined by and
developed according to the personalities and character of the child
and parent, unhampered, to the extent possible, by restrictions
imposed by the court.
Fatemi v. Fatemi, 489 A.2d 798, 801–02 (Pa.Super. 1985).
Furthermore, this Court has stated:
Although the express wishes of a child are not controlling in
custody decisions, such wishes do constitute an important factor
that must be carefully considered in determining the child's best
interest. The weight to be attributed to a child's testimony can
best be determined by the judge before whom the child appears.
The child's preference must be based upon good reasons and his
or her maturity and intelligence must also be considered.
Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa.Super. 2006) (internal citation
and quotations omitted).
In his first two claims, Father avers the trial court erred when it imposed
supervised visitation upon him in contradiction of its own findings and the
record evidence. Father stresses the trial court found Father did not commit
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any acts of abuse upon, nor did he pose any potential risk of harm to, the
Minor Children.
Father argues that the trial court’s Custody Order provides Father with
several hours of physical custody of the Minor Children on Father’s Day and
other holidays and explicitly states that these custodial periods shall not be
supervised. The court also excused supervised visitation with M.H. and B.H.
in those instances when they to choose to attend a custodial session with
Father and A.H. See Order, 12/30/21, at ¶ 3-4.
Father opines that:
When assuming the false premise that Father is a safety risk,
there is no apparent or logical reason as to why the presence of
A.H. or the occurrence of a holiday dissipates the need to protect
the safety of the two oldest Minor Children. The Order terms show
there is no rationale for the safety provisions that are related to
abuse or potential harm to the minor children. It appears from
the Opinion that the only reason the [t]rial [c]ourt continued
supervised visitation was because of the Minor Children feeling
uncomfortable: What is clear is that the older two children have
said they are uncomfortable with unsupervised visits at this time
and this must also be considered. On consideration, visits will
continue to be supervised at this time. . .”
Brief for Appellant at 22-23.
Father also posits the trial court failed to consider evidence of Mother’s
historic alienation of him from the Minor Children and erred in basing its final
Custody Order on the guardian ad litem’s trial testimony, because she had not
filed a written report prior to testifying at trial.
In its Opinion filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the trial court
reiterates it “did not find that either party committed acts of physical abuse.”
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Supplemental Opinion Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925, filed 3/2/22, at 1.
However, the court clarifies its decision to grant father supervised periods of
physical custody of the Minor Children and its granting M.H. and B.H. the
discretion to “opt out” of these custodial periods as follows:
The court also granted the older children, who consistently and
credibly express a fear of Appellant, great latitude in attending or
not attending visits with their father. The testimony of these
children indicates, credibly, that Appellant dismisses or ignores
their expressed fears and concerns as well as, at least in the case
of the oldest child, her very presence at some periods of custody.
As discussed below, attendance at and participation in
reunification therapy is not optional for the children nor either
parent. The length, frequency and conditions of Appellant's
periods of custody would all be subject to modification as progress
is made in the reunification process.
Supplemental Opinion Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) at 2 (unnumbered).
An award of partial custody generally does not contain any
restrictions. Fatemi v. Fatemi, 339 Pa.Super. 590, 489 A.2d 798, 801 (1985). “A restriction will be imposed if the parties have
agreed to a restriction or if the party requesting a restriction
shows that without it, partial custody will have a detrimental
impact on the child.” Id.; see also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5323(e) (“[I]f
the court finds that there is an ongoing risk of harm to the child
or an abused party and awards any form of custody to a party who
committed the abuse or who has a household member who
committed the abuse, the court shall include in the custody order
safety conditions designed to protect the child or the abused
party.”
J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 653 (Pa.Super. 2011).
Herein, Father’s expert Dr. Stanley Clawar testified at the custody trial
that based on his observations and interviews, while Father has work to do
with professionals to help him “rethink a lot of his dialogue with the children,”
including active participation in reunification therapy, the continuation of
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supervised visitation does not allow of Father’s physical contact with the Minor
Children to “normalize” and should not be a part of any future reunification
plans. N.T., 11/18/21, at 194, 197, 222-223. Dr. Clawar explained that
unsupervised visitation is:
Often done in conjunction, in phases, and bigger blocks of time.
So I’ve had work here where I’ve done a reunification session and
then gone to the home with the father or mother, and the children.
And so, it was a sequence into going out to dinner with or without,
you know, somebody present and supervising. The question is,
you know, does this person need supervision? What, to have
dinner and then take the child home? Supervision to go to the
arcade? So, I just raise questions about where and if, you know,
supervision takes place. He’s had three years of supervision, so
you’re looking for normalizing the relationship as much as you
can. Will the reports be perfect? Probably not. Will kids come
home and say: You know, Mom’s annoying as hell or Dad was
annoying at dinner? But is that abuse? No, it’s not, it’s the
dialogue between the parent and the child where the kid just
doesn’t like something that was said. So, the goal here is to get
rid of the microscope and to normalize it.
Id. at 223.
In addition, Attorney Patricia Shipman, the guardian ad litem for the
Minor Children, testified extensively regarding her custody recommendation.
N.T., 12/3/21, at 1-70. Attorney Shipman recommended continued
supervised physical custody for Father of all three Minor Children, although
she did not believe A.H.’s custody visits needed to be closely supervised. She
explained that M.H. and B.H. would “benefit, very much, from having control
over whether or not they see Father.” Id. at 16. Attorney Shipman explained:
I think B.F.H., in particular, likes to have the close
supervision because of comments that Father makes that bother
him. And I think M.J.H. does as well. Although I think M.J.H.’s
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more emotionally able to handle those comments than maybe
B.F.H. is. So, as far as physical, I would recommend that B.F.H.
and M.J.H. get to choose when they want to go and that time
continue with A.E.H. with kind of a looser supervision.”
Id. at 17.
In making her recommendation, Attorney Shipman highlighted that
while he is “amazing” and has improved greatly in the time she has known
him, B.H. had been in a Partial Hospital Program, has gone to trauma therapy,
receives medication, and sees both a psychiatrist and a psychologist. Id. at
27-28. She also was aware that B.H. had threatened suicide “at least once.”
Id. at 28. Attorney Shipman explained:
He has-he has times with his dad that are very, very good and he
enjoys them very much. But there are times when his father says
or does things that just upset him, and he is not able to- I think,
initially, he wasn’t able to even respond to that, now he has the
insight to be able to say something to Dad. You know, this is- you
say this or you do this and it upsets me, but Dad’s response is not
to accept that, and learn from it, and make changes. And so, he’s
still in the same place he was three years ago when I met him,
which is he desperately wants to have a relationship with his
father, and the relationship with his father is, is rocky- it’s up and
down- and his father continues to disappoint him.
Id. at 30.
With regard to M.H., Attorney Shipman expressed similar concerns of
mental harm in support of her recommendation for supervised custody while
at the same time recognizing that she desires to have a positive relationship
with Father:
M.J.H. is incredibly depressed and anxious. Her entire body and-
obviously, I haven’t asked her to strip down-but her legs and her
arms, like in the summertime when you can see that, are- her
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entire body is covered in sores that she’s self-inflicted, due to her
anxiety and she’s picked at them. She’s created them and she’s
continued to pick at them. I don’t know that she’ll eve not- but
they’re always going to be visible because they’re scarred so badly
from that. She has a lot, a lot of dark feelings and hatred towards
her father. . . . But, I, like, B.F.H., I’ve seen her grow and mature
a lot. She’s been able to work through a lot of those emotions
and recognize them, understand them, talk her way through
them, and control them. . . And, and I would say that despite- I
think, actually, she wants a relationship with her father more than
she would let on because even though she has not- she’s had the
freedom not to go to visits, where in six months she’s chosen to
go to a couple of them. . . .
-so, so her anger- her anger, from what I can tell, stems primarily
from Father and her relationship with him, and her perception that
she has been emotionally and verbally abused by him; and also
probably witnessing him do the same to her mom and her brother,
and treat her sister completely different.
Id. at 35-37.
Attorney Shipmen also noted:
They’re very sensitive, sweet children, and Father can be
very sarcastic, and I don’t think they respond well to that. And
they don’t respond- they’re not happy when they try to tell him
things that’s- they’re not happy when they try to tell him things
like, you know, that comment upsets me, and he just, you know,
basically, laughs at them, or ridicules them, for being upset by
that.
Id. at 38.
At the conclusion of her direct testimony, she stated that “unless and
until” Father decides “to do the work that Mother and the children have done
to move forward” she did not “see a lot of change in the physical custody
schedule.” Id. at 18. Attorney Shipman expressed her desire to see the
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supervised visits transition to less “artificial interactions” going forward.
Importantly, after noting Mother’s displeasure with Dr. Clawar’s report,
Attorney Shipman looked favorably upon Dr. Clawar’s recommendations for
Mother and Father in general and specifically his recommendation for
reunification therapy. Id. at 19.
However, Attorney Shipman also explained that eliminating the
requirement of supervision for Father’s custody visits at this juncture would
be a “double-edge[d] sword:
One is, I don’t-I don’t think that A.E.H. is unsafe with Father,
I just don’t. I think that- I don’t think that the supervision,
necessarily, provides her safety. But, I also think that A.E.H. feels
safer with a supervisor, and that-and that if Dad is not doing the
work that the children are doing and that Mom is doing, that going
to unsupervised or lesser supervised is kind of going to- I don’t
know-let him get off without doing that work and not making any
improvements, other than just having less supervision.
Id. at 46-47.
Following Attorney Shipman’s direct and cross-examination, the trial
court asked her if there were anything she did not believe had been addressed
by counsel of which the court should be made aware. Attorney Shipman
proceeded to give examples of the ways in which Father’s testimony had been
“full of a lot of lies and inconsistencies.” Id. at 67.
Attorney Shipman also expressed her belief that the Minor Children want
“very much to have a relationship with their father that makes them happy,
that they feel safe with, and they have done everything that they feel like
they’ve been encouraged to do for that to happen. And he has not.” Id. at
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69. She cited Father’s refusal to move forward and instead focus on Mother’s
past alienation or behavior as the primary reason that little has changed in his
relationship with the Minor Children for three years. Id. at 69-70.
Attorney Shipman stated the fact the Minor Children have precisely the
same feelings and positions as they did when she met them three years prior
proved to her that the children have not been coached or encouraged to say
certain things due to some outside influence. She concluded by stressing that:
And, I think, they’ve told you pretty much what they want
and how they feel- and they’ve been thinking about that for three
years at this point in time. And I respect their wishes, and I think
that they should be taken into great consideration.
Id. at 70.
Although a trial court is not required to accept the conclusions of an
expert witness in a child custody case, it must consider them, and, if
the trial court chooses not to follow the expert's recommendations, its
independent decision must be supported by competent evidence of record.
Nomland v. Nomland, 813 A.2d 850, 854 (Pa.Super.2002) (citations
omitted). Herein, Father’s arguments to the contrary, the trial court accepted
Dr. Clawar’s recommendation that the family needs to participate in
reunification therapy and imposed restrictions on Father’s periods of partial
custody based not only upon the trial testimony of the guardian ad litem, but
also upon its consideration of the custody factors. Specifically, the trial court
observed:
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[Father] assigns various related errors in the grant of
primary physical custody to [Mother], the weight afforded to the
preferences of the children and the limits on his periods of
custody. [Father] asserts the court found none of the custody
factors to be in [Mother’s] favor. Several of the custody factors,
including numbers (1), (3), (5) and (11) through (15) favor
neither party. These factors either reflect equally unfavorably on
each party, as is the case with factors (1) and (13), are equally
balanced, as is the case with factors (11) and (12) or are not
applicable to either party as is the case with factors (14) and (15).
Other factors, specifically (2) and (2.1) were the subject of
extensive testimony.
The court did not find that either party committed acts of
physical abuse. In doing so the court considered and noted the
results of the various allegations against [F]ather including the
summary harassment charge (of which he was acquitted) and the
Child Protective Services (which were ultimately unfounded).
Several other factors, for reasons presented in the Opinion, clearly
favored [Mother] having primary physical custody, these included
factors (4), (6), (7), (9) and (10). These particular factors were
also given the greatest weight due to the significance they have
in supporting both the immediate and long-term best interests of
the children. Specifically, as to factors (9) and (10) [Father]
entirely dismisses any possible need for mental health services for
the children despite the testimony of professionals and the stated
desire for the same by the older two children. [Father] expressed
the same disdain and disregard for educational services provided
for the children, despite his limited involvement in the same
during the last several years. Perhaps more importantly for his
immediate relationship and care of the children [Father] totally
rejects any responsibility for the clearly expressed fear his
children have of him and instead attributes everything to
[Mother]. In considering the entirety of the evidence the court
finds this assertion is simply not credible. [Father] asserts error
to the weight given to the preference of the children. The
testimony of each child reflects the clear preference of each to
reside with their mother. As stated in its opinion, the court gave
considerable weight, particularly as to the two older children, to
this preference for the reasons given. The court also granted the
older children, who consistently and credibly express a fear of
[Father], great latitude in attending or not attending visits with
their father. The testimony of these children indicates, credibly,
that [Father] dismisses or ignores their expressed fears and
concerns as well as, at least in the case of the oldest child, her
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very presence at some periods of custody. As discussed below,
attendance at and participation in reunification therapy is not
optional for the children nor either parent. The length, frequency
and conditions of [Father’s] periods of custody would all be subject
to modification as progress is made in the reunification process.
[Father] asserts various errors related to the evaluation and
testimony of Dr. Stanley Clawar. The first of these errors is that
the court erred in “not properly considering, weighing or adopting
the uncontroverted evidence or recommendations provided by the
case’s only expert, Dr. Stanley Clawar.” This broad allegation of
error does not identify any specific findings or recommendations
allegedly not considered or adopted. There have been assertions
presented that Dr. Clawar was a neutral evaluator or witness. The
record simply does not support this, Dr. Clawar was sought out,
retained and paid by [Father]. Dr. Clawar testified at length
regarding his evaluation and the process and carefully
distinguished that he conducted a forensic evaluation and was not
a clinical provider to any of children or either party. The court
did in fact adopt what it determined to be the most
important recommendation by requiring the parties and
children engage in immediate reunification therapy. The
court further directed that [Father] was authorized to
select a qualified professional and that [Mother] was
required to cooperate and participate.
***
[Father] further asserts as error the court “making no
finding and supplying no remedy or sanction regarding Mother's
alienation and undermining of Father's relationship with the
children.” [Father] is correct that the court made no specific
finding of alienation, however, the court did find that both parents
had failed to meaningfully support the relation of the other parent.
The court found and noted that [Father’s] relationship with the
children had been negatively impacted and that [M]other was, in
part, responsible for the eroded relationship. [Father] however is
also, in part, at fault for the present condition of his relationship
with the children. The court noted and adopted as a remedy a
requirement that the parties and children immediately begin
reunification therapy. This remedy was suggested and deemed
essential by Dr. Clawar. This requirement is foundational to the
preservation and strengthening of the relationship between
[Father] and his children. [Father] is further correct that the court
imposed no sanction upon Mother. A primary focus and purpose
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in a custody trial is to address the best interests of the children at
the center of it. A custody trial is not intended to be a mechanism
by which one parent, through the court, punishes or exacts
retribution upon the other parent. Should [Mother] refuse to
participate and cooperate or require the children to participate and
cooperate in reunification therapy or any other way disregard the
Order, [Father] may, of course, seek enforcement through means
including contempt.
***
[Father] presents two allegations of error related to the
guardian ad litem. Specifically, it is noted that the report of the
guardian ad litem was not filed. A review of the docket reveals this
is factually correct, while a report was prepared and circulated it
was never made part of the record. The guardian ad litem was
present for the entire trial and testified. The second allegation of
error asserts “[t]he trial court erred and abused its discretion by
deferring to, considering or adopting a recommendation or
position of the guardian ad litem given the evidence of record and
the failure of the guardian ad litem to conduct a proper
investigation and interviews.” This allegation identifies no
recommendation or position nor specific failure by the guardian
ad litem during her appointment. As noted above, the guardian ad
litem testified during the custody trial and the court considered
this along with all other evidence presented in making the
determinations it did.
Supplemental Opinion Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925, filed 3/2/22, at 1-4
(unnumbered) (emphasis added).
Upon our review of the record, aware of and applying the deference this
Court must give to the credibility determinations of the trial court, we accept
the trial court’s conclusion that Father’s custody must remain supervised and
that B.H. and M.H. have the ability to opt out of custodial time with him until
such time as progress is made in the reunification process. While the record
does not point to specific acts of physical harm which may result if the custody
arrangement for B.H. and M.H. is changed prior to the time the family
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completes reunification therapy, it does suggest that the fragile mental health
of these children may be adversely affected if they do not continue to have
periods of supervised physical custody which they may opt out of with Father.
As mentioned above, the law does not require a certain amount of detail
for a trial court's explanation to be sufficient, only that the court's decision is
based on the enumerated custody factors. D.Q. v. K.K., 241 A.3d 1112,
1118 (Pa.Super. 2020). Appellate interference is unwarranted so long as the
trial court's considerations were careful and thorough. A.V., 87 A.3d 818,
820 (Pa.Super. 2014).
We are cognizant that the Section 5328(a) analysis should not be
viewed as a scorecard, for a party does not prevail simply because the trial
court determines a majority of its factors favors him or her. In theory, any
single factor be dispositive given the circumstances, so long as the record
supports such a determination. M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d at 339. (“It is
within the trial court's purview as the finder of fact to determine which factors
are the most salient and critical in each particular case.”) (citation omitted).
The weight that a trial court attaches to the factors is critical, and the
trial court’s delineation of its reasons in support of its Custody Order herein
evinces the manner in which it weighed those factors to lead it to limit Father
to supervised physical custody of which B.H. and M.H. may opt out until, as
per Dr. Clawar’s recommendation, the parties cooperate and participate in
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reunification therapy. Accordingly, we affirm the Custody Order of the trial
court.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 07/05/2022
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