Commonwealth v. Ferraro

Opinion by

Cercone, J.,

Appellant, Richard Ferraro, was arrested on August 19, 1971, and charged with larceny of an automobile and possession of burglary tools. Following the denial of his pre-trial motion to suppress evidence, appellant was found guilty in a non-jury trial of both charges. Post-trial motions were denied and appellant was sentenced to serve a three-to-six month term of imprisonment. This appeal followed.

The sole issue properly preserved for our review¹ raises the legality of appellant’s arrest. Appellant argues that his arrest was illegal and that the physical evidence seized incident to that arrest should have been suppressed. We disagree.

The relevant facts are as follows: On August 19, 1971, at approximately 1:15 a.m., a 1971 yellow and gold Cadillac automobile was stolen from an apartment complex located in Bensalem Township, Bucks County. The owner of the vehicle, alerted by the sound of the engine being started up, observed her car being driven away and immediately telephoned the Bensalem Township Police. Moments later, a Bensalem Township police officer, William Thompson, received a radio bulletin that the Cadillac had been stolen from an address located less than one mile from his present position. Due to road construction, Officer Thompson had to proceed east on Grant Avenue in Philadelphia in order to reach the Ben-salem Township address. While driving east on Grant Avenue, Officer Thompson observed the described Cadillac in the west bound lane. Officer Thompson then made a U-tum to investigate further. This investigation was hampered, however, by a 1971 Lincoln Continental automobile, operated by appellant, which was “tailgating” the Cadillac. The proximity of the Lincoln to the Cadillac (“maybe a half a car length”) made it impossible for Officer Thompson to check the registration number of the Cadillac. When the Cadillac stopped for the traffic light at the Frankford Avenue intersection, Officer Thompson pulled alongside. He noticed that the lock cylinder on the driver’s door of the Cadillac had been removed. The operator of the Cadillac, Thomas DiCicco, Jr., was placed under arrest.

In the meantime, a Philadelphia policeman, Officer Hughes, had observed Officer Thompson travelling east on Grant Avenue. Following Thompson, Hughes also made the U-turn and pulled alongside the Lincoln which was stopped behind the Cadillac at the traffic light. Officer Thompson alerted Officer Hughes that the Cadillac had been stolen and requested him to “cover” the Lincoln while he was securing the driver of the Cadillac. At the direction of Officer Hughes, who had drawn his service revolver, appellant turned off the ignition and alighted from the Lincoln. As appellant stepped out of the Lincoln, Officer Hughes observed in plain view on the front seat, a vise grip wrench and an open tote bag from which were dangling a “bunch” of car key blanks. Further examination of the tote bag revealed that it contained additional car key blanks, a pair of cutting pliers, a key-making device, a tool fitting the rear of an ignition lock, and a flashlight. A body search incident to appellant’s arrest disclosed two automobile lock cylinders.

The Commonwealth, although conceding that probable cause did not exist for appellant’s arrest at the time he was ordered to exit from the Lincoln, contends that the subsequent events, in plain view of Officers Thompson and Hughes, established probable cause for appellant’s arrest. For the reasons set forth below, we agree.

It is well settled that: “The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape.” Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145 (1972). Indeed, it is quite clear that a police officer is justified in making a reasonable investigatory stop of a suspicious individual “in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo temporarily while obtaining more information. . . .” Id. at 146. A police officer’s authority to “stop and frisk” a citizen is predicated upon his observation of “unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot and that the person (s) with whom he is dealing may be armed and presently dangerous. . . .” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). See also Commonwealth v. Pollard, 450 Pa. 138 (1973). Furthermore, in order to justify a “stop and frisk” the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion. See Adams v. Williams, supra; Terry v. Ohio, supra; Commonwealth v. Boyer, supra. “Thus is it also clear that an investigative stop of a moving vehicle, to be valid, must be based upon objective facts creating a reasonable suspicion that the detained motorist is presently involved in criminal activity.” Commonwealth v. Murray, 460 Pa. 53, 61, 331 A.2d 414, 418 (1975). See also Commonwealth v. Nastari, 232 Pa. Superior Ct. 405, 335 A.2d 468 (1975).

Application of the foregoing principles to the case at bar leads us to conclude that the investigatory stop of appellant was lawful in light of the attendant circumstances. As the court below stated:

“Officer Thompson knew that a car with the unusual yellow and gold characteristics of the subject Cadillac had been stolen only minutes before from a location only a short distance away and from the direction of which the suspect vehicle was proceeding. He unquestionably, therefore, had probable cause to pursue, stop and apprehend the operator of the Cadillac. In the course of so doing, he became aware of additional circumstances which gave him not unreasonable grounds for at least suspicion that possibly the operator of the closely following Lincoln was also involved. Additionally, both he and Officer Hughes of the Philadelphia police department (in whose bail-wick (sic) these vehicles were then being operated) personally observed the driver of the Lincoln committing a violation of the summary provisions of § 1010 of the Vehicle Code, as amended 75 P.S. § 1010, which prohibit an operator from following more closely than is reasonable and proper.”²

The lower court properly concluded that the unusual manner in which the Lincoln was being operated at this early morning hour created a reasonable suspicion that it was also involved in the criminal activity that was being investigated. Here, we have an officer in a marked police vehicle responding to a stolen car report when he observes what appears to be the subject automobile travel-ling in the opposite direction being closely followed by another automobile. When the officer makes a U-turn and attempts to check the license number of the subject vehicle he finds his efforts thwarted by appellant’s intervening automobile for a span of 200 yards. In the words of Officer Thompson:

“The Lincoln seemed to be tailgating the Cadillac, stopping, making it impossible for me to get behind the Cadillac to get the registration.” Officer Thompson also testified that when he first sighted the automobiles the Lincoln was a car length or two behind the Cadillac, but after he made a U-tum and began following the vehicles the distance between the Cadillac and Lincoln narrowed even further. Likewise, Officer Hughes testified that following the U-turn the Lincoln pulled up extremely close to the rear of the Cadillac.

We find that these facts constituted sufficient unusual conduct to justify a reasonable suspicion on the part of an experienced police officer that criminal activity was possibly afoot.

Accordingly, adequate grounds existed' for temporarily detaining appellant for investigation. Moreover, we do not believe that simply because Officer Hughes drew his service revolver while directing appellant to alight from the Lincoln turned this investigatory stop into an arrest. As the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has observed: “It does not seem to us that, without regard to motive, solely because an officer draws his weapon, an investigatory stop is turned into an arrest. To require an officer to risk his life in order to make an investigatory stop would run contrary to the intent of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).” United States v. Maslanka, 501 F.2d 208, 213 at n. 10 (5th Cir. 1974). Instantly, in view of the late hour of the night and the serious nature of the crime under investigation, we think the officer was justified in taking appropriate measures to protect himself. And, although an arrest can be effected without formal words of arrest, in the circumstances of this case, the absence of such words indicate that appellant was initially detained merely for investigative questioning. See United States v. Richards, 501 F.2d 1025 (9th Cir. 1974).

Since the investigatory stop was lawful it follows that the officers had the right to be in the position from which they observed the vise grip wrench and the car key blanks in plain view on the front seat of the Lincoln. See Commonwealth v. Nastari, supra. After observing these items, in conjunction with all the other attendant circumstances, probable cause then existed for appellant’s arrest; and, therefore, the more complete search of his person and automobile incident to that arrest was lawful. Adams v. Williams, supra; Commonwealth v. Nastari, supra.

Judgments of sentence affirmed.

1 . Appellant has also submitted two other assignments of alleged error for our consideration. Neither of these contentions, however, were raised in the lower court and are therefore deemed waived for purposes of appellate review. Commonwealth, v. Reid, 458 Pa. 357 (1974) ; Commonwealth v. Clair, 458 Pa. 418 (1974); Commonwealth v. Agie, 449 Pa. 187 (1972).

2 . The fact that appellant was not stopped or arrested for tailgating does not detract from or affect the paramount issue of whether Officer Thompson’s suspicion — that the operator of the Lincoln (appellant) was possibly involved in criminal activity — was a reasonable one.