Hoorfar Dental Group v. Gatsch, A.

J-A21004-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
HOORFAR DENTAL GROUP - : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
RICHBORO, LLC, MERSAD HOORFAR : PENNSYLVANIA
DMD :
:
:
v. :
:
:
ALEXANDRA GATSCH, TERRY : No. 2574 EDA 2021
RAKAWSKY, DMD, RG DENTAL :
GROUP OF RICHBORO, LLC :
:
Appellants :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered November 10, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Civil Division at No(s):
2019-00657
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MURRAY, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 14, 2022
Alexandra Gatsch, Terry Rakawsky, DMD, and RG Dental Group of
Richboro, LLC (collectively, Defendants/Buyers) appeal from the judgment
entered on a jury verdict in favor of Appellees’, Hoorfar Dental Group-
Richboro, LLC, and Mersad Hoorfar, DMD (collectively, Plaintiffs/Sellers), in
this breach of contract action. After careful, we affirm on the basis of the
trial court opinion.
On June 14, 2018, Defendants entered into a written Asset Purchase
Agreement (APA) to buy Plaintiffs’ dental practice (Practice), located in
Richboro, Bucks County, for a purchase price of $850,000.00. The APA
contained an integration clause memorializing that the “[APA] and the
existing exhibits hereto contain the entire agreement between the parties
J-A21004-22
. . . [and that the APA] may not be modified, amended, altered, supplemented,
or canceled[,] except pursuant to the terms of an instrument in writing signed
by the parties hereto.” APA Integration Clause, 6/14/18, at § 17.7 (emphasis
added); see also N.T. Jury Trial, 7/13/21, at 28 (Defendants’ attorney
agreeing contract was “[f]ully integrated”). Defendants also bought the
Practice’s accounts receivables (Accounts Receivables), as of July 30, 2018,
for an additional $78,080.001 (70% of the value of accounts less than 90 days
old). The parties executed an amendment to the APA and a Promissory Note
(Note) that documented the valuation of the Accounts Receivables. The
amendment to the APA and the Note delineated that Defendants were to pay
the $78,080.00 in twelve consecutive monthly installments of $6,506.66,
without interest, beginning on August 31, 2018. In addition, pursuant to a
Professional Services Agreement (PSA), Defendant, Mersad Hoorfar, DMD,
agreed to work as an independent contractor for Plaintiff RG Dental Group for
a minimum of three months following the sale of the Practice.
Defendants paid the purchase price, took over the Practice, including all
dental tools, equipment, and supplies,2 collected the Practice’s Accounts
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1 The $78,080.00 did not include interest as long as Defendants did not
default. In the event of a non-cured default, interest accrued on the Note at
the rate of 10% per annum.
2 The APA included the following provision regarding supplies:
SUPPLIES: Supplies will continue to be purchased by the Seller
and delivered to the Practice until the date of Closing at no cost
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Receivables (that were billed prior to closing but not yet paid), and began
operating RG Dental with Dr. Hoorfar3 continuing to work for the agreed-upon
three-month-period post-sale. Section 9 of the APA designated that the dental
equipment was sold in “As-Is” condition. When Buyers found fault with the
condition of the equipment and alleged that there was a shortage in stocking
of supplies on hand prior to the time of the transfer of the Practice, Buyers
ceased paying the monthly $6,505.66 installment as per the APA and
Promissory Note and also deducted money owed under the PSA to make
alleged “repairs” to dental equipment. N.T. Jury Trial, 7/13/21, at 145. In
addition, Buyers failed to pay Dr. Hoorfar in full for his post-sale work and
services that totaled approximately $10,360.50.
On January 31, 2019, Plaintiffs filed a complaint against Defendants
alleging breach of contract-promissory note (Count I), breach of contract-
professional service agreement (Count II), and invasion of privacy-
appropriation of Plaintiff’s Identity (Count III). Complaint, 1/31/19, at 3-5.
Plaintiffs sought to enjoin Defendants from continuing to appropriate Plaintiff’s
identity or engage in any unfair or deceptive practices or fraudulent behavior,
compensatory damages, the rendering of an accounting of billing and
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to the [Buyer], such that the Seller shall maintain its normal
supply inventory as maintained during the course of Seller’s
general operations.
APA, 6/14/18, at ¶ 4.
3 RG Dental also hired Danielle Teitelman, DMD, who had worked for the
Practice prior to its sale.
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collection of Plaintiffs’ professional services rendered, injunctive and equitable
relief, as deemed proper by the court, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs,
and pre- and post-judgment interest. Id. at 5-6.
On March 5, 2019, Defendants filed an answer with new matter and
counterclaims for misrepresentation and breach of contract. Plaintiffs filed
preliminary objections to Defendants’ new matter and counterclaims, seeking
dismissal of Defendants’ pleading for lack of specificity and in the nature of a
demurrer. See Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(3), (4). In their preliminary objections,
Plaintiffs claimed that Defendants: (1) defaulted on the Note on November
30, 2019; (2) continue to be in default in the amount of $58,506.02, plus
interest, attorneys’ fees, and costs; and (3) only made partial payments under
the PSA causing Defendants to suffer damages in excess of $10,000.00.
On May 13, 2019, the trial court granted Plaintiffs’ preliminary
objections, in part, and dismissed Defendants’ counterclaim for
misrepresentation. On June 7, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a motion in limine to
preclude the admission of parol evidence to supplement the parties’ written
agreements. On July 13, 2021, the trial court held oral argument on Plaintiffs’
motion in limine at which Plaintiffs argued that the language in the APA was
not ambiguous and Defendants argued the APA’s language “aggregate
amount” with regard to the Accounts Receivable was susceptible of different,
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but reasonable, interpretations.4 N.T. Jury Trial, 7/13/21, at 23, 32-33. The
court ultimately granted Plaintiffs’ motion, concluding that the APA was not
ambiguous and that the term “aggregate amount” means “total” amount.
A three-day jury trial was held before the Honorable Denise M. Bowman.
Prior to the start of trial, Plaintiffs withdrew their invasion of privacy claim.
N.T. Jury Trial, 7/13/21, at 5. At the conclusion of trial, Plaintiffs made a
motion to dismiss with regard to Accounts Receivable and any claim based on
actual damages regarding two pieces of dental equipment. N.T. Trial,
7/15/21, at 89-91. The court denied the motion to dismiss with regard to the
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4Exhibit B, attached to the APA, included the following provision regarding
Accounts Receivable, in relevant part:
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. As of the Closing Date, Seller will
provide Purchaser with a written [A]ccounts [R]eceivable aging
report, in such detail as Purchaser may reasonably request,
relating to any services provided by Seller to any patient prior to
the Closing Date[.] Purchaser shall purchase the Practice
Accounts Receivable for a price equal to the aggregate
amount of such receivables that are no more than ninety
(90) days old multiplied by Seventy Cents ($.70). (By way
of example: if, as of the Closing Date, the aggregate amount of
the Practice Accounts Receivable no more than ninety (90) days
old is equal to One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00),
then Purchaser shall purchase such receivables for the price of
$70,000 ($100,000 x $.70 = $70,000)).
APA, Exhibit B, 6/14/18, at 1. Plaintiffs’ counsel interpreted the term
“aggregate amount” to mean the total amount “regardless of what insurance
will actually pay,” N.T. Jury Trial, 7/13/21, at 33, while Defendants’ counsel
interpreted the term to mean that amount that is collectible (i.e., what
insurance pays).
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equipment and granted the motion5 with regard to Defendants’ counterclaim
for breach of contract relating to Accounts Receivable. The jury rendered a
verdict in favor of Plaintiffs for $69,166.00—$58,806.00 (breach of Note) and
$10,360.00 (material breach of PSA). See N.T. Jury Trial, 7/15/21, at 218-
20.
On July 26, 2021, Defendants filed a post-trial motion seeking a new
trial, which the trial court denied on November 5, 2021. On October 21, 2021,
Plaintiffs filed a petition for interest, costs, and attorneys’ fees. On November
9, 2021, the court granted Plaintiffs’ petition awarding Plaintiffs $19,127.94
in pre-judgment interest ($17,302.14 for breach of Note and $1,825.80 for
breach of PSA), and $7,655.00 in attorneys’ fees and costs. On November
10, 2021, Plaintiffs filed a praecipe to enter judgment on the jury verdict; the
verdict was reduced to judgment.6
Defendants filed a timely notice of appeal and court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Defendants
raise the following issues for our consideration:
(1) Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law in sustaining
the Buyers’ preliminary objections in the nature of a
demurrer to Count I of the Buyers’ counterclaim for
misrepresentation by way of its interlocutory order entered
May 14, 2019.
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5 The court deemed this a “motion for directed verdict.” N.T. Jury Trial,
7/15/21, at 94.
6 The entire judgment totaled $95,948.94, representing the jury verdict, pre-
judgment interest, and attorneys’ fees and costs.
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(2) Whether, especially in light of its order entered May 14,
2019, the trial court erred as a matter of law in granting the
Sellers’ motion in limine filed June 7, 2021[,] based upon
the parol evidence rule.[7]
(3) Whether, setting aside its granting of the Buyer’s motion in
limine, the trial court abused its discretion and/or clearly
erred as a matter of law in ruling that the accounts
receivable report delivered to the Buyer at the closing on
July 31, 2019[,] was not part of the parties’ contract and in
precluding the Buyer from introducing evidence and
testimony on the question of whether the Seller breached
the A[PA] in this regard.
(4) Whether the trial court should have entered judgment as a
matter of law for the Buyer on the Sellers’ claims for breach
of the professional services agreement and for $19,775.91
for the Buyer on its counterclaim against the Seller for
breach of the A[PA] with regard to the payment of Dr.
Teitelman’s bonus for services rendered prior to July 31,
2018.
(5) Whether, alternatively, the trial court should have granted
the Buyers’ request for a mistrial as to all issues when the
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7
It is well established that under the law of contracts, in
interpreting an agreement, the court must ascertain the intent of
the parties. In cases of a written contract, the intent of the parties
is the writing itself. If left undefined, the words of a contract are
to be given their ordinary meaning. When the terms of a contract
are clear and unambiguous, the intent of the parties is to be
ascertained from the document itself. When, however, an
ambiguity exists, parol evidence is admissible to explain or clarify
or resolve the ambiguity, irrespective of whether the ambiguity is
patent, created by the language of the instrument, or latent,
created by extrinsic or collateral circumstances. A contract is
ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible of different constructions
and capable of being understood in more than one sense. While
unambiguous contracts are interpreted by the court as a matter
of law, ambiguous writings are interpreted by the finder of fact.
Kripp v. Kripp, 849 A.2d 1159, 1163 (Pa. 2004) (citations omitted).
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Sellers’ counsel [] stood up in open court before the jury,
accused the undersigned of professional misconduct and
demanded a mistrial.
Defendants’ Brief, at 3.
After reviewing the parties’ briefs on appeal, the certified record, and
relevant case law, we rely upon Judge Bowman’s well-crafted opinion to affirm
the trial court’s judgment entered on the verdict in favor of Plaintiffs. See
Trial Court Opinion, 3/9/22, at 16-21 (court properly dismissed Defendants’
counterclaim for misrepresentation under “gist of action” doctrine where
contract claim cannot be recast as tort claim as Defendants failed to support
counterclaim with anything other than parties’ written agreements); id. at 21-
25 (court properly granted Plaintiff’s motion in limine based upon parol
evidence rule where Defendants admitted APA contained integration clause
regarding sale/purchase of Accounts Receivable, evidence did not
demonstrate ambiguity in APA, Defendants’ attorney admitted Defendants
were not alleging mistake or misrepresentation, and Defendants never
claimed APA ambiguous throughout discovery or sought additional information
on what “aggregate amount” meant); id. at 25-30 (court properly concluded
Accounts Receivable report not part of parties’ contract and precluded
Defendants from introducing evidence and testimony on whether Plaintiffs
breached APA where emails Defendants sought to introduce violated court’s
prior ruling on motion in limine determining term “aggregate amount” was not
ambiguous with regard to amount of “collectible” Accounts Receivable); id. at
59-62 (court properly ruled against Defendants on breach of contract claim
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where there was “evidentiary discrepancy” regarding whether Dr. Hoorfar paid
Dr. Teitelman bonus for work performed prior to July 31, 2018; it was within
province of jury to credit Dr. Hoorfar’s testimony over that of Ms. Gatsch); id.
at 40-42 (court properly denied Defendants’ request for mistrial regarding
Plaintiffs’ counsel’s remarks where court immediately dismissed jury after
remarks made, Defendants’ counsel did not claim his clients were prejudiced
by the comments, and counsel’s remarks were ameliorated by court’s carefully
crafted curative jury instruction8).
Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/14/2022
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8 See N.T. Jury Trial, 7/15/21, at 143-45.
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Circulated 10/31/2022 02:15 PM
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OPINION
wa I. INTRODUCTION:
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Appellants, Alexandra Gatsch ("Ms. Gatsch"), Terry Rakawsky, DMD ("Dr. Rakawsky"),
and RG Dental Group of Richboro, LLC ("RG Dental") (collectively, "Appellants"), have
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PP this Court's Order entered November
• 5 2021, denying
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Trial Motion for Post-
Relief ("Motion for Post-Trial Relief'), and this Court's Order entered November 9, 2021, granting
aa Appellees' Petition for Interest, Costs and Fees ("Petition for Interest, Costs and Fees"). This
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N Opinion is filed pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a). For the reasons
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set forth below, the undersigned respectfully submits that this appeal be DISMISSED.
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m II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND:
oQ This case arises from the purchase and sale of adental practice. On or about June 14, 2018,
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o Appellees, Hoorfar Dental Group-Richboro, LLC ("Hoorfar Dental") and Mersad Hoorfar, DMD
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("Dr. Hoorfar") (collectively, "Appellees"), entered into awritten Asset Purchase Agreement with
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v Dr. Rakawsky and Ms. Gatsch for the sale of certain assets belonging to Hoorfar Dental to an
entity to be formed by Dr. Rakawsky and Ms. Gatsch ("APA"). 1 The parties to the APA agreed
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a 'The entity that was eventually formed to purchase those assets is Appellant, RG Dental.
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13 w THIS ORDER/JUDGMENT WAS DOCKETED AND SENT ON 03/10/2022 PURSUANT TO PA. R. C. P. 236.
APA at ¶ 11. With respect to the purchase price for the assets, the parties to the APA agreed as
follows.
Seller hereby sells and Purchaser hereby purchases the Assets of the Practice of the
Seller for a total consideration of Eight Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars
($850,000.00) (referred to herein as the "Purchase Price") plus the value of the
Practice Accounts Receivable as set forth on the attached Exhibit B. Purchaser
shall assume none of the liabilities of the Practice, except as may be specifically
stated herein.
Id. at ¶ 2. 2 Exhibit B attached to the APA provides:
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. As of the Closing Date, Seller will provide
Purchaser with a written accounts receivable aging report, in such detail as
Purchaser may reasonably request, relating to any services provided by Seller to
any patient prior to the Closing Date (the "Practice Accounts Receivable").
Purchaser shall purchase the Practice Accounts Receivable for aprice equal to the
aggregate amount of such receivables that are no more than ninety (90) days old
multiplied by Seventy Cents ($. 70). (By way of example: if, as of the Closing Date,
the aggregate amount of the Practice Accounts Receivable no more than ninety (90)
days old is equal to One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($ 100,000.00), then Purchaser
shall purchase such receivables for the price of $70,000 ($ 100,000 x $. 70 =
$70,000)). Seller shall grant to Purchaser alimited power of attorney to endorse
checks, in payment of such Practice Accounts Receivable, made out to Seller and
received by Purchaser after Closing. Seller covenants not to order forwarding of
Seller's office mail for aperiod of six (6) months after Closing, Purchaser agreeing
to be fully responsible to ensure that Seller's mail shall be forwarded to Seller at
the address of Seller's choosing. After Closing, Seller shall promptly remit to
Purchaser payment of any Practice Accounts Receivable received by Seller.
APA, Exhibit B.
Additionally, and with respect to any employees of Hoorfar Dental who became employees
of RG Dental, the parties agreed that Hoorfar Dental would be responsible to pay all employee
expenses, including wages or salaries, that accrued prior to the Closing Date. See id. at ¶ 16.1.
2 Subjectto certain warranties in the APA, the parties agreed that the "Assets of the Practice"
would be sold in an " as-is" condition. See id. at ¶ 9.
2
From and after, the Closing Date, RG Dental would be responsible for all such employee expenses.
See id. at ¶ 16.2.
On the Closing Date, and pursuant to Exhibit B attached to the APA, Dr. Hoorfar provided
Appellants awritten accounts receivable aging report identifying the aggregate amount of accounts
receivable no more than ninety (90) days. That figured totaled $ 111,543.00. N.T. 7/13/21, at 100-
01; N.T. 7/14/21, at 159. Although explicitly permitted to do so, Appellants did not request any
further detail. See APA, Exhibit B; see also N.T. 7/13/21, at 24-27, 38.
Also at closing, Hoorfar Dental, Dr. Rakawsky and Ms. Gatsch executed an Amendment
to Asset Purchase Agreement ("Amendment to APA") amending section 3(iv) of the APA in its
entirety to read as follows: "In addition to the Purchase Price, the value of the Practice Accounts
Receivable shall be paid by Purchaser to Seller in twelve equal monthly payments without interest
pursuant to the terms of aPromissory Note in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F." Amendment
to APA at 1. On that same date, RG Dental, through its members, Dr. Rakawsky and Ms. Gatsch,
executed aPromissory Note ("Promissory Note") which provided that RG Dental would pay
Hoorfar Dental the total sum of $78,080.00 in twelve equal monthly installments of $6,506.66,
without interest, beginning August 31, 2018. See id., Exhibit F. Dr. Rakawsky and Ms. Gatsch
both personally guaranteed the Promissory Note. See id.
The parties also executed an Assignment and Assumption of Employment Agreement
("Assignment of Employment Agreement") pursuant to which the Employment Agreement of one
of Hoorfar Dental's employees, Dr. Teitelman, was assigned to, and assumed by, RG Dental.
Additionally, the parties executed the Professional Services Agreement ("PSA"), that was attached
as Exhibit E to the APA. Pursuant to the PSA, the parties agreed that Dr. Hoorfar would provide
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dental services for aminimum of three months after the Closing Date. See id., Exhibit E. For
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those services, the parties agreed that Dr. Hoorfar would be paid as follows:
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w• INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR shall receive a fee equal to 40% of gross
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See id., Exhibit E, ¶ 8.
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Lab: usually consist of but not limited to, all Lab charges from different labs for
Crown & Bridges, Dentures, its abutments, and related restorative lab works.
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wa Chemotherapeutic material cost such as ARRESTIN or PERIOCHIP. Cost of
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w• mouth guard fabrication charges, TMJ appliance, Orthodontic appliance charges,
implants, bone graft, membrane, botox, dysport, restylane, perlane, Invisalign and
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any other mutually agreed Specialty supply or arrangements.
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See id., Exhibit E, Exhibit E.
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Importantly, both the APA and the PSA contained integration clauses. Paragraph 17.7 of
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o• Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the exhibits hereto contain the final and
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conditions or representations not contained herein. Seller and Purchaser may take
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legal advice from their own attorney in connection with this transaction.
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APA at ¶ 17.7. Paragraph 12 of the PSA provides:
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This Agreement supersedes any and all other Agreements, oral or written,
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between the parties hereto with respect to the matter contained herein and it shall
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not be modified except in writing and executed by the parties hereto. However,
the liabilities, if any, of the INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR under any earlier
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agreement shall continue to survive under this Agreement.
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On January 31, 2019, six months after the Closing Date, Appellees filed aVerified
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Complaint ("Complaint"). In that Complaint, Appellees included aclaim for breach of the
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Promissory Note (Count I), aclaim for breach of the PSA (Count II), and aclaim for Invasion of
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Privacy (Count III). See Complaint, Counts I-III. With respect to the two contract claims,
Appellees averred that Appellants breached the Promissory Note by failing to make payments to
Appellees for the Practice Accounts Receivable and also breached the PSA by failing to pay Dr.
Hoorfar for dental services provided subsequent to the Closing Date. See id., Counts Iand II. 3
On March 5, 2019, Appellants filed an Answer with New Matter and Counterclaim
("Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim") in which Appellants asserted a counterclaim for
Misrepresentation (Count I) and, in the alternative, acounterclaim for Breach of Contract (Count
II). See Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim, Counts Iand II. In their counterclaim for
Misrepresentation, Appellants averred that Appellees had fraudulently induced Appellants to enter
into the APA. See id., Count I. In Count II, Appellants averred, in the alternative, that based upon
the same conduct pleaded in support of the Misrepresentation counterclaim, Appellees committed
multiple breaches of the APA. See id., Count II. Specifically, Appellants averred that Appellees
had breached the APA as follows: 1) through apurported misrepresentation regarding the value of
the accounts receivable which Appellants had purchased for $ 78,080; 2) by failing to pay abonus
to one of Hoorfar Dental's former employees (Dr. Teitelman); and 3) violating provisions in the
APA regarding the condition of the equipment and supplies sold to Appellants. See id. at 5-8.
On March 25, 2019, Appellees filed Preliminary Objections seeking dismissal of
Appellants' pleading for lack of specificity and also dismissal of Count Ion the grounds of legal
insufficiency ("Preliminary Objections"). As to their demurrer to Count I, Appellees argued that
Appellants' counterclaim for Misrepresentation was barred by the Gist of the Action Doctrine as
well as on the grounds that any Fraud-in-the-Inducement claim would be barred by the Parol
3 Appellees withdrew their Invasion of Privacy claim prior to trial so it will not be discussed
herein.
5
Evidence Rule. See Preliminary Objections at 11-15. On May 3, 2019, Appellants filed aresponse
to the Preliminary Objections. On May 13, 2019, the Honorable Jeffrey G. Trauger entered an
Order overruling the preliminary objection pursuant to Pa. R.C.P. No. 1028(a)(3), and sustaining
the preliminary objection to Count Ipursuant to Pa. R.C.P. No. 1028(a)(4) ("May 2019 Order").
On June 4, 2019, Appellees filed a Reply to New Matter and Answer to Count Two of the
Counterclaim.
Thereafter, on October 5, 2020, an Agreed Case Management Order was entered by the
Honorable Robert O. Baldi ("Agreed Case Management Order") setting February 28, 2021 as the
deadline for the identification and exchange of all exhibits. On May 27, 2021, the Honorable
Wallace H. Bateman, Jr., entered an Order scheduling the matter for trial during the July 6, 2021
to July 16, 2021 trial term ("Pre-Trial Order"). Additionally, Judge Bateman directed the parties
to file Pre-Trial Memoranda within ten ( 10) days after entry of the Pre-Trial Order. See Pre-Trial
Order. Judge Bateman further directed that pre-trial memoranda include, inter alia, alist of all
exhibits which each party intended to introduce at trial. See id. Notably, the Pre-Trial Order also
stated as follows: "Failure to comply with these procedures may result in the exclusion from trial
evidence not disclosed at this time...." Id.
Appellees filed their Pre-Trial Memorandum on June 7, 2021. Appellants filed their Pre-
Trial Memorandum the next day.
On June 7, 2021, Appellees filed aMotion in Limine to Preclude Evidence That Varies
From the Terms of the Written Agreements Underlying the Sale of the Dental Practice ("Motion
in Limine"). Pursuant to their Motion in Limine, Appellees sought an Order precluding Appellants
from introducing any documents or testimony at trial that would vary, explain, or contradict the
terms of the parties' written agreements. Appellees argued that the written agreements are
6
integrated, and thus, the Parol Evidence Rule preludes the introduction of any such evidence. See
Motion in Limine at 1-4.
Appellants filed aresponse to the Motion in Limine on June 22, 2021 ("Response to Motion
in Limine"). In their Response to Motion in Limine, Appellants argued that an exception to the
Parol Evidence Rule applied because there is an ambiguity in the APA. See Response to Motion
in Limine at 1-4. Specifically, Appellants argued that the term "the value of the Practice Accounts
Receivable" in Exhibit B to the APA was susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation
and, therefore, constituted an ambiguous term. See Response to Motion in Limine at 2-4.
Trial on this matter ultimately was scheduled to begin on July 13, 2021. On that date, and
prior to jury selection, the undersigned held oral argument on the Motion in Limine. Counsel for
Appellees, Michael Burns ("Mr. Burns"), argued that the language at issue is not ambiguous, and
further, that Appellants had conceded as much in discovery. In response, Counsel for Appellants,
William T. Dudeck ("Mr. Dudeck"), argued that an ambiguity did exist because the parties had
two different, but reasonable, interpretations of certain language in the APA. Mr. Dudeck
identified the phrase which Appellants contended was ambiguous as: "for aprice equal to the
aggregate amount of such receivables that are no more than 90 days old multiplied by 70 cents."
N.T. 7/13/21, at 23. A few minutes later, Mr. Dudeck advised the Court that it was the two words
"aggregate amount" together that constituted the purported ambiguity. N.T. 7/13/21, at 32-33.
During oral argument, Mr. Dudeck made various concessions. He conceded that it was not
Appellants' position that there was amistake or fraud but only that an ambiguity existed. N.T.
7/13/21, at 27-28. Additionally, he conceded that the APA is integrated. N.T. 7/13/21, at 27-28.
He also admitted that Ms. Gatsch knew, at the time she signed the APA, that the figure to be paid
for the aggregate amount of accounts receivable was $78,080.00. N.T. 7/13/21, at 31. He further
7
agreed that after this amount was calculated pursuant to the formula in Exhibit E to the APA, Ms.
Gatsch signed a Promissory Note in the amount of $78,080.00 for the "aggregate accounts
receivable." N.T. 7/13/21, at 31. He further conceded that Appellants had the right under the APA
to request additional detail after being provided acopy of the written accounts receivable aging
report and that they failed to request such information. N.T. 7/13/21, at 38. Mr. Dudeck also
conceded that he was not arguing any ambiguity in the Promissory Note itself. N.T. 7/13/21, at
31.
In support of his position, Mr. Dudeck argued that Ms. Gatsch and Appellees both had
reasonable interpretations of the language at issue and, therefore, the Court was required to find
an ambiguity.' Mr. Dudeck argued that Dr. Hoorfar interpreted "aggregate amount" to mean the
total amount, and Ms. Gatsch interpreted this same language to mean the "aggregate amount" that
is collectible. N.T. 7/13/21, at 23-24, 33-34. He claimed that "what happened was that she thought
she was getting $ 111,000.00 of collectible receivables 0-90 for $78,000.00 as part of the overall
receivables ...." N.T. 7/13/21, at 24. Mr. Dudeck argued that because both interpretations were
reasonable, an ambiguity existed, and the Court should permit the introduction of evidence to
support Ms. Gatsch's interpretation. N.T. 7/13/21, at 21-22, 32-33, 36.
The undersigned ultimately determined that the APA was not ambiguous and that the term
"aggregate amount," meant just that - "aggregate" or "total" amount. The Court granted the
Motion in Limine and directed that there would be no parol evidence introduced at trial. N.T.
7/13/21, at 40.
4 Notably, there was no offer of proof from Mr. Dudeck during oral argument as to Dr.
Rakawsky's interpretation of the language in the PSA. All of the representations being made
related specifically to Ms. Gatsch's purported interpretation. As aresult, there is no record as to
how Dr. Rakawsky, also amember of RG Dental, interpreted the language at issue.
8
Subsequent to that ruling, ajury was selected and empaneled. Thereafter, the Court gave
various additional instructions to the jury, including instructions regarding how the trial was
expected to proceed. With respect to the notion of objections, the undersigned instructed the jury
as follows: "The attorneys have the right and duty to make objections in order to make sure that
only legally sufficient and relevant evidence is considered by you. So you should not penalize any
of the litigating parties because their attorneys make objections." N.T. 7/13/21, at 76. The Court
further explained to the jury what evidence is, and what types of things are not evidence, such as
objections, statements, or arguments by counsel. N.T. 7/13/21, at 76-81.
Thereafter, Mr. Burns made his opening statement on behalf of the Appellees. Mr. Dudeck
then began his opening statement s Partway through that opening statement, Mr. Burns objected
and the Court heard Counsel at side bar. The objection by Mr. Burns was that Mr. Dudeck was in
violation of the Court's order granting the Motion in Limine by referencing in his opening
statement certain evidence that in fact constituted parol evidence. The Court excused the jury and
heard argument from both attorneys. Ultimately, the Court agreed that the evidence which Mr.
Dudeck sought to reference in his opening statement was parol evidence. The jury was brought
back into the courtroom. Mr. Dudeck then simply thanked the jury and sat down rather than
continuing further with an opening statement.
Appellees then called Dr. Hoorfar as their first witness. During that testimony, Mr. Burns
asked Dr. Hoorfar aquestion or two which raised aconcern with the Court that Mr. Burns may be
seeking to introduce evidence in violation of the Court's ruling on the Motion in Limine. The
undersigned brought both attorneys to side bar and raised its concern. Mr. Burns assured the Court
s Counsel for Appellants and Counsel for Appellees stipulated that opening statements would not
be taken down by the Court Reporter. N.T. 7/13/21, at 16.
9
he had no intention of violating the Court's ruling. After sidebar, Mr. Burns immediately moved
on to anew topic with Dr. Hoorfar. N.T. 7/13/21, at 128-29. Counsel for Appellants made no
comments during this sidebar exchange. N.T. 7/13/21, at 128-29. Thereafter, the testimony of Dr.
Hoorfar continued and concluded late in the afternoon on day one of the trial.
On day two, Mr. Dudeck started his cross-examination of Dr. Hoorfar. Early on during
that examination, Mr. Burns raised arelevance objection. The undersigned heard the attorneys at
side bar. During this side bar, Mr. Dudeck advised he would withdraw his question. N.T. 7/14/21,
at 31-32. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Burns raised another objection which the Court overruled.
Notwithstanding this, Mr. Dudeck felt it appropriate to make the following statement in front of
the jury: "Your Honor, I'd like to proceed without these constant stops with objections that are
clearly not relevant and that are just meant to interrupt my flow. Ithink they should be addressed
in re-direct." N.T. 7/14/21, at 34. The Court was once again required to take the attorneys to side
bar. After hearing Mr. Dudeck on the issue he raised, and also Mr. Burns on his concern as to the
impact that Mr. Dudeck's comments might have on the jury's perception of Mr. Burns, the Court
advised that it would be giving the jury afurther instruction. N.T. 7/14/21, at 36. The undersigned
then went back on the record and advised the jury as follows:
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, as Iinstructed you yesterday, you are going to
hear the attorneys make objections. And the purpose of those objections from the
perspective of the attorney making the objection is to make sure that you only hear
evidence that's admissible and appropriate. You are not to hold it against the
attorneys who are making the objection. Both of them have the right to do that.
They are advocating for their clients, and they want to assure that only admissible
evidence is introduced. So Iwant to make you aware of that again. And by
agreement, that statement that was just made by Mr. Dudeck will be stricken. Well,
you are not to consider it. Okay? You are to disregard the last statement that he
made. It is not evidence, and it's not to be considered by you. Consistent with
what Itold you earlier that the statements of lawyers are not evidence. Okay? All
right. Mr. Dudeck? Go ahead.
N.T. 7/14/12, at 36-37.
10
Subsequent to the conclusion of the testimony of Dr. Hoorfar, Appellees rested their case.
The jury was then excused and Mr. Dudeck moved for acompulsory nonsuit as to Appellees' claim
for breach of the PSA. N.T. 7/14/21, at 79. The Court heard argument from both Counsel and
then denied the motion. N.T. 7/14/21, at 79-82.
Thereafter, Appellants presented their defense to Appellees' breach of contract claims and
also introduced evidence in support of their own breach of contract counterclaims. Appellants'
called Ms. Gatsch as their first witness.
During Ms. Gatsch's direct examination, Ms. Gatsch testified that she understood that RG
Dental was purchasing the accounts receivable for the formula set forth in Exhibit B to the APA.
N.T. 7/14/21, at 103. Ms. Gatsch also provided extensive testimony regarding equipment and
supplies that were purchased as part of the sale of the practice. See N.T. 7/14/21. Ms. Gatsch
testified that she had to replace some supplies and also repair certain equipment. See N.T. 7/14/21.
With respect to Dr. Hoorfar's ongoing work at RG Dental, Ms. Gatsch testified that Dr.
Hoorfar did provide services to patients for some days in September, all of October, all of
November and half of December 2018. N.T. 7/14/21, at 109-10. She testified that the formula for
his pay was 40 percent of his gross collections less 40 percent of lab. N.T. 7/14/21, at 109-10.
Throughout the direct examination of Ms. Gatsch, Mr. Dudeck asked questions which drew
objections from Mr. Burns on the grounds that such questions sought the introduction of parol
evidence. The Court entertained these objections at sidebar and repeatedly warned Mr. Dudeck of
the Court's ruling on the Motion in Limine. Thereafter, Mr. Dudeck asked Ms. Gatsch if she tried
to collect on the accounts receivable after the transaction had closed. N.T. 7/14/21, at 135. Mr.
Burns made an objection which the Court sustained. N.T. 7/14/21, at 135. Notwithstanding having
heard the Court's ruling on that objection, Mr. Dudeck then asked Ms. Gatsch whether she was
11
able to collect any amount near $78,080.00 on those receivables. N.T. 7/14/21, at 135-36. Once
again, Mr. Burns objected, and this time moved for amistrial. Specifically, Mr. Burns stated as
follows: "Objection, Your Honor. Move to strike any testimony of Ms. Gatsch as this officer of
the court is failing to follow the directives of this Court. And Iwould move for amistrial, and I
would move for adirected verdict in my client's favor." N.T. 7/14/21, at 136. The Court then
immediately dismissed the jury. Subsequent to the jury exiting the courtroom, Mr. Burns
immediately withdrew his request for amistrial. In response, Mr. Dudeck took the position that
the Court was now obligated to declare amistrial, and he moved for amistrial on behalf of the
Appellants. N.T. 7/14/21, at 136. The Court denied Appellants' motion and gave a detailed
curative instruction to the jury. N.T. 7/14/21, at 141, 143-147.
Ms. Gatsch's testimony continued, and upon its completion, Mr. Dudeck advised that
Appellants rested. The jury was excused and Mr. Burns moved for acompulsory nonsuit on both
of Appellants' breach of contract counterclaims. With respect to Appellants' counterclaim relating
to the value of the accounts receivable, Mr. Burns argued that Appellants had failed to adduce
sufficient evidence of abreach. N.T. 7/15/21, at 89-91. With respect to the counterclaim regarding
equipment and supplies, Mr. Burns argued that Appellants also had not adduced sufficient
evidence to make out a breach of contract claim. The Court granted the motion as to the
counterclaim regarding the accounts receivable and denied the motion regarding the counterclaim
relating to the equipment and supplies. N.T. 7/15/21, at 93-94.
Thereafter, the jury returned to the courtroom. Appellees then presented their defense to
Appellants' counterclaim that Appellees had breached the APA relating to the equipment and
supplies purchased by RG Dental and also Appellants' counterclaim relating to the bonus it paid
12
to Dr. Teitelman which Appellants claimed should have been paid by Hoorfar Dental. Thereafter,
the attorneys made closing arguments and the Court charged the jury. See N.T. 7/15/21.
While the jury was deliberating, Mr. Burns and Mr. Dudeck confirmed on the record an
agreement regarding the awarding of pre judgment interest and attorney's fees. N.T. 7/15/21, at
216-18. Specifically, they agreed that the Court would hold aseparate hearing to determine the
amount of pre judgment interest and/or attorney's fees to which any party was entitled based upon
the jury's verdict. The parties also stipulated that to the extent the Court awarded any pre judgment
interest, the proper date for that interest to begin to accrue would be December 1, 2018. N.T.
7/15/21, at 216-18.
After deliberations, the jury returned with averdict in favor of Appellees on their claim for
breach of the Promissory Note and awarded damages in the amount of $ 58,806.00. The jury also
entered averdict in favor of Dr. Hoorfar for his claim of breach of the PSA and awarded damages
of $ 10,360.00 on that claim. On Appellants' counterclaim for breach of contract relating to the
bonus paid to Dr. Teitelman, the jury found against Appellants. Similarly, the jury found against
the Appellants on their breach of contract counterclaim regarding monies expended to
repair/replace equipment and supplies.
Thereafter, on July 26, 2021, Appellants filed aMotion for Post-Trial Relief ("Post-Trial
Motion"). In that Post-Trial Motion, Appellants averred that the jury's verdict was against the
weight of the evidence with respect to Appellees' claim for breach of the PSA, Appellants'
counterclaim for breach of the APA regarding the equipment/supplies, and Appellants'
counterclaim for breach of the APA regarding Dr. Teitelman's bonus. See Post-Trial Motion at
3. Appellants also requested anew trial based upon various other purported errors on the part of
the Court. See id. at 4-5.
13
On October 21, 2021, Appellees filed their Petition for Interest, Costs and Fees pursuant to
the parties' agreement that the Court, rather than the jury, would decide whether any party should
be awarded interest, costs and/or attorneys' fees, and if applicable, the amount thereof. N.T.
7/13/21, at 62-65; see also N.T. 10/25/21, at 3-4. A hearing took place on October 25, 2021,
regarding the Petition for Interest, Costs and Fees. On November 5, 2021, the Court entered an
Order denying and dismissing Appellants' Post-Trial Motion. Furthermore, on November 9, 2021,
the Court granted Appellees' Petition for Interest, Costs and Fees and issued aDecision. The
Court awarded Appellees pre judgment interest and attorneys' fees for atotal molded award in
favor of Appellees in the amount of $95,948.94. On November 10, 2021, the prothonotary entered
judgment in favor of Appellees and against Appellants in the sum of $95, 948.94.
On December 10, 2021, aNotice of Appeal was filed by Appellants. On December 16,
2021, the Court entered an Order directing Appellants to file a Concise Statement of Errors
Complained of on Appeal within twenty-one (21) days from the filing date of this Order. On
January 7, 2022, Appellants filed [Appellants'] Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on
Appeal ("Concise Statement").
III. ISSUES RAISED ON APPEAL:
Appellants raise 13 issues on appeal. 6 Those issues are set forth below, verbatim:
1. Because the Jury's Verdict was against the weight of the evidence
on this issue, Defendants respectfully submit that Your Honorable
Court should have entered judgment notwithstanding the Verdict in
favor of RG Dental Group of Richboro, LLC and against Mersad
Hoorfar, DMD on his claim for breach of the Professional Services
Agreement.
2. Alternatively, because Mersad Hoorfar, DMD's evidence in regard
to his claim for breach of the Professional Services Agreement was
insufficient on this issue, Your Honorable Court should have
6 These issues will be discussed in adifferent order below.
14
granted RG Dental Group of Richboro, LLC's motion for
compulsory nonsuit on this claim at the close of Plaintiffs' case-in-
chief.
3. Because the Jury's Verdict was against the weight of the evidence
on this issue, Defendants respectfully submit that Your Honorable
Court should have entered judgment notwithstanding the Verdict in
favor of RG Dental Group of Richboro, LLC and Hoorfar Dental
Group, LLC and Mersad Hoorfar, DMD for $ 11,500.00 on the
Counterclaim claim for breach of the Asset Purchase Agreement
with regard to the sale of the office equipment and/or supplies.
4. Because the Jury's Verdict was against the weight of the evidence
on this issue, Defendants respectfully submit that Your Honorable
Court should have entered judgment notwithstanding the Verdict in
favor of RG Dental Group of Richboro, LLC and against Hoorfar
Dental Group, LLC and Mersad Hoorfar, DMD for $ 19,775.91 on
the Counterclaim for breach of the Asset Purchase Agreement with
regard to the payment of Dr. Teitelman's bonus for services
rendered prior to July 31, 2018.
5. Your Honorable Court should not have sustained Plaintiffs'
Preliminary Objections to Count Iof Defendants' Counterclaim by
way of its interlocutory Order entered May 14, 2019.
6. Your Honorable Court should not have granted Plaintiffs' Motion in
Limine filed June 7, 2021.
7. Your Honorable Court should not have admitted, over Defendants'
objection, Exhibit P11 and any testimony thereon.
8. Setting aside the reversible error committed by Your Honorable
Court in re Plaintiff's Motion in Limine as set forth in paragraph 5
of this Statement, supra, Your Honorable Court should not have
barred Defendants from proffering evidence to demonstrate
Plaintiffs' breach of the Asset Purchase Agreement with respect to
the sale of the accounts receivable.
9. Your Honorable Court committed reversible error in ruling that the
accounts receivable report delivered to RG Dental Group of
Richboro, LLC at the closing on July 31, 2019 was not part of the
parties' contract.
10. Your Honorable Court should have admitted Exhibit D16 and any
testimony thereon.
15
11. Your Honorable Court should not have granted, and should have
removed, the compulsory nonsuit as to Defendants' claim for
Plaintiffs' breach of the Asset Purchase Agreement.
12. Your Honorable Court should not have denied Defendants' motion
for amistrial after opposing counsel's antics before the Jury in open
court.
13. Your Honorable Court should have instructed the Jury on
Defendants' requested points for charge numbers 1and 3.
IV. DISCUSSION:
A. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Sustained
Appellees' Preliminary Obiection to Count Iof Appellants' Counterclaim
Appellants claim that Judge Trauger erred when he sustained Appellees' preliminary
objection to Appellants' counterclaim for Misrepresentation and dismissed that counterclaim as
legally insufficient. Judge Trauger, however, properly dismissed Appellants' Misrepresentation
counterclaim based upon the Gist of the Action Doctrine. The Gist of the Action Doctrine prevents
an ordinary contract claim from being recast as atort claim. See Bruno v. Erie Ins. Co., 106 A.3d.
48, 68-69 (Pa. 2014) (explaining that the Gist of the Action Doctrine is concerned with whether
the essential foundation for alawsuit is based in tort or contract). In general terms, tort actions
are based upon breaches of duties imposed by law as amatter of social policy, while contract
actions are based on breaches of duties imposed by "mutual consensus agreements between
particular individuals." Bash v. Bell TeL Co., 601 A.2d 825, 829 (Pa. Super. 1992). Pennsylvania
Courts have previously recognized four circumstances where the Gist of the Action Doctrine will
properly bar aputative tort claim:
1. The Tort Claim arises solely from acontract between the parties;
2. The duties allegedly breached were created and grounded in the contract
itself;
3. The liability stems from acontract; or
16
4. The tort claim essentially duplicates abreach of contract claim or the
success of the tort claim is wholly dependent on the terms of acontract.
See eToll Inc. v. Elias/Savion Adver., Inc., 811 A.2d 10, 19-21 (Pa. Super. 2002) (holding that
plaintiff's claims of fraudulent practices against the defendant were barred by the Gist of the
Action Doctrine since they either arose from the performance of the contractual relationship, or
were grounded therein, and, thus, "not so tangential to the parties' relationship so as to make fraud
the gist of the action," but rather, "inextricably intertwined with the contract claims").
In this case, Appellants failed to plead any averments in support of their Misrepresentation
counterclaim referencing aduty imposed upon Appellees as amatter of social policy. See Answer,
New Matter and Counterclaim. The only source of the parties' relationship is the written contract
between them. And in fact, all of the duties and obligations which Appellants pleaded in their
Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim were owed to Appellants are based upon and grounded in
those written agreements. See id.For example, in Appellants' Answer, New Matter and Counterclaims, Appellants pleaded
that "[a]s consideration in, of and for the Purchase Price paid for the Practice, Defendants have
recently learned that prior to closing Plaintiffs misrepresented or failed to disclose ... [t]he true
nature of the accounts receivable upon which Plaintiffs make their claims for payment ...." Id.
at 5-6. With respect to their counterclaim for Misrepresentation specifically, Appellants
incorporated by reference the prior averments of their pleading and then pleaded as follows:
• Plaintiffs' above-stated pre-closing representations and/or non-disclosures were
material to the sale of the accounts receivables.
• These representations were intentionally false, made with indifference as to
whether they were true or false and/or should have been known to be false when
made, was material in nature, and made with the intent to deceive and defraud the
Defendants and to induce them to purchase the Practice's accounts receivable.
17
Defendants justifiably relied upon Plaintiffs' misrepresentations and were induced
thereby to purchase the accounts receivable at the price stated in the Agreement.
Id. at 7-8.
Given the absence of any averments by Appellants that Appellees breached aduty that is
imposed as amatter of social policy and/or which falls outside the scope of the APA, the Gist of
the Action Doctrine properly applied to bar Appellants' Misrepresentation counterclaim.
Accordingly, Judge Trauger did not err in dismissing that claim as legally insufficient.
Additionally, this Misrepresentation counterclaim would properly be barred by the Parol
Evidence Rule insofar as it constitutes afraud-in-the-inducement claim relating to an integrated
contract.
Our Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained the parol evidence rule as follows:
Where the parties, without any fraud or mistake, have deliberately put their
engagements in writing, the law declares the writing to be not only the best, but the
only, evidence of their agreement. All preliminary negotiations, conversations and
verbal agreements are merged in and superseded by the subsequent written contract
... and unless fraud, accident or mistake be averred, the writing constitutes the
agreement between the parties, and its terms and agreements cannot be added to
nor subtracted from by parol evidence.
Yocca v. Pittsburg Steelers Sports, Inc., 854 A.2d 425, 436 (Pa. 2004) (citing to Gianni v. Russell
& Co., 126 A. 791, 792 (Pa. 1924)); see also Scott v. Bryn Mawr Arms, Inc., 312 A.2d 592, 594
(Pa. 1973). Once awriting is determined to be the parties' entire contract, the parol evidence rule
applies and evidence of any previous oral or written negotiations or agreements involving the same
subject matter as the contract is almost always inadmissible to explain or vary the terms of the
contract. See Robert T. Felte, Inc. v. White, 302 A.2d 347, 351 (Pa. 1973) (explaining that when
awritten contract is clear and unequivocal, its meaning must be determined by its contents alone).
18
Therefore, for the parol evidence rule to apply, there must be awriting that represents the
"entire contract between the parties." Gianni, 126 A. at 792. An integration clause which states
that awriting is meant to represent the parties' entire agreement is aclear sign that the writing is
meant to be just that and thereby expresses all of the parties' negotiations, conversations, and
agreements made prior to its execution. See HCB Contractors v. Liberty Place Hotel Assoc., 652
A.2d 1278, 1280 (Pa. 1995); see also Lenzi v. Hahnemann Univ., 664 A.2d 1375, 1379 (Pa. Super.
Ct. 1995); see also McGuire v. Schneider, 534 A.2d 115, 117 (Pa. Super. 1987), affd, 534 A.2d
115 (Pa. 1988) (explaining that a contract is integrated if it represents a final and complete
expression of the parties' agreement). "The effect of an integration clause is to make the parol
evidence rule particularly applicable. Thus, the written contract, if unambiguous, must be held to
express all of the negotiations, conversations, and agreements made prior to its execution, and
neither oral testimony, nor prior written agreements, or other writings, are admissible to explain
or vary the terms of the contract." 1726 Cherry St. Partnership v. Bell Atlantic Properties, Inc.,
653 A.2d 663, 665 (Pa. Super. 1995), appeal denied, 664 A.2d 976 (Pa. 1995).
It is well-settled that fraud-in-the-inducement claims may be barred if the contract at issue
is fully integrated. See Blumenstock v. Gibson, 811 A.2d 1029, 1035 (Pa. Super. 2002) ("[F]raud
-in-the-inducement claims are commonly barred if the contract at issue is fully litigated"); see e.g.
Hart v. Arnold, 884 A.2d 316, 340 (Pa. Super 2005) (holding that appellant's fraud-in-the
inducement claim was barred where appellant signed an integrated contract containing terms
arguably conflicting with the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation). The rationale for this rule of
law is that aparty cannot justifiably rely upon prior oral representations and then sign acontract
containing terms that refute the alleged prior oral representations. See Blumenstock, 811 A.2d at
1036. Thus, when "prior fraudulent oral misrepresentations are alleged regarding asubject that
19
was specifically dealt with in awritten contract, the party alleging such representations must, under
the parol evidence rule, also aver that the representations were fraudulently or by accident or
mistake omitted from the integrated written contact." HCB Contractors, 652 A.2d at 1279; see
also Yocca, 854 A.2d at 437 n.26 (holding that where acontract is integrated, "parol evidence may
not be admitted based on aclaim that there was fraud in the inducement of the contract, i.e., that
an opposing party made false representations that induced the complaining party to agree to the
contract"). "To require less would make amockery of the parol evidence rule because all aparty
would have to do to avoid, modify or nullify [acontract] would be to aver that false representations
were `` fraudulently' made." Nicolella v. Palmer, 248 A.2d 20, 23 ( 1968).
In this case, it is undisputed that the APA has an integration clause. See Complaint, Exhibit
A, 117.7. Notably, Appellants did not deny in their Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim that
Exhibit A attached to the Complaint is an integrated contract between them. See Answer, New
Matter and Counterclaim at 2. Rather, in responding to that particular averment in the Complaint,
Appellants merely clarify, consistent with the language in the APA, that Ms. Gatsch and Dr.
Rakawsky entered into the APA as agents for "an entity to be formed and owned by [them]." See
id. Additionally, Appellants themselves specifically make reference to the APA and provisions
thereof in support of their own counterclaims. See id. at 5-8.
Further, as discussed above, the alleged misrepresentations on the part of Appellees which
form the basis for Appellants' Misrepresentation counterclaim relate to a subject that was
specifically addressed in the APA (sale/purchase of Hoorfar Dental's accounts receivable).
Importantly, Appellants did not plead that specific language was omitted from the parties'
integrated contract by mistake or through fraud. See Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim.
Rather, Appellants only pleaded that they relied upon prior representations that they later claimed
20
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U
as
turned out to be false. See id., at 7-8. This is exactly the scenario contemplated by the Parol
U =
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ao
U l0
Evidence Rule. See Blumenstock, 811 A.2d at 1036 (explaining aparty cannot justifiably rely
o t• upon prior oral representations and then sign acontract containing terms that refute the alleged
•a
o prior oral representations). Accordingly, Appellants' fraud-in-the-inducement counterclaim also
Qg
w would have been properly dismissed by Judge Trauger.
3 ='
T `` B. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Granted
o a Appellees 'Motion in Limine and Barred the Introduction of Parol Evidence
ti Next, Appellants contend that the Court erred and/or abused its discretion by granting
wa
w Appellees' Motion in Limine because there was an ambiguity in the APA. One exception to the
general rule is that parol evidence may be introduced to explain or clarify or resolve the
0 ambiguity. See Estate of Herr, 161 A.2d 32, 34 (Pa. 1960); see also Waldman v. Shoemaker, 80
oa
g A.2d 776, 778 (Pa. 1951). There are two types of ambiguities which may permit the introduction
LZ of parol evidence - patent ambiguity and latent ambiguity. See In re Estate ofSchultheis, 747
a a
N A.2d 918, 923 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000). A patent ambiguity appears on the face of the document
N _
C C
73
o o
N
N
and is aresult of defective or obscure language. Id. A latent ambiguity arises from collateral
V
oa facts that make the meaning of awritten document uncertain, although the language appears
T clear on the face of the contract. Id. To determine the existence of ambiguity, acourt may
o Q
Y consider "the words of the contract, the alternative meaning suggested by counsel, and the nature
g•
m•
oa of the objective evidence to be offered in support of that meaning." Mellon Bank N.A. v. Aetna
O •
Business Credit, Inc., 619 F.2d 1001, 1011 (3d Cir. 1980). The disagreement of the parties
mU
•ai ip
regarding the proper construction of an agreement, however, does not alone render an agreement
•• N
Cq = ambiguous. Bohler-Uddeholm America, Inc. v. Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 93 (3d Cir.
•a
po
0 2001) (summarizing Pennsylvania contract law on latent ambiguity).
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co
P. m
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a
21
y j
3 W
Additionally, Pennsylvania law makes clear that "aclaim of latent ambiguity must be based
on a `` contractual hook;' the proffered extrinsic evidence must support an alternative meaning of a
specific term or terms contained in the contract, rather than simply support ageneral claim that the
parties meant something other than what the contract says on its face." Id. at 96. "Furthermore, a
proffered alternative meaning for the contractual hook must be reasonable; that is, it must be
supported by contractual evidence that goes beyond the party's claim that the contractual hook has
acertain meaning, and the interpretation cannot contradict the standard meaning of aterm when
the parties could have easily used another term to convey this contradictory meaning." Id. "A
party may use extrinsic evidence to support its claim of latent ambiguity, but this evidence must
show that some specific term or terms in the contract are ambiguous; it cannot simply show that
the parties intended something different that was not incorporated into the contract." Id. at 93.
Here, there is no dispute that the APA is an integrated contract and was to represent the
parties' entire agreement including as relating to the sale/purchase of the accounts receivable.
Indeed, Appellants admitted this in their Response to Motion in Limine and Mr. Dudeck
conceded this during oral argument. See Response to Motion in Limine at 19; see also N.T.
7/13/21, at 27-28. There also was no dispute that the only basis on which Appellants argued that
the Parol Evidence Rule did not apply was apurported ambiguity in the APA. N.T. 7/13/21, at
28-33. In fact, Mr. Dudeck clarified on the record during oral argument that his client was not
averring any type of mistake or misrepresentation.' N.T. 7/13/21, at 28-33.
Specifically, Mr. Dudeck argued that the following language in Exhibit B to the APA is
ambiguous: "for aprice equal to the aggregate amount of such receivables that are no more than
7 Although notably, Appellants later sought to pursue abreach of contract counterclaim at trial
based upon apurported misrepresentation relating to this same subject area of the APA (i.e.,
valuation of the accounts receivable). See Section IV(C), infra.
22
ninety (90) days old multiplied by seventy cents ($.70)." N.T. 7/13/21, at 23. He explained that
after the Closing Date, Ms. Gatsch came to learn that the aggregate amount of accounts
receivable "didn't account for all the insurance write offs." N.T. 7/13/21, at 24. In other words,
her interpretation was that the "aggregate amount" meant "aggregate amount of what you can
collect." N.T. 7/13/21, at 26. He argued that this was areasonable interpretation as was Dr.
Hoorfar's interpretation that "aggregate amount" simply meant the amount owed "regardless of
what insurance would actually pay on it under the contract with the dental practice." N.T.
7/13/21, at 33. Mr. Dudeck reasoned that because both interpretations were reasonable, an
ambiguity existed, and thus parol evidence could not be barred. This Court disagrees.
First, the Court notes Mr. Dudeck's representation that his client realized there were two
different interpretations when she began to collect on the accounts receivable. Obviously, she
was then aware of this purported difference when she filed her Answer, New Matter and
Counterclaim. And yet, during discovery, she did not take the position that the APA was
ambiguous. For example, as Mr. Burns pointed out during oral argument, in response to
Appellees' Interrogatory No. 19, Appellants objected but also responded as follows: "By way of
further response, Defendants do not claim that any material term of the parties' asset purchase
agreement is ambiguous." N.T. 7/13/21, at 20 (emphasis added). Similarly, when asked at her
deposition if there was any portion of any of the agreements that she believed was ambiguous,
Ms. Gatsch testified as follows: "No." N.T. 7/13/21, at 20. In this regard, Ms. Gatsch has
conceded that there is no ambiguity.
Additionally, Appellants failed to offer any objective evidence to support Ms. Gatsch's
interpretation. Instead, all that was offered was her self-serving subjective interpretation of the
23
APA. Indeed, Appellants did not even provide an offer of proof as to Dr. Rakawsky's
interpretation.
Furthermore, the interpretation offered by Ms. Gatsch is completely at odds with the plain
meaning of the language at issue. Mr. Dudeck identified the purportedly ambiguous term to be
"aggregate amount." N.T. 7/13/21, at 32-33. Webster's Dictionary defines aggregate as: "formed
by adding to or more amount together: total." See Webster's Dictionary. Black's Law Dictionary
defines the term aggregate as "composed of several." See Aggregate, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY
65 (6th ed. 1990). According to Mr. Dudeck, however, Ms. Gatsch interpreted this term, to mean
essentially "aggregate amount that is collectible" or "aggregate amount taking into account that
insurance companies were paying." N.T. 7/13/21, at 23-35. To accept such interpretations would
require this Court to ignore the plain language of the APA and to add language that either party
could have requested and included if they wanted to do so. Indeed, Dr. Hoorfar and Ms. Gatsch
are sophisticated individuals. Ms. Gatsch and Dr. Hoorfar both testified at trial about their prior
experiences with sales of dental practices. See N.T. 7/13/21, at 112-124; see also N.T. 7/14/21, at
93-97. And, in fact, Ms. Gatsch testified to her extensive experience in the dental field, including
working for many years with alarge DSO. N.T. 7/14/21, at 93-97; see also N.T. 7/15/21, at 32-
33. Additionally, both Appellants and Appellees were represented by counsel during the
negotiations and sale of this dental practice.
Moreover, Exhibit B to the PSA itself explicitly provided Appellants the opportunity to
seek more detail upon receipt of the written accounts receivable aging report. See APA, Exhibit
B. Mr. Dudeck conceded during oral argument, however, that his clients simply did not take
advantage of this opportunity. N.T. 7/13/21, at 22-27.
24
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pursuant to which they agreed that the debt owed to Hoorfar Dental for the Practice Accounts
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calculated the Practice Accounts Receivable pursuant to the agreed upon formula in Exhibit B to
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the APA based upon the information contained in the written accounts receivable aging report
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provided by Appellees to Appellants on the Closing Date, they came up with afigure of
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$78,080.00. That figure was then transferred to the Promissory Note which Appellants signed.
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that was ambiguous.
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For all the forgoing reasons, Appellants did not demonstrate any ambiguity, patent or
latent, in the APA (including Exhibit B attached thereto), regarding the calculation of the value
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of the Practice Accounts Receivable. Accordingly, the Court properly granted the Motion in
II
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a a Limine,
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C\1 I? C. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Barred
Appellants From Proffering Evidence Relating to Their Counterclaim for
No V 00
Breach of the Asset Purchase Agreement With Respect to the Sale of the
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Appellants also complain that the Court erred or abused its discretion when it precluded
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of their breach of contract counterclaim relating to the accounts receivable. With respect to that
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a particular counterclaim, Appellants sought to prove that Appellees had made amisrepresentation
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regarding the value of the Practice Accounts Receivable thereby breaching the APA.' During
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'Interestingly, during oral argument on the Motion in Limine, Mr. Dudeck represented to the
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a Court that there was neither amistake nor fraud involved. N.T. 7/13/21, at 27-28.
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Mr. Dudeck's opening statement, however, it became apparent that Appellants intended to prove
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this purported breach through the introduction of evidence that would vary, explain or contradict
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o the terms of this integrated agreement. When Mr. Burns objected to Mr. Dudeck's reference to
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: such evidence during his opening statement, the following exchange occurred at sidebar:
00
w MR. DUDECK: Iam trying to tell the jury what the evidence will present in terms
3 of the breach after the contract. Iam not talking about any parol
02) evidence in terms of any prior contemporaneous negotiations about
oa what she thought the $ 78,000.00 represented. She paid $ 78,000.00
for accounts receivable that were supposed to be worth 111. And
y when she goes to collect on them, they are worth about 10
wa thousand. That's abreach, Your Honor.
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COURT: Hold on asecond. What evidence do you intend to introduce to
support that breach, that alleged breach?
MR. DUDECK: Your Honor, Ms. Gatsch is going to testify. And she's going to
o
a authenticate emails to Dr. Hoorfar showing how many of those
g accounts receivable 0-90 days had to be written off, each one of
those, because of the insurance contracts. That's the evidence of
the breach.
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introduce evidence to attempt this is aquestion — to attempt to
show the jury that the value that she got was something other than
78 thousand?
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m MR. DUDECK: Exactly. It was something different, Your Honor. So now she's
o being asked to pay $ 78,000.00 for something that was only worth
Q 10 because of the representations regarding it, and that has nothing
y to do with parol evidence. That's abreach.
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0 0 COURT: How are you going to introduce evidence regarding value if Ihave
ruled that no parol evidence is coming in?
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the contract based upon prior or contemporaneous written or oral
h outside of the contract. We are not doing that. We are going to
Z show that he said that the value was 111 but that when she actually
0 o went to collect on these, the value was far less because it included
all of these. He didn't include all the insurance write-offs. So
that's the breach, Your Honor, and that's after. That's not trying to
change the contract.
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26
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COURT: Hold on asecond. Does the contract say that the value is 111 or
does the contract say that's the calculation of the aggregate
accounts receivable?
MR. DUDECK: It says it's the aggregate amount of the accounts receivable.
COURT: So you are going to introduce evidence that that's not the
aggregate amount?
MR. DUDECK: Exactly, Your Honor.
N.T. 7/13/21, at 92-94. Thereafter, the Court dismissed the jury and took ashort break. After
the break and before the jury returned to the courtroom, the Court asked Mr. Dudeck to identify
the specific evidence he sought to introduce at trial in support of this particular breach of contract
theory. Mr. Dudeck identified various emails between the parties — some exchanged prior to the
Closing Date and some exchanged after the Closing Date. All of the emails related to the
accounts receivable. N.T. 7/13/21, at 105-10.
Mr. Burns objected to the introduction of such evidence on the grounds that it constituted
parol evidence and the Court had already ruled that all parol evidence was barred. Mr. Dudeck
again argued that he was not introducing the evidence to vary or alter the terms of the APA but
in support of his breach of contract counterclaim regarding the accounts receivable, and
specifically to prove abreach and damages flowing from that breach. N.T. 7/13/21, at 105-10.
It is well settled that in order to prove aclaim for breach of contract, aplaintiff must
adduce evidence sufficient to establish, by apreponderance of the evidence, the following
elements: ( 1) the existence of acontract, including its essential terms; (2) abreach of the
contract; and, (3) resultant damages. See Kelly v. Carman Corp., 229 A.3d 634, 653 (Pa. Super.
2020). It is also well settled that before acontract can be found, all of the essential elements of
27
the contract must exist. See Cardinale v. R. E. Gas Dev. LLC, 74 A.3d 136, 140 (Pa. Super.
2013) (citations omitted).
In this case, Mr. Dudeck sought to introduce evidence that would vary, explain and/or
contradict the parties' integrated agreement under the guise of pursuing abreach of contract
claim. Specifically, Appellants sought to prove that Appellees breached the PSA when they sold
approximately $ 111,000.00 of accounts receivable for $78,080.00 and Ms. Gatsch was not able
to collect on all of the accounts receivable and had to write off some amounts. In order for
Appellants to establish abreach, however, they first needed to demonstrate to the jury that the
parties actually had come to ameeting of the minds that Appellants would be sold approximately
$111,000.00 worth of "collectible" accounts receivable for $78,080.00. The Court's ruling on
the Motion in Limine, however, precluded the jury from being able to find such breach. In ruling
on the Motion in Limine, the Court determined that the term "aggregate amount" was not
ambiguous, meant that which is reflected by its plain language, and did not mean the aggregate
amount of "collectible" accounts receivable. N.T. 7/13/21, at 38-40. Consequently, the evidence
Appellants sought to introduce was not probative of any breach on the part of Appellees, and,
thus irrelevant. See Pa.R.E. 401. Accordingly, the Court properly precluded Appellants from
introducing it.
Furthermore, Appellants waived this claim of amisrepresentation as the basis for a
breach during oral argument on the Motion in Limine. A review of the Answer, New Matter and
Counterclaim reveals that this particular counterclaim is premised on apurported
misrepresentation on the part of the Appellants regarding the value of the Practice Accounts
Receivable. See Answer, New Matter and Counterclaim. Indeed, subsequent to pleading aclaim
for Misrepresentation (Count I), Appellants pleaded aBreach of Contract claim (in the
28
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as
alternative), and in support of that claim, incorporated their prior averments and set forth only
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the following three additional averments:
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are subsumed by the Agreement, Defendants plead this claim for breach of contract
A0 in the alternative to the claim for misrepresentation.
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0 • Plaintiffs' conduct as aforesaid constituted material breaches of the Agreement.
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Z • As a direct and proximate result of these material breaches, Defendants have
g suffered and, upon information and belief, will continue to suffer damages in excess
of $ 50,000.00.
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w Id., Count 1I. At trial, Mr. Dudeck represented that the breach was based upon apurported
misrepresentation. First, in responding to the objection to comments made during Mr. Dudeck's
opening statement, Mr. Dudeck at one point stated as follows: "This aggregate amount was a
da
C breach because it misrepresented the aggregate amount." N.T. 7/13/21, at 94. Mr. Dudeck
L confirmed this position during another sidebar which occurred during the direct testimony of Ms.
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misrepresentation?
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a`` Q he gave her was inaccurate? Right?
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COURT: Okay. But that's amisrepresentation.
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MR. DUDECK: Well, it could be that he was, yes, it's amisrepresentation. But it's
h abreach based on the misrepresentation.
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0 9The specific question asked by Mr. Dudeck of Ms. Gatsch which caused Mr. Burns to object
co
6 and the Court to hold asidebar was as follows: "What were you being represented in terms of the
to accounts receivables that you were purchasing? N.T. 7/14/21, at 117.
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N.T. 7/14/21, at 120.
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Importantly, however, earlier during oral argument on the Motion in Limine, Appellants,
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evidence regarding the accounts receivables based upon any fraud, but rather, based solely upon
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waived this argument that the evidence should come in to prove a "breach based on the
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misrepresentation." N.T. 7/14/21, at 120.
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Appellants further complain that the Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it
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admitted Exhibit P-11 into evidence. During the testimony of Dr. Hoorfar, Mr. Burns marked
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Exhibit P-11 for identification purposes and presented it to Dr. Hoorfar. Dr. Hoorfar identified
II 01
L Exhibit P-11 as an aging report he ran for the dental services that he had provided to RG Dental
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o • after the Closing Date. N.T. 7/13/21, at 148-49. Mr. Burns then moved Exhibit P-11 into evidence
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to During oral argument, the following exchange occurred:
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o =• COURT: Is it your position that parol evidence should come in because
there's aterm in this contract that's ambiguous?
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COURT: Is that the only basis or is it also your position that there was either
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amistake and/or fraud involved?
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COURT: So we are just talking about ambiguity?
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MR. DUDECK: Yes, Your Honor.
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N.T. 7/13/21, at 27-28.
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30
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and Mr. Dudeck objected. When asked for the basis of the objection, Mr. Dudeck advised that he
had "several" objections. As aresult, the Court asked the attorneys to come to sidebar. At sidebar,
Mr. Dudeck advised that he objected on the grounds of relevance because the end date of the date
range identified on the report (8/1/2018 — 6/3/2021) was several months after everyone agreed Dr.
Hoorfar had stopped providing dental services to the patients of RG Dental. As of that time,
however, Dr. Hoorfar had already testified as to the time period when he provided dental services.
N.T. 7/13/21, at 129-31, 140-44. Further, Mr. Burns responded that the end date identified on the
report was the date the report was generated and otherwise the report was the same as that which
existed on the date Dr. Hoorfar left the office. N.T. 7/13/21, at 149. He further confirmed that his
client would be testifying as to the period of time to which Exhibit P-11 applied as relating to the
dates when he actually performed the services. 7/13/21, at 150.
Mr. Dudeck then identified his second relevance objection arguing that the document does
not have any reference to labs and the agreement between the parties was that Dr. Hoorfar would
be paid 40 gross collection receipts less 40 percent of labs. Mr. Dudeck also made aBest Evidence
objection on the same grounds.
Relevance is athreshold consideration in determining the admissibility of evidence. See
Pa.R.E. 401 (evidence is relevant if: a) it has any tendency to make afact more or less probable
than it would be without the evidence; and b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action).
A trial court may, however, properly exclude evidence if its probative value is outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice or confusion of or misleading the jury. See Pa.R.E. 403 (the court may
exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is outweighed by adanger of one or more of the
following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time,
or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence); see also Vetter v. Miller, 157 A.3d 943, 949 (Pa.
31
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Super. 2018) (explaining that generally, for the purposes of this evidentiary rule, "prejudice" means
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an undue tendency to suggest adecision on an improper basis).
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counterclaim being asserted by Dr. Hoorfar against Appellants for their breach of the APA, and
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specifically, probative of their obligations to pay him for dental services to be provided to him
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Q• consistent with ¶ 14 (Professional Service Agreement), and Exhibit E. The undersigned did not
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find that this probative value was outweighed by any risk of danger of unfair prejudice, or
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document did not mean that there were any labs actually associated with these particular services.
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In fact, at no point in time did any party introduce any evidence of any particular labs that would
oa properly have been deducted from the 40 percent of gross collection receipts attributed to Dr.
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Hoorfar's dental services for which he was not paid. • •
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0• Furthermore, Dr. Hoorfar testified both before and after the admission of Exhibit P-11 that
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o the document did not reference any labs or any deduction from the 40 percent of gross collection
.
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o receipts attributed to the dental services he provided after the Closing Date. N.T. 7/14/21, at 69-
G
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o¢ amounts to be paid to Dr. Hoorfar for dental services provided by him under the PSA, which
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73o document itself was admitted into evidence, but also heard from Dr. Hoorfar that Exhibit P-11 did
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not reference any labs or deduction of any amounts for labs. N.T. 7/14/21, at 69-71.
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• • o ' As discussed, infra, Ms. Gatsch testified that she reduced her calculation of what was owed to
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m Dr. Hoorfar for dental services provided by him by $ 1,961.20 in "lab fees." N.T. 7/15/21, at 28.
However, Ms. Gatsch offered no evidence of the labs for which she calculated this figure (e.g.,
a
(mouth guard fabrication for patient X, implants for patient Y).
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Moreover, to the extent that Appellants still believed there was any possible confusion on
the part of the jury as to how the compensation for Dr. Hoorfar was to be calculated given the
absence of any labs referenced on Exhibit P-11, this was something that Mr. Dudeck could easily
address through the testimony of his client and/or on cross-examination of Dr. Hoorfar.
The admission of Exhibit P-11 also did not violate the Best Evidence Rule.
[The Best Evidence] rule requires a party who seeks to prove a
writing for the purpose of establishing its terms to produce the
writing unless the nonfeasability of production is satisfactorily
established. Warren v. Mosites Construction Co., 253 Pa.Super.
395, 385 A.2d 397 ( 1978). Application of the rule is limited to those
situations where the contents of the document are at issue and must
be proved to make acase or provide adefense. Mars v. Meadville
Telephone Co., 344 Pa. 29, 23 A.2d 856 ( 1942); Perry v. Ryback,
302 Pa. 559, 153 A. 770 ( 1931); Ragnar Benson, Inc. v. Bethel Mart
Associates, 308 Pa.Super. 405, 454 A.2d 599 ( 1982); Warren v.
Mosites Construction Co., supra. Where the contents of adocument
are merely evidence of, rather than material to, issues in the case the
rule is inapplicable. Durkin v. Equine Clinics, Inc., 313 Pa.Super.
75, 459 A.2d 417 ( 1983).
Hamill-Quinlan, Inc. v. Fisher, 591 A.2d 309, 310 (Pa. Super. 199 1)
Here, the document which is the Best Evidence of the agreement between Appellants and
Dr. Hoorfar regarding the dental services he was to provide after the Closing Date and the formula
by which his compensation was to be calculated is the APA and Exhibit E (the PSA). Prior to
Exhibit P-11 being marked for identification, the APA, including Exhibit E, had already been
marked and moved into evidence. See Exhibits P-2 and P-6. Thus, the Best Evidence Rule would
not be implicated in this case insofar as the Best Evidence already had been admitted, and further,
Exhibit P-11 was merely evidence of Dr. Hoorfar's claim for breach of the Professional Services
Agreement. See Hamill-Quinlan, 591 A.3d at 310.
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court properly overruled Appellants' objections and
admitted Exhibit P-11.
33
E. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Denied
Appellants 'Motion for Compulsory Nonsuit as to Appellees' Claim for Breach
of the Professional Services Agreement
Appellants also take issue with the Court's decision to deny their motion for compulsory
nonsuit as to Appellees' claim for breach of the PSA. A motion for compulsory nonsuit allows a
defendant to test the sufficiency of aplaintiffs evidence and may be entered only in cases where
it is clear that the plaintiff has not adduced sufficient evidence to establish all of the elements
necessary to maintain acause of action. See Pa.R.C.P. No. 230.1. In deciding the motion, acourt
may consider only evidence introduced by the plaintiff and any evidence favorable to the plaintiff
that has been introduced by any defendant prior to the close of the plaintiff's case. Additionally,
atrial court must give the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences arising from the evidence
presented and must resolve any conflict in favor of the plaintiff. See id.; see also Bugosh v. Allen
Refractories Co., 932 A.2d 901, 913 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citing Rachlin v. Edmison, 813 A.2d 862,
868 (Pa. Super. 2002) (
en banc) (
quoting Parker v. Freilich, 803 A.2d 738, 744 (Pa. Super. 2002),
appeal denied, 573 Pa. 659, 820 A.2d 162 (Pa. 2003)). Importantly, "if the trial court denies the
motion for compulsory nonsuit and the moving defendant proceeds with his/her defense, then the
court's ruling is not appealable, and the issue must be renewed during the post-trial phase as a
request for judgment n.o.v." Northeast Fence & Iron Works, Inc. v. Murphy Quigley Co., 933
A.2d 664, 668 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 947 A.2d 737 (Pa. 2008).
In this case, at the close of Appellees' case-in- chief, Mr. Dudeck moved for acompulsory
nonsuit on Dr. Hoorfar's claim that Appellants had breached the PSA when they failed to pay him
for dental services provided after the Closing Date. N.T. 7/14/21, at 79. Both attorneys made
argument and the undersigned denied the motion finding that there was sufficient evidence
introduced for the claim to go to the jury.
34
Thereafter, Mr. Dudeck introduced evidence in defense of this and Appellees' other breach
of contract claims and in support of Appellants' own breach of contract counterclaims. For
example, in defense of Appellees' claim for breach of the PSA, Mr. Dudeck marked acopy of the
PSA as Exhibit D-3, moved that document into evidence, and then proceeded to question Ms.
Gatsch about its terms. N.T. 7/14/21, at 107. Mr. Dudeck also questioned Ms. Gatsch about how
compensation for Dr. Hoorfar was to be calculated under the PSA. N.T. 7/14/21, at 109-10. Mr.
Dudeck also marked areport showing the total collections brought in for Dr. Hoorfar's services
after the Closing Date as Exhibit D-12, moved Exhibit D-12 into evidence, and after it was
admitted, questioned Ms. Gatsch on that document. N.T. 7/15/21, at 25-26. Ms. Gatsch testified
that she ran the report to "calculate Dr. Hoorfar's payroll." N.T. 7/15/21, at 27. She also testified
as to how she came to the figure she agrees is owed to Dr. Hoorfar for his services under the PSA.
N.T. 7/15/21, at 27-28.
Once Appellants decided to move forward with adefense on Dr. Hoorfar's claim for breach
of the PSA, the Court's decision on Appellees' motion for compulsory nonsuit became moot.
Therefore, it is not properly the subject of this appeal. See Northeast Fence, 933 A.2d at 668; see
also F. W. Wise Gas Co. v. Beech C.R. Co., 263 A.2d 313, 315 (Pa. 1970) (holding that where
defendant chose to present a defense after court denied defendant's motion for nonsuit, the
correctness of the court's ruling on the nonsuit became moot and the issue of whether the claim
was properly submitted to the jury was not properly before the appellate court).
Also, even if Appellants had not presented adefense and this issue was properly before the
Superior Court, it still lacks merit insofar as Appellees introduced sufficient evidence in their case-
in-chief for this claim to go to the jury. For example, Dr. Hoorfar introduced evidence of the PSA
between him and Appellees. See Exhibit P-2. He also testified to the following:
35
• He provided services under the PSA after the Closing Date.
• He provided those services for approximately three months until sometime in
December 2018.
• At some point Appellees stopped paying him for those services.
• He was entitled to 40 percent of net collections and that he was able to access
information to show him what that figure would be for which he was not paid.
• Exhibit P-11 was an aging report that he ran for the work he had done after the
Closing Date.
• He calculated the amount owed to him for the services for which he was not paid
under the PSA as $ 10,360.50.
N.T. 7/13/21, at 142, 145-48, 152.
Based upon the foregoing, Appellants made out aprimafacie claim for breach of the PSA.
Accordingly, the Court properly denied Appellants' motion for a compulsory nonsuit and
permitted the claim to go to the jury.
F. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Ruled that the
Written Accounts Receivable Aging Report was Not Part of the Parties'
Contract
Appellants also complain that the Court committed error and/or abused its discretion
when it ruled that the written accounts receivable aging report provided to Appellants on the
Closing Date was not part of the parties' integrated contract. At the beginning of day two, in the
context of discussing Appellees' proposed point for charge No. 2, Appellants took the position
that the written accounts receivable aging report which was provided to Appellants at closing and
used to calculate the $78,080.00 figure in the Promissory Note was actually part of the parties'
contract. N.T. 7/14/21, at 4-10. Mr. Burns opposed this position and argued that it was another
attempt by Appellants to introduce parol evidence. N.T. 7/14/21, at 8-10. Mr. Burns represented
to the Court that the contract between the parties included only the APA, Amendment to APA,
Promissory Note and the exhibits attached to those documents (including the signed PSA). N.T.
7/14/21, 90-91. The Court took the issue under advisement and gave Mr. Dudeck an opportunity
36
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to present legal authority in support of his position that the document, which was not attached as
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an exhibit to any of the agreements signed by the parties, constituted part of the parties' contract.
0-
N.T. 7/14/21, at 9-10. In response to that offer, Mr. Dudeck later provided the Court with the
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case of Estate ofSinclar v. Levin, 38 Pa. D & C. 5th 319 (Phila. Ct. Com. Pl. 2014), affd, 122
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A.3d 1127 (Pa. Super. 2015) and pointed the Court to the following language contained therein:
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Q• "A written contract may consist of several signed and unsigned writings if one of the writings is
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signed and: 1) the signed writing is physically attached to the unsigned writing; 2) the signed
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writing refers explicitly to impliedly to the unsigned writing; or 3) based on examination of all
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the writings, the signed writing was signed with reference to the unsigned writings." Estate of
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Sinclar, 38 Pa. D. & C. 5th at 324 (emphasis added). While the authority provided by Mr.
oa Dudeck is an accurate statement of the law, the Court found it did not apply in this case.
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First, it is undisputed that the written accounts receivable aging report was not physically
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m to any unsigned writing between the parties. Although Exhibit B to the APA does reference that
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o¢ Hoorfar Dental would provide Appellants with "awritten accounts receivable aging report," that
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document at issue is not an unsigned promissory note. Indeed, it was not an agreement,
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a instrument, or for that matter, even an email between the parties. Rather, Exhibit B to the APA
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receivables were for aparticular period of time. Furthermore, this particular document could not
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and did not exist until July 31, 2018. Thus, it could not be referred to, explicitly or implicitly, in
the APA.
Third, the APA was not signed with reference to an unsigned writing. Again, the
document at issue was not a "writing" between the parties but merely acomputer printout. And,
again, it did not and could not exist until July 31, 2018. Consequently, the parties could not have
relied upon or considered its contents when they signed the APA on June 14, 2018.
Moreover, accepting Appellants' position that the July 31, 2018 written accounts
receivable aging report was part of the parties' contract would have required the Court to ignore
the clear intent of the parties as evidenced by the written agreements between them. It is firmly
settled that the intent of the parties to awritten contract is contained in the writing itself.
Krizovensky v. Krizovensky, 624 A.2d 638, 642 (Pa. Super. 1993), appeal denied, 637 A.2d 287(1993). "It is the intention of the parties which is the ultimate guide, and, in order to ascertain
that intention, the Court may take into consideration the surrounding circumstances, the situation
of the parties, the objects they apparently have in view, and the nature of the subject-matter of
the agreement." In re Estate of Quick, 905 A.2d 471, 474-475 (2006) (quoting Hindman v.
Farren, 44 A.2d 241, 242 ( 1994)) (emphasis omitted).
Here, the parties entered into the APA on June 14, 2018. The APA included an
integration clause which states as follows: "This Agreement and the exhibits hereto contain the
final and entire agreement between the parties and shall not be bound by any terms, conditions or
representations not contained herein." See APA at ¶ 17.7. The APA also provided that the
"Agreement may not be modified, amended, altered, supplemented, or canceled except pursuant
to the terms of an instrument in writing signed by the parties hereto." Id. at 117.9.
38
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Pursuant to ¶ 17.9, the parties did enter into and signed an Amendment to APA on July
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31, 2018. That document made reference to the manner and method by which RG Dental was to
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also explicitly referenced aPromissory Note to be signed by Appellants and stated that the form
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of that Promissory Note to be signed was attached as Exhibit F. See id. at ¶ 1. Notably, and
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provided to Appellants on that date, and the Amendment to the APA was not signed until that
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date, the Amendment to APA makes no reference whatsoever to the written accounts receivable
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aging report. Certainly, if the parties wanted to include that document as part of the contract
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after it was generated on July 31, 2018, they could have referred to it in the Amendment to the
oa APA and/or even just attached acopy of it to the Amendment to APA as an exhibit. They chose
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not to do so. See Exhibit P-4.
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a part of the parties' contract. See id. Similarly, this position was not referenced anywhere in the
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Response to the Motion in Limine. It also was not raised during oral argument as areason why
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this particular document should be permitted to be introduced at trial.
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the Court did not err or abuse its discretion when it determined that the contract did not include
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G. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion when it Denied
Aonellants 'Motion for Mistrial
Appellants next contend that the Court erred or abused its discretion when it did not grant
Mr. Dudeck's motion for amistrial. A mistrial may be required where counsel makes "irrelevant
remarks ... which are reasonably likely to have adirect and prejudicial effect on the award of
damages." Narciso v. Mauch Chunk Twp. 87 A.2d 233, 235 (Pa. 1952); Buttaccio v. American
Premier Underwriters, Inc., 175 A.3d 311, 321-22 (Pa. Super. 2017). However, to warrant a
mistrial, such remarks must be beyond correction by any admonition which the court may give the
jury. See Tedesco v. Mun. Auth. ofHazle Twp., 799 A.2d 931 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2002) (explaining
that mistrial is required where remarks are beyond correction by an admonition which the Court
may give the jury); see also Ferguson v. Morton, 84 A.3d 715, 724-26 (Pa. Super. 2013) (reversing
grant of new trial where trial court had taken prompt curative action with respect to counsel's
improper statements and jury verdict was supported by the evidence and not excessive).
In this case, the remarks made by Mr. Burns which Appellants now contend required the
undersigned to declare amistrial occurred during the direct examination of Ms. Gatsch, and after
Mr. Dudeck asked aseries of questions to which Mr. Burns objected based upon the Court's ruling
on the Motion in Limine. N.T. 7/14/21, at 136. As referenced above, the Court immediately
dismissed the jury before Mr. Burns could say anything further or Mr. Dudeck could respond to
Mr. Burns' remarks. As soon as the jury was out of the courtroom, Mr. Burns immediately
withdrew his request. Mr. Dudeck, however, argued that the trial had to stop. Specifically, he
stated:
He made that motion. It's now told to the jury. We don't have —
we are not here in atrial that is basically being done in amanner
that's supposed to be done. They have that in their head now. You
can't unring that bell. We are done. I'm sorry. It stinks that he said
that, but that's where we are.
40
N.T. 7/14/21, at 136. Notably, Mr. Dudeck did not raise any specific argument that his clients
were prejudiced or could be prejudiced by Mr. Burns' comments or his request for amistrial.
Rather, he argued only that it was the fact of Mr. Burns having requested amistrial in the presence
of the jury as the basis for his request. N.T. 7/14/21, at 136.
Furthermore, in light of the circumstances and the record which existed up until that point
in time, a mistrial was not necessary insofar as the remarks were not beyond correction by a
curative instruction to the jury. Also, the Court carefully considered the circumstances in crafting
its curative instruction. The undersigned considered, inter alia, how the trial had proceeded up
until that point in time, the frequency and nature of the comments made by each of the attorneys,
and the prior instructions that had been given to the jury.
For example, in this case, although Mr. Burns objected on several occasions, he had not
previously made any comments similar to these in front of the jury. Additionally, the Court already
had instructed the jury multiple times that comments made by lawyers are not evidence and not
something to be considered when coming to averdict. The Court considered that both attorneys
had regularly and repeatedly asserted objections throughout the trial and also that Mr. Burns'
comments were made out of frustration with Mr. Dudeck's repeated attempts to introduce parol
evidence. Based upon all of these considerations, the Court gave the following instruction
immediately upon the jury's return to the courtroom:
Before Idismissed you, Mr. Burns made some statements and a
request. And Iwant to direct you that you are to disregard them in
their entirety. You are not to consider them at all. Just like anything
else that an attorney says, like an objection or an argument or an
opening statement, that is not evidence. So you are not to take into
consideration anything that was said by him before you were
immediately dismissed. It has nothing to do with whether one party
or the other breached acontract. And in this case, both parties are
41
alleging that the other breached acontract. So Iwant to make very
clear my directive to you. You are to disregard those statements in
their entirety. For a few reasons. The first is because it's not
evidence. It shouldn't be considered by you in considering the
parties' claims. Secondly, Iwant to make clear that Mr. Burns
immediately withdrew those requests and statements after you left
the room. That's on the record. You just weren't here.
Additionally, and as you probably already observed, litigation can
be stressful and emotions can run high at times. And sometimes
emotions can make the attorneys act like they are under stress. And
Ithink you have seen that from both sides today. Now, Ialso want
to make sure that you recall my earlier instructions about objections.
Again, objections are not evidence. Questions that's asked itself.
Those are not evidence. It's the answer to the question. And, of
course, when there is an answer to aquestion, then you have to take
the question into consideration in determining how to evaluate the
answer, obviously. You have to put it into context. But when
questions are asked and there's an objection and Isustain that
objection, then you are not to consider the question either. And if
someone started to answer that question, you are to disregard the
answer because Isustained the objection. Both attorneys have made
objections throughout this trial. And as Iexplained earlier, they
have jobs to do. They are advocates for their clients. They also have
the job of making sure, from their perspective, only appropriate
admissible evidence is presented to you. And the way for them to
prevent evidence they don't believe is admissible to be presented to
you is to make an objection. So you are not to hold against either
party or their lawyers the fact that they are making objections.
N.T. 7/14/21, at 143-45. The Court also then went on to give the jury adetailed instruction on the
Parol Evidence Rule.
Based upon the record before it, the immediate action taken by the Court was appropriate
and sufficient to address the situation. Accordingly, the Court did not err or abuse its discretion in
denying Mr. Dudeck's motion for amistrial.
H. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Did Not Admit
Exhibit D-16
Appellants also take issue with the Court's decision not to admit Exhibit D-16 into evidence.
During the direct testimony of Ms. Gatsch on day two of the trial, Mr. Dudeck identified as Exhibit
42
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estimate to replace apanoramic x-ray machine for $23,000.00. N.T. 7/14/21, at 211. Mr. Burns
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o= immediately objected. N.T. 7/14/21, at 208. Given that it was late in the afternoon, the
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undersigned chose to dismiss the jury for the day and then address the objection with counsel
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outside its presence. N.T. 7/14/21, at 208-09. After the jury was excused, the Court heard Mr.
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Burns on his objection to Exhibit D-16. Mr. Burns argued that the document was not admissible
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because it was merely an estimate (as compared to an invoice), was dated July 4, 2021, just
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also objected on the grounds of relevance arguing that replacement of the equipment was not an
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appropriate remedy under the parties' contract. N.T. 7/14/21, at 210-11.
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In response, Mr. Dudeck argued that he only just received the document on July 4, 2021. Mr.
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Dudeck agreed that it was only an estimate and also that the piece of equipment which it referenced
L
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it was appropriate for the jury to consider for purposes of calculating damages. N.T. 7/14/21, at
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211-13. 12
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The Court took the matter under advisement and offered Mr. Dudeck an opportunity to
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provide the Court with legal authority which substantiated his position that the estimate could be
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properly considered for purposes of calculating damages even though it did not evidence any actual
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costs incurred. N.T. 7/14/21, at 213. The next day, the Court heard further argument. Mr. Burns
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estimate and not an actual invoice. N.T. 7/14/21, at 190-208.
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and also that because it was not exchanged in discovery, his clients were denied the opportunity to
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evaluate it or obtain an expert to rebut it. He also raised that it was not certified by arecords
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o= custodian and also that it purported to be evidence of damages for acircumstance allegedly existing
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three years after this transaction occurred. N.T. 7/15/21, at 4. In response, Mr. Dudeck argued
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admissible, and reiterated that he gave Mr. Burns the document on the same date that he received
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it. N.T. 7/15/21, at 5-6. 13
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The undersigned reasoned that insofar as the document is an estimate and not apaid invoice, its
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probative value would be outweighed by prejudice and also arisk of confusing/misleading the
jury. Furthermore, the Court also noted that it was hearsay insofar as its contents were being
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offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
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Exhibit D-16 based upon its untimely identification in violation of both the Agreed Case
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No V 00
Management Order and the Pre-Trial Order. Mr. Dudeck stated during argument on this issue that
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"[e]veryone knew this panoramic was not working," and yet, his client did not obtain an estimate
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for its repair until July 4, 2021— nine days before the start of trial. N.T. 7/15/21, at 5. The Agreed
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Case Management Order, however, required the identification and exchange of all exhibits no later
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than February 28, 2021. Mr. Dudeck offered no argument as to why his client was unable to obtain
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a an estimate on or before that date. Similarly, he offered to reason as to why his client was unable
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13The Court did not hear Mr. Burns further on the arguments made by Mr. Dudeck and/or his
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m statement that the parties did agree to the authentication of Exhibit D-16 but does note that on
day one of the trial, in the context of discussing agreements to exhibits, Mr. Burns did
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specifically mention that he objected to this document. N.T. 7/13/21, at 13.
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to obtain an estimate prior to June 8, 2021, when Appellants filed their Pre-Trial Memorandum,
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which also required the parties to identify all exhibits to be introduced at trial or risk preclusion of
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Based upon the foregoing, the undersigned was well within her discretion to preclude
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admission of Exhibit D-16 and/or any testimony thereon. Accordingly, the Court did not err in
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doing so.
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I. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Granted and Did
Not Remove Appellees' Motion for Compulsory Nonsuit as to Appellants'
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Next, Appellants complain that the Court erred when it granted and did not remove
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Appellees' request for a compulsory nonsuit on Appellants' breach of contract counterclaim
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where the factfinder, viewing all the evidence in favor of the plaintiff, could not reasonably
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In this case, Appellants' breach of contract counterclaim relating to the accounts receivable
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was based upon the premise that the parties' agreed that the term "aggregate amount" of accounts
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a• receivable meant the aggregate amount that is collectable. N.T. 7/13/21, at 33-34. Consequently,
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in order for the jury to find abreach, it first would have to find that the parties agreed that the term
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"aggregate amount" meant "aggregate amount that is collectable." As discussed above, however,
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in ruling on the Motion in Limine the Court concluded that the term "aggregate amount" was not
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ambiguous, meant that which is reflected by its plain language, and did not mean the aggregate
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amount that is collectible. N.T. 7/13/21, at 39-40. Additionally, based upon these findings, the
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Court ruled that Appellants were barred from introducing any evidence that would vary or explain
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45
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the parties' contract. Insofar as Appellants were barred from introducing any evidence that would
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s'breac h ofcontract counterc l
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ga
g J. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Did Not Instruct
the Jury on Appellants 'Requested Points for Charge 1and 3
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when it refrained from instructing the jury on two of Appellants' requested points for charge.
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First, Appellants contend that the undersigned should have instructed the jury as follows:
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A material breach of a contract relieves the non-breaching party from any
continuing duty of performance thereunder. A party also may not insist upon
L performance of the contract when he himself is guilty of amaterial breach of the
aa contract. LJL Transportation, Inc. v. Pilot Air Freight Corp., 599 Pa. 546, 962
00
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A.2d 639 (2007).
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Defendants' Requested Point for Charge No. 1— First Material Breach. Appellants also contend
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follows:
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The duty of good faith and fair dealing is implied in every contract. This implied
mh duty ofgoodfaith andfair dealing applies only to discretionary obligations under
the contract. It does not create new obligations or obligations inconsistent with
o specific terms of the contract. Duties or obligations are discretionary when aparty
m• has some degree of choice in how to perform its obligations under the contract. A
party should not do anything to destroy or injure the other party's right to receive
the benefits of the contract. Therefore, even discretionary duties and obligations
Ch must be performed in areasonable manner consistent with the contract's purposes.
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Defendants' Requested Point for Charge No. 3 — Implied Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
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(emphasis added).
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46
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It is well settled in Pennsylvania that atrial court is to charge only on the law for which
there is some factual support in the record. See e.g., Potochnick v. Perry, 861 A.2d 277, 283
(Pa. Super. 2004) (holding that trial court's refusal to read certain proposed charges was proper
and not abasis to grant anew trial). It is equally well established that atrial court may properly
refuse to give arequested instruction containing even acorrect statement of law where the
court's charge "accurately reflects the law and is sufficient to guide the jury in its deliberations."
See id. (
citing Cruz v. Northeastern Hosp., 801 A.2d 602, 611 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citation
omitted)). In other words, arefusal to give an instruction containing acorrect statement of the
law will not be grounds for anew trial where the substance of that requested charge has
otherwise been covered in the court's jury instructions. See id. (
citation omitted).
With respect to Defendants' Requested Point for Charge No. 1, the record reflects that
Appellants sought to have it read to the jury in the hopes that the jury would conclude that
Appellees first materially breached the APA thereby relieving Appellants of their contractual
obligations to make payments to Dr. Hoorfar under the APA and the Promissory Note. The
timing element of this jury instruction, however, only is relevant if aparty is seeking rescission
of acontract as its remedy. Importantly, the law is clear that in abreach of contract action, the
plaintiff either may rescind the contract and seek restitution or enforce the contract and recover
damages based on expectation. See Smith v. Brink, 561 A.2d 1253, 1255 (Pa. Super. 1989)
(emphasis in original). In this regard, the Doctrine of Election of Remedies prohibits aparty
from seeking inconsistent relief. See Umbelina v. Adams, 34 A.3d 151 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(explaining that aparty cannot maintain at one time in separate counts of one action or in two
separate suits, claims for rescission/restitution on one hand and damages for breach of contract
on the same contract, as these remedies are essentially inconsistent). In other words, one may
47
not terminate contractual obligations and seek the return of his or her consideration based upon
the other party's promise through an action for rescission and restitution and at the same time
seek the full benefits of that promise through an action for breach. See id.In this case, it was clear from the parties' pleadings and the evidence introduced at trial
that neither Appellants nor Appellees sought rescission of any of the agreements, but instead,
sought monetary damages on their respective breach of contract claims. Thus, there was no
factual support in the record to require the undersigned to charge the jury with Defendants'
Requested Point for Charge No. 1. Accordingly, the Court did not err or abuse its discretion in
refraining from doing so.
Similarly, there was no evidence introduced by either Appellants or Appellees of any
discretionary obligation within the APA, Amendment to APA and/or Promissory Note and/or
that any party had breached adiscretionary obligation under any of those written agreements.
Indeed, even with respect to the Appellants' counterclaim for breach of the APA regarding the
accounts receivable, Ms. Gatsch conceded that the obligation on the part of Dr. Hoorfar was to
produce awritten accounts receivable aging report to her on the Closing Date and that he did in
fact do so. N.T. 7/14/21, at 133-34. Thus, there was no factual support in the record to support
Defendants' Requested Point for Charge No. 3. Accordingly, the Court did not err or abuse its
discretion in declining to instruct the jury thereon. See Potochnick, 861 A.2d at 283.
K. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Did Not Enter
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict in Favor of Appellants on Appellees'
Claim for Breach of the Professional Services Agreement
Appellants next contend that the Court abused its discretion when it did not enter JNOV on
Appellees' claim that Appellants breached the PSA. Appellants contend that the Court erred when
48
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evidence.
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o= With respect to claims implicating the weight of the evidence, there are two bases upon which
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ajudgment n.o.v. can be entered: 1) the movant is entitled to judgment as amatter of law, and 2)
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the evidence was such that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the outcome should have
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been rendered in favor of the movant. See Rohm & Haas Co. v. Continental Cas. Co., 781 A.2d
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1172, 1176 (Pa. 2001) (citations omitted); see also Haan v. Wells, 103 A.3d 60, 69 (Pa. Super.
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wa 2014). It is equally well settled that atrial court may award ajudgment notwithstanding the verdict
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"only when the jury's verdict is so contrary to the evidence that it shocks one's sense of justice."
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Haan, 103 A.3d at 70; see also Green v. Johnson, 227 A.2d 644, 644-45 (Pa. 1967) (explaining
that afact finder's verdict is shocking when it is so opposed to the demonstrative facts that looking
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at the verdict, the mind stands baffled, the intellect searches in vain for cause and effect, and reason
L
a a rebels against the bizarre and erratic conclusion). It is also well established that aJNOV should
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not be entered where the evidence is conflicting on amaterial fact. See id.; see also Rohm, 781
ol?
.
C_
11
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o A.2d at 1176 (explaining that when the jury is presented with conflicting evidence, JNOV should
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be denied). Instead, the grant of ajudgment notwithstanding the verdict should only be entered in
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aclear case. See e.g., Empire Trucking Co. v. Reading Anthracite Coal Co., 71 A.3d 923, 932 (Pa.
o¢
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4-
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73
Super. 2013) (holding that trial court did not err in denying JNOV where sufficient evidence
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existed to support jury's verdict).
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a In this case, the jury's verdict was not shocking because there was more than sufficient
13)
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evidence to support it. Indeed, much of the evidence introduced by Appellees in support of this
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claim was not even disputed. For example, both parties introduced evidence of the existence the
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contract between them which is the subject of this claim. Indeed, Appellants and Appellees each
O a
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49
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separately marked and moved the PSA into evidence. See Exhibit P-6 and Exhibit D-3. Similarly,
both Appellants and Appellees introduced evidence that Dr. Hoorfar was to be compensated for
providing dental services to RG Dental after the Closing Date and that he did in fact provide such
services until mid-December 2018. See N.T. 7/15/21, at 25-30; see also N.T. 7/13/21, at 142-143.
Dr. Hoorfar and Ms. Gatsch also both testified as to the formula to be used to calculate the
compensation to be paid to Dr. Hoorfar under the PSA. See N.T. 7/14/21, at 68-70; see also N.T.
7/15/21, at 25-28, 67-68. In fact, it was undisputed at trial that Dr. Hoorfar's compensation for
such dental services was to be calculated consistent with the formula set forth in Exhibit E attached
to Exhibit P-6 and Exhibit D-3; that is, "40 percent of gross collection receipts less 40 percent of
lab." Exhibit Ealso defined the term "lab." That definition set forth various lab charges that might
apply to certain dental work including but not limited to, dentures, implants, mouth guard
fabrications, TMJ appliance. The parties also did not dispute that at some point Appellants stopped
paying Dr. Hoorfar for the work performed by him. Dr. Hoorfar testified that they stopped paying
him under the PSA and that he has not been paid since some time in November 2018. N.T. 7/13/21,
at 145-46. Ms. Gatsch conceded that at some point she applied what she identified as "credits"
and "adjustments" and also withheld monies from his payroll. N.T. 7/15/21, at 27-29.
Indeed, the only real dispute at trial on this particular breach of contract claim related to
the amount of compensation still owed to Dr. Hoorfar. N.T. 7/14/21, at 78-80. Dr. Hoorfar
testified he calculated that amount to be $ 10,360.50 and Ms. Gatsch testified that after various
adjustments and reductions were made by her as set offs, this figure came to $763.89. N.T.
7/15/21, at 29-30.
In support of his claim for an award of damages in the amount of $ 10,360.50, Dr. Hoorfar
testified that he was entitled to 40 percent of net collections and that he was able to access
50
information using his software to show him what that figure would be for which he was not paid.
N.T. 7/13/21, at 147. After Exhibit P-11 was marked for identification, Dr. Hoorfar testified that
Exhibit P- I1was an aging report that he ran for the work he had done after the Closing Date. N.T.
7/13/21, at 148-49. Exhibit P-11 was then moved and admitted into evidence. Dr. Hoorfar was
then asked to review Exhibit P-11 and tell the jury the amount he claimed was still owed to him
under the PSA. Notably, on both direct examination and on cross-examination, Dr. Hoorfar made
clear that the formula gross collection less 40 percent of labs as set forth in Exhibit E is the same
as 40 percent of net collections. Indeed, on cross-examination Dr. Hoorfar explained the formula
as follows: "Essentially it's 40 percent of your net collection. So whatever your collection is, say
you collect $20,000, you are entitled to 40 percent of that. And the net collection meaning is that
if you incurred any lab bills during the time while the work was done, that labs would also be
figured at 40 percent so you are getting anet collection." N.T. 7/14/21, at 68. When Mr. Dudeck
then identified the formula in terms of gross collection less 40 percent of labs as set forth in Exhibit
E, Dr. Hoorfar stated as follows: "Ithink that's what Ijust said." N.T. 7/14/21, at 69 (emphasis
added). 14 Dr. Hoorfar identified the figure owed to him under this formula as $ 10, 360.50. N.T.
7/13/21, at 152.
During her direct examination, Ms. Gatsch presented her own report on which she made
handwritten calculations of what she contended remained due and owing to Dr. Hoorfar under the
PSA. N.T. 7/15/21, at 25-28. That "day sheet report," as she referred to it, was marked for
identification purposes as Exhibit D-12 and moved into evidence without objection. See Exhibit
D-12. Ms. Gatsch testified that Exhibit D-12 showed the total collections that were brought in for
14 Ms. Gatsch also explained in her testimony that another way of saying gross collections less
40 percent of labs is to say net collections — meaning the labs were already taken into
consideration. N.T. 7/14/21, at 109-10.
51
Dr. Hoorfar's services for the period July 31, 2018, to December 18, 2018. N.T. 7/15/21, at 26.
Ms. Gatsch then testified as to her calculations of what she contended remain due and owing to
Dr. Hoorfar for services provided by him under the PSA. Dr. Gatsch made reference to "applied
credits" and "adjustments" but gave no clear explanation as to what those terms referred to, the
source thereof, and/or how they related to Ms. Gatsch's calculation that 40 percent of the gross
collections for work done by Dr. Hoorfar. She testified only that she took the category identified
on the report as "Applied Payments," which itself is not completely readable, and multiplied it by
40 percent to come to $ 11,520.64. She then testified that she reduced that number by $ 1,961.20
which she identified as "40 percent lab fee" and came to afigure of $ 8,355.80. N.T. 7/15/21, at
28; see also Exhibit D-12. Again, however, Ms. Gatsch did not identify the source of information
for this $ 1,961.20 in lab fees. Ms. Gatsch then took the $ 8,355.80 she came to and identified as
the "net pay" and further reduced it by amounts she testified she believed she had a right to
withhold based upon Appellants' claims against Appellees. N.T. 7/15/21, at 28-29; see also
Exhibit D-11. Ultimately, she came to afigure of $763.89. N.T. 7/15/21, at 29.
Based upon the foregoing, there was nothing about the jury's verdict that was so opposed
to the demonstrative facts to baffle the mind. See Green, 227 A.2d at 644-45. Indeed, Appellants
and Appellees agreed there was acontract, abreach thereof, and also that Dr. Hoorfar was entitled
to some amount in damages. Based upon Dr. Hoorfar's testimony, there was nothing shocking
about the jury's verdict and award of $ 10,360.00 in damages. This is the figure he testified he
calculated based upon the software available to him and the formula to which the parties agreed.
While it is true that Ms. Gatsch offered conflicting evidence, the jury had every right to disregard
it as not credible and to credit Dr. Hoorfar's testimony. Accordingly, the Court did not err or abuse
its discretion when it chose not to grant Appellants' request for JNOV.
52
L. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Did Not Enter
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict on Appellants ' Counterclaim
Rmardine the Sale of the Office Eduipment
Next, Appellants complain that the Court erred and/or committed an abuse of discretion
when it did not enter judgment NOV on Appellants' counterclaim regarding the sale of Hoorfar
Dental's office equipment and supplies. Specifically, Appellants contend that the jury's verdict
on this counterclaim was against the weight of the evidence and the undersigned should have
entered judgment in favor of Appellants and against Appellees in the amount of $ 11,500.00.
Concise Statement at 2.
At trial, Appellants sought to prove that Appellees breached 117.13 and 7.20 of the APA
with respect to the supplies and equipment purchased by Appellants. In support of this claim,
Appellants moved the APA into evidence as Exhibit D-1 and Exhibit D-1 was admitted without
objection. Ms. Gatsch testified that Exhibit A to Exhibit D-1 was an inventory list of all the assets
included in the sale of the dental practice other than the Practice Accounts Receivable. N.T.
7/14/21, at 101; see also Exhibit D-1, Exhibit B. Ms. Gatsch testified that pursuant to the APA,
Appellants were purchasing "all of the assets of the practice including the furniture, the equipment,
the patients, the computers, the x-ray unit. And from my understanding the account receivables
over 90 days." N.T. 7/14/21, at 103.
Ms. Gatsch further testified on direct examination that as to the warranties set forth in ¶¶
7.13 and 7.20 of the APA which state as follows:
The Practice Assets, whether owned or leased by Seller, (i) are in
good operating condition and repair, subject to normal wear and
maintenance, (ii) are useable in the regular and ordinary course of
business, (iii) conform to all applicable laws, ordinances, codes,
rules and regulations, and (iv) are in compliance with all required
consents, approvals and authorizations ("Authorizations") relating
to their use and operation, including, but not limited to any
environmental regulations ....
53
APA, 17.13.
No representation or warranty by Seller in this Agreement nor any
certificate, schedule, statement, exhibit, agreement, document or
instrument furnished or to be furnished to Purchaser pursuant
thereto, or in connection with the negotiation, execution or
performance of this Agreement, contains or will contain any untrue
statement of amaterial fact or omits or will omit to state amaterial
fact required to be stated herein or therein or necessary to make any
statement herein or therein not misleading.
APA, ¶ 7.20. Ms. Gatsch then testified as to certain "issues" she had with pieces of equipment
after the Closing Date. First, Ms. Gatsch testified that they had issues with the panoramic x-ray.
N.T. 7/14/21, at 183. She explained that there are three motors that operate the machine and she
learned that two of the motors needed to be replaced. N.T. 7/14/21, at 183-84. She testified that
one of the motors was replaced and Dr. Hoorfar did pay for that motor. She further testified that
the second motor is no longer available as the unit is so old and they don't make parts for it
anymore. N.T. 7/14/21, at 184. She testified that in order to have aworking panoramic x-ray
machine, she would need to replace the existing one. N.T. 7/14/21, at 184-85.
With respect to other equipment, Ms. Gatsch testified that there also were issues with an
x-ray machine in treatment room 3. N.T. 7/14/21, at 185. She testified that "[t]he unit itself was
old but there were issues initially with the trigger or the button to be able to capture the image
outside of the room." N.T. 7/14/21, at 185. She testified that because the unit was "so old" it was
not easily repairable and "not easy to get parts," so she replaced it with aportable x-ray camera
"rather than replacing the antiquated x-ray units." N.T. 7/14/21, at 184-86. Ms. Gatsch also
testified that she started having problems with the handpieces (high speed drills) soon after the
Closing Date. N.T. 7/14/21, at 187.
54
Thereafter, Mr. Dudeck marked a series of invoices from Henry Schein collectively as
Exhibit D-15. Ultimately, D-15 was admitted for the limited purpose of permitting Appellants to
attempt to prove damages. 15
Ms. Gatsch then testified that she had to pay $459.76 to fix adental chair she had purchased
from RG Dental. Ms. Gatsch conceded that the chair was still under warranty so the $459.76.
represented labor only. N.T. 7/14/21, at 195-96. Ms. Gatsch then testified to an invoice for
$2,177.18 which she explained was for handpieces. N.T. 7/14/21, at 198. Ms. Gatsch did not
testify as to when she purchased these handpieces but the invoice reflects adate of December 17,
2018. See Exhibit D-15.
Ms. Gatsch then testified regarding the topic of supplies. She testified that the supplies in
the office did not meet her expectations represented in the APA. N.T. 7/14/21, at 201-02. She
testified that she had to purchase dental supplies on August 3and August 6, 2018 which cost her
$2,131.93. Ms. Gatsch testified that she purchased dental materials for $ 155.00 on or about August
3, 2018. She further stated that she purchased additional dental supplies for $54.00 and paid $27.00
for needles for the syringes. N.T. 7/14/21, at 204-06. Ms. Gatsch testified that she ordered more
dental supplies on August 27, 2018, and paid $314.26 for those supplies. Ms. Gatsch also testified
that she had to pay $599.99 for an emergency kit that she contended was required by law because
the kit she purchased as part of the sale had expired. N.T. 7/14/21, at 206-07. Finally, Ms. Gatsch
15Mr. Burns did not object to the authenticity of Exhibit D-15 but did object to its admission. Mr.
Bums first objected to the admission of any invoices to the extent that the repairs referenced therein
had not been made but agreed to the admission of the documents for the limited purpose of proving
damages. N.T. 7/14/21, at 192. The Court then admitted Exhibit D-15 but only for the limited
purpose of calculating damages, if in fact, the jury found abreach and damages. N.T. 7/14/21, at
193. After Mr. Dudeck began questioning Ms. Gatsch on Exhibit D-15, he realized that one of the
"invoices" was actually aquote for work that was never performed. The parties agreed that Exhibit
D-15 would be modified such that that estimate would be removed. The parties similarly agreed
that astatement (not invoice) was also be removed from Exhibit D-15. N.T. 7/14/21, at 196-98.
55
testified that she paid $ 588.91 in labor to replace amotor for the panoramic. She testified that this
was not the motor purchased by Dr. Hoorfar and that she had purchased this motor from adifferent
representative. The $ 588.91 represented the labor for this motor. N.T. 7/14/21, at 207-08.
Ms. Gatsch also testified as to an invoice she paid for installation of an amalgam separator,
arepair kit for the vacuum pump, arepair kit for the air compressor and five handpieces. The
invoice was marked as Exhibit D-17 and admitted into evidence. Ms. Gatsch testified that she
paid $ 1,543.00 for the items referenced in Exhibit D-17. Ms. Gatsch did not testify as to when
these repairs were made, and Exhibit D-17 does not have adate on it. Ms. Gatsch testified to
another invoice from Dental Fix which was marked as Exhibit D-18 and admitted into evidence.
Ms. Gatsch testified that Exhibit D-18 related to repairs that were made in March of 2019. She
testified that the invoice is for $290.76, and she paid that amount to Dental Fix. N.T. 7/15/21, at
23-24.
On direct and cross-examination, Ms. Gatsch conceded that the equipment was sold in "as
is" condition. N.T. 7/14/21, at 114; N.T. 7/15/21, at 47. Ms. Gatsch also testified that attached to
the APA was an exhibit setting forth alist of the equipment to be sold and she would have been
able to inspect the equipment prior to the Closing Date. N.T. 7/15/21, at 70. Ms. Gatsch further
conceded that the dental chair that had to be fixed was relatively new and still under warranty.
N.T. 7/15/21, at 64. Ms. Gatsch also admitted that the first time she raised any issues with Dr.
Hoorfar about the equipment (other than the panoramic x-ray for which she agrees he covered the
new motor) was in November 2018, months after the Closing Date. N.T. 7/15/21, at 64-65. Ms.
Gatsch also conceded that she sought to recover for some repairs that were not required until many
months after the Closing Date. N.T. 7/15/21, at 72-75. She further acknowledged that some of
56
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the equipment she bought was old and would eventually need to be replaced. N.T. 7/15/21, at 77-
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78.
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:0 going to be based upon the normal inventory of the seller. N.T. 7/15/21, at 68. Ms. Gatsch
00
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edDr.Hoorf
ar '
s " normali
nventory. " N.T. 7/15/21,
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02) at 68-69.
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g During his testimony on this topic of equipment and supplies, Dr. Hoorfar testified that he
wa sold the equipment on as "as is" basis and understood the "As-Is" paragraph of the APA to mean
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"whatever you get that day is what you get that day" subject to the representations that the
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equipment was in good working order. N.T. 7/15/21, at 107-08. He further testified that he
oa believed the equipment he sold was in good working order as of the Closing Date with the
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exception of the panoramic. He testified that the panoramic was an old piece of equipment and he
aa believed Ms. Gatsch's expectations about it were unreasonabl e. 16 He testified, however, that he
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there was an issue with the trigger on the x-ray arm and he paid to fix that as well. N.T. 7/15/21,
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m at 108-10. Dr. Hoorfar also testified that otherwise, "[n]obody was telling me things weren't
oQ working." He was providing dental services at the new practice and "everything was working."
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N.T. 7/15/21, at 108. According to Dr. Hoorfar, these issues with the equipment were only brought
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to his attention around the same time he was going to discontinue providing dental services. N.T.
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v 7/15/21, at 110-11.
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16Notably, she described this equipment on direct examination as "antiquated." N.T. 7/14/21, at
a 186.
NR• 57
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With respect to handpieces specifically, Dr. Hoorfar testified that rather than spend
$1,000.00 on asingle German handpiece, it was his practice to purchase ten "decent" handpieces
and replace them after three months. N.T. 7/15/21, at 111. He also testified that when he was
advised that RG Dental had some issues with handpieces, he did purchase ten handpieces for them.
N.T. 7/15/21, at 111-12.
As to supplies, Dr. Hoorfar was asked about his understanding of the provision relating
thereto in the APA. Dr. Hoorfar testified that he understood his obligation to mean "whatever the
office operations manager was doing which is keep the office supplied as they needed it." N.T.
7/15/21, at 112-13. He also testified that as of the Closing Date he was not aware of any supply
shortages, and no one raised any issue of shortages with him. N.T. 7/15/21, at 113.
Again, in light of the foregoing evidence, there was nothing shocking or inherently
unreasonable about the jury's verdict in favor of Appellees on this counterclaim. There was more
than sufficient evidence introduced demonstrating that Dr. Hoorfar sold the equipment in agood
working condition, and, to the extent he did not, he paid for those repairs. There was also more
than sufficient evidence for ajury to reasonably conclude that Appellants' complaints of additional
problems were not timely raised and/or were the result of abreakdown in the relationship and not
the equipment itself.
As for the supplies, Ms. Gatsch could not even testify as to what the normal inventory of
Hoorfar Dental looked like, and again, Dr. Hoorfar testified that up until the Closing Date he
maintained operations and supplies in the same manner as he normally would in operating the
practice himself. The jury had the right to credit his testimony over that of Ms. Gatsch. See Haan,
103 A.3d at 72 (explaining that "a fact-finder is permitted to accept all, part, or none of the
testimony, and it is within the fact-finder's exclusive province to resolve conflicts in that
58
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as
testimony"). In light of the record, the jury's verdict on this particular claim cannot be said to be
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o shocking. Accordingly, the Court did not err or abuse its discretion when it chose not to grant
o Appellants' request for JNOV and enter aspecific award in their favor for $ 11,500.00.
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i
Q M. The Trial Court Did Not Err or Abuse its Discretion When it Did Not Enter
w Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict on Appellants ' Counterclaim
3 Regarding Dr. Teitelman '
sBonus
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a Appellants similarly complain that the Court erred and/or abused its discretion when it
U h
.
denied Appellants' request for judgment NOV on Appellants' breach of contract counterclaim
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w relating to Dr. Teitelman's bonus. Appellants contend that the jury's verdict with respect to that
0)U counterclaim also was against the weight of the evidence.
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PP sought
g to Prove that Appellees
PP breached
¶¶ 7.19 and 16.1 of the APA
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by failing to pay RG Dental's former employee, Dr. Teitelman, abonus for services Appellants
II 01
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contended were provided to Hoorfar Dental prior to the Closing Date. In support of this claim,
a a
o Appellants introduced into evidence two documents relating to the employment of Dr. Teitelman.
N
No The first, marked as Exhibit D-4, was the As si
gnmentf
or Emp l
oyment Agreement ("Ass i
gnment
oV
oa Agreement") and the second, marked Exhibit D-5, was the Employment Agreement for Dr.
Teitelman ("Employment Agreement"). Both Exhibits D-4 and D-5 were admitted into evidence
oa
y without objection. The PSA had already been admitted into evidence. See Exhibits P-2 and D-11.
U y..
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oa In addition, Ms. Gatsch explained that aft er th e Cl os i
ng Dat
e, Dr. Tei
te l
man, a f
ormer
employee of Hoorfar Dental, began to work for RG Dental pursuant to the Assignment Agreement
m 2
``° and the Employment Agreement. Ms. Gatsch testified that in August 2018, Dr. Teitelman came
"t Z to her and asked for abonus payment. N.T. 7/14/21, at 164-65. Ms. Gatsch did not specify when
•a
o in August Dr. Teitelman made this req ues t. M s. Gat
sc h testified that under the Employment
co
r'L
o m
•0) Agreement, Dr. Teitelman was to receive 30 percent of her net collections and that was the bonus
O a
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NR= 59
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she sought from Ms. Gatsch. N.T. 7/14/21, at 165. Ms. Gatsch testified that she believed that RG
Dental was only responsible to pay Dr. Teitelman for services rendered after July 31, 2018, the
Closing Date. N.T. 7/14/21, at 167. Ms. Gatsch testified that Dr. Teitelman was seeking abonus
for services provided by her prior to the Closing Date. Ms. Gatsch testified that she believed
Hoorfar Dental was responsible for such bonus based upon 17.19 of the APA. N.T. 7/14/21, at
167-68. 17 Ms. Gatsch testified that she told Dr. Teitelman to take up her request for abonus with
Dr. Hoorfar, but eventually decided to pay her "as she was my employee and Ididn't want a
disgruntled employee thinking Iowed her money." N.T. 7/14/21, at 168.
Subsequent to this testimony, Mr. Dudeck marked adocument as Exhibit D-11 and asked
Ms. Gatsch to identify the document. Ms. Gatsch identified Exhibit D-11 as documents generated
from her ADP payroll software which she used to calculate the bonus which she testified she paid
Ms. Gatsch. Exhibit D-11 was admitted into evidence without objection. Ms. Gatsch then testified
to the amount of the total bonuses she paid Dr. Teitelman including for services rendered after
July 31, 2018. N.T. 7/14/21, at 172-74. Ms. Gatsch calculated that amount to be $28,214.97.
N.T. 7/14/21, at 173. Notably, Ms. Gatsch was unable to identify the amount of the bonus that
was paid to Ms. Teitelman for services provided before July 31, 2018 until after counsel for
Appellants refreshed Ms. Gatsch's recollection. Upon having her recollection refreshed with
17 Paragraph 7.19 of the APA states as follows:
Seller shall have sole and exclusive responsibility for any duties and
obligations owed to its employees, including any and all vacations,
bonus, and other benefits which have accrued prior the Closing
Date. Purchaser is not assuming any such obligations.
APA, 17.19.
60
Exhibit D-10 (not admitted), Ms. Gatsch testified that the bonus she paid for work performed by
Dr. Teitelman prior to July 31, 2018 was $ 19,775.91. N.T. 7/14/21, at 180-81.
On cross-examination, Mr. Burns reviewed the Assignment Agreement with Ms. Gatsch
and Ms. Gatsch conceded that the Employment Agreement was assigned to RG Dental and Dr.
Teitelman became an employee of RG Dental Group as of July 31, 2018. N.T. 7/15/21, at 51-52.
Ms. Gatsch agreed on cross-examination that she understood the Employment Agreement to mean
that after the Closing Date, RG Dental was responsible to pay Ms. Teitelman her salary,
commission, and bonus. N.T. 7/15/21, at 55, 58-59. She also conceded that any receivables that
came in for work performed by Dr. Teitelman before July 31, 2018 were being collected by RG
Dental. N.T. 7/15/21, at 56.
In defense of this claim, Dr. Hoorfar also testified. Notably, he testified that he did, in fact,
pay abonus owed to Dr. Teitelman. N.T. 7/15/21, at 102. Dr. Hoorfar testified that the calculation
of the bonus is done on a monthly basis, and he explained how Dr. Teitelman's bonus was
calculated each month under the Employment Agreement. N.T. 7/15/21, at 100-03. He further
testified that such bonus is then typically paid in the next paycheck. N.T. 7/15/21, at 101-03. Dr.
Hoorfar acknowledged that Hoorfar Dental had an obligation to pay Dr. Teitelman's bonus for
July 2018. He testified that he waited until all the July 2018 money was in, did the calculation of
her bonus, and then paid her. N.T. 7/15/21, at 102. He testified that he paid her in full for his
obligations to her including any bonus. N.T. 7/15/21, at 102-04.
Based upon this evidentiary record, the jury's verdict in favor of Dr. Hoorfar on this
counterclaim cannot be said to be shocking. There was clearly an evidentiary discrepancy as to
whether Dr. Hoorfar paid to Dr. Teitelman abonus for work performed prior to July 31, 2018. As
factfinder, however, it was within the province of the jury to decide whether to credit Ms. Gatsch's
61
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U G testimony or Dr. Hoorfar's testimony on this subject. See Haan, 103 A.3d at 71 (explaining that
U
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"[t]he factfinder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility
a•
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o= of the witnesses"). 18 The jury clearly chose to accept Dr. Hoorfar's testimony that he paid Ms.
•a
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Teitelman her bonus for work performed prior to July 2018. There was certainly sufficient
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evidence in the record to support this. According, the Court did not err or abuse its discretion
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when it chose not to grant Appellants' request for JNOV.
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V. CONCLUSION:
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BY THE COURT:
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DATE: 3' 9 — •a
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DENISE M. BOWMAN, J.
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18 Notably absent to testify in support of this counterclaim was Dr. Teitelman herself. Also, Dr.
a Rakawsky did not testify or, for that matter, even attend the trial.
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