Judges： Lally-Green, Bender, Graci
Filed Date： 2/12/2003
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/26/2024
¶ 1 This is an appeal in a declaratory judgment action. Appellants, Wayne D. Evans Insurance Agency (hereinafter “Evans Agency”), Glenn Evans, an individual (hereinafter “Evans”), and Travelers Property Casualty Corporation (hereinafter “Travelers”), appeal the Order entered October 17, 2001, in favor of Appellees, Dan-nette Pressley, Administratrix of the Estate of Mary Frances Brown, deceased, Dannette Pressley, an individual, and Dorothy Harris, an individual (hereinafter “Pressley”). A verdict was entered in favor of Pressley and jointly and severally against Evans Agency, Evans, and Travelers. The order appealed from designated Pressley’s decedent as an insured effective January 26,1997, and therefore, an eligible claimant for all underinsurance and first party benefits coverage. The order also dismissed, without prejudice, the cross claim for indemnity by Travelers against Evans Agency and Evans as being premature. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the order of the lower court.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 2 This declaratory judgment action was initiated by Pressley, as noted above, following the death of Brown on March 16, 1997, when she was struck by an automobile. The complaint sought a declaration of whether the decedent had coverage for underinsurance (UIM) and first party benefits under the Travelers policy. In its answer and new matter, Travelers responded that the policy expressly excluded coverage because the decedent was a nonresident relative of the insured, her daughter (Pressley), and she was not operating one of the vehicles covered under the policy at the time of her accident. Travelers denied that the agent who acted on the policy, Evans, had made representations to
¶ 3 Evans also filed an answer and new matter, seeking a judgment in his favor because he did not provide any agreement to insure Pressley’s decedent and because he is not an insurance company which provides coverage. Pressley responded to Evans’ new matter by asserting that she reasonably relied on the representations that the decedent would have the same coverage that she had, so that Evans should be held responsible for providing benefits coverage if Travelers is not. Travelers then amended its new matter to provide that, if it is found liable for coverage, Evans should be found solely liable or, alternatively, jointly and severally liable for any damages that Pressley is entitled to recover. In the alternative, Travelers requested that Evans be found responsible for indemnifying Travelers in any amount that Pressley is adjudged to recover from Travelers.
¶ 4 At the conclusion of a non-jury trial, the trial judge made detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law and rendered a verdict in favor of Pressley and against Travelers, Evans Agency, and Evans. This appeal followed.
¶ 5 We adopt the learned trial court’s findings of fact.
Evans is the owner of Evans Agency. As part of its ordinary course of business, Evans Agency submitted applications for homeowners, automobile and other policies of insurance for Aetna Property and Casualty Insurance (“Aet-na”). N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 15. Aet-na recently merged with or into Travelers. Id. at 11. Evans Agency was an agent of Travelers during the time period from January 1, 1997 through May 30,1997. Id. at 15.
Pressley only personally met Evans one time in 1994 when he was called by a Harrisburg auto dealer to provide insurance coverage for a Ford Escort automobile she purchased in February 1994. Through the years, Pressley purchased automobile and homeowners policies through Evans both when Pressley lived in Harrisburg and thereafter when she lived in Pittsburgh. Id. at 15-16. Whenever Pressley wished to modify or question her insurance coverage, she would simply telephone Evans and he would confirm all changes via telephone. Id. at 61-62.
On August 22, 1995, Evans placed Pressley’s automobile coverage with Aetna. On May 29, 1996, Pressley, by telephone, informed Evans that she became title owner of a 1986 Mercury Cougar which Evans added to Pressley’s automobile insurance policy. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 16.
On January 26, 1997, Pressley had a telephone call with Evans, during which she informed him that her mother, Mary Brown, was a driver of a vehicle listed on the policy. Id. at 16. Evans advised that since Brown was the primary driver of the vehicle, she should be added to Pressley’s insurance policy so that she would be covered by Pressley’s insurance. Pressley agreed with Evans’ advice and instructed Evans to add her mother to her policy. Pressley asked that her mother have the precise coverage that she had on the policy. Evans said that he would add Brown to Press-ley’s insurance policy with the same exact coverage that Pressley had. Id. at 63-64. In 1997 Pressley’s automobile insurance policy provided full tort automobile coverage with underinsured, non-*1135 stacking coverage for $305,000.00 for each accident and first-party benefits including medical expenses up to $25,000.00, income loss limited to $25,000.00, and funeral expense and accidental death limits of $2,500.00 and $10,000.00 respectively. Id. at 62. Evans assured Pressley that this addition would be made effective immediate [sic. ] that same day. Id. at 64.
Evans never asked Pressley where Brown lived or if Brown lived with Pressley. Brown did not live with Pressley. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 63. Pressley reasonably relied on the assurances of Evans that her mother had the same coverage as her, effective on January 26,1997, irrespective of Brown’s residence. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. II, at 32-33.
At the conclusion of the phone call, Evans requested that when Pressley mailed in her next renter’s insurance premium that she also forward her mother’s Social Security number and Pennsylvania driver’s license number for his file. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 69. At no time did Evans ever tell Pressley that this requested information was required as a precondition to coverage before he could add Brown to Pressley’s policy. Id. at 74-75.
Evans failed to add Brown to Press-ley’s policy as promised on January 26, 1997. Id. at 79. On March 16, 1997, Brown was killed when she was struck by a drunk driver. On March 17, 1997, Pressley called Evans to inform him that her mother had been killed and she asked him how she could recover benefits since Pressley believed that Brown was covered by her insurance since January 26, 1997. Id. at 84-85. At first Evans denied that Brown was covered by the policy because he never received Brown’s Social Security number and driver’s license number. Evans then acknowledged that he had promised to add Brown to the policy on January 26, 1997. At no time did Evans question Pressley as to where Brown resided. In fact, he assumed that Brown resided with Press-ley. Id. at 87-88.
On March 17, 1997, after learning of Brown’s death, Evans telephoned Travelers and attempted to have Brown added to Pressley’s policy as a listed driver of the Cougar automobile. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 17. Evans did not inform the Travelers representative that he was already aware that Brown was dead and that a claim was being made for coverage. Evans specifically asked the Travelers representative to backdate the effective date of Brown’s addition to Pressley’s policy so it would be effective as of January 26, 1997. Id. at 96-97.
Travelers computer system was unable to backdate the effective date of Brown’s addition to Pressley’s policy to the requested date of January 26, 1997. Rather, they could only backdate the effective date of the addition to March 11, 1997, the date of the last change made on the policy. Evans asked that Brown’s addition to Pressley’s policy be added with an effective date of March 11, 1997, five days prior to Brown’s death. Evans requested that Travelers add Brown as a listed driver on the policy so that she or her estate would be eligible for benefits under the policy. Those benefits included first-party and underinsured motorist benefits. Id. at 97. Travelers added Brown to Press-ley’s policy retroactively with an effective date of March 11, 1997. Id. at 101-102.
On March 19, 1997, Daniel Hank Williams, Brown’s brother, telephoned Evans to inform Evans that he was handling Brown’s affairs and asked what needed to be done. Evans acknowledged to Williams that Brown was cov*1136 ered under Pressley’s policy and that he was already aware of her death. Evans gave Williams a telephone number for Travelers’ Pittsburgh office and told him to call them direct. Id. at 103. Williams dialed the number given to him by Evans and reached Travelers representative, Ruth Lorey. Lorey advised that she too was aware of the accident and acknowledged that Brown was covered under Pressley’s policy. At no time did Lorey or anyone else ever indicate that there would not be coverage for this loss. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. II, at 3 — 4.
On March 20, 1997, Lorey sent a letter confirming the substance of her conversation with Williams. Without reserving any rights, Lorey again acknowledged that Brown was covered under Pressley’s policy for first-party benefits including $25,000.00 for medical charges, $10,000 for an accidental death benefit and $2,500.00 for funeral expenses. Id. at 4-5. Pressley reasonably relied on the assurances of Travelers based upon the March 20, 1997 letter from Ruth Lorey that her mother was covered for all available coverages under the policy. Id. at 34.
On March 23, 1997, Attorney Homer Walton, a friend of Pressley’s, discussed the terms of Brown’s coverage with Evans. Walton asked Evans about the coverage available for Brown under Pressley’s policy. Evans acknowledged that there was first party benefits coverage for Brown since she was on Press-ley’s policy. When asked about underin-surance coverage, Evans said there was no underinsurance coverage because Pressley never forwarded Brown’s Social Security number and driver’s license number as requested. Id. at 6-7.
Upon learning that there was a potential underinsurance claim, Travelers made no more acknowledgements of coverage and Thomas Lighthall from Travelers sent a letter to Pressley on March 21, 1997 saying that the claim was being investigated. Id. at 16. On March 31, 1997, Mr. Lighthall sent a Reservation of Rights letter to Pressley advising her, inter alia, that Travelers was conducting an investigation of the claim, and was reserving all rights under the policy. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. II, at 105.
¶ 6 The lower court entered the above-referenced order of October 17, 2001, and in response thereto, Evans Agency and Evans filed a notice of appeal at 1971 WDA 2001 and Travelers filed a notice of appeal at 1996 WDA 2001. By Order dated February 7, 2002, appeals 1971 and 1996 WDA 2001 were listed consecutively before a single panel of this Court for purposes of argument or submission.
¶ 7 Evans Agency and Evans now raise the following issues on appeal:
I. Whether an insurance agency and agent who are neither an insured nor an insurance company can be found liable jointly and severally with the insurance company where the only claim being presented is to have coverage declared pursuant to the Pennsylvania Declaratory Judgments Act?
II. Whether Plaintiffs Decedent was an insured under the motor vehicle policy in question effective January 26, 1997, and as such eligible for under insurance and first party benefits?
Brief for Appellant, at 3. Travelers now raises the following issues on appeal:
I. Whether the trial court erred in failing to apply the clear and unambiguous terms and conditions of the insurance policy, which under the instant facts precludes coverage pursuant to the resident relative exclusion contained in the policy?
*1137 II. Whether the trial court erred in finding that an insured is entitled to rely on the alleged statements of an insurance agent where the insured acknowledges she received, but faded to read her insurance policy including the clear and unambiguous terms of the policy in question?
III. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the reasonable expectations of an insured circumvent the clear and unambiguous terms and conditions of the policy?
IV. Whether the trial court erred in finding the insurer jointly and severally liable with its agent who acted outside the scope of his authority, where the insurer, predicated upon the misrepresentations of its agent, mistakenly initially informed the insured there was coverage for certain benefits, prior to the insurer determining the resident relative exclusion contained in the policy precluded coverage?
V. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that the insurer’s indemnity claims against its agent were premature since the uncontroverted evidence, in conjunction with the trial court’s findings of facts and conclusions of law yield the inescapable conclusion that the agent acted outside the scope of his agency relationship, and that had the agent not exceeded the scope of his authority, the terms and conditions of the policy clearly preclude coverage?
Brief for Appellant, at 4.
¶ 8 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the decision of the lower court.
II. SCOPE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing the decision of the trial court in a declaratory judgment action, our scope of review is narrow. O’Brien v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 455 Pa.Super. 568, 689 A.2d 254, 257 (1997). Consequently, we are limited to determining whether the trial court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence, whether an error of law was committed or whether the trial court abused its discretion. Walker v. Ehlinger, 544 Pa. 298, 676 A.2d 213, 214 n. 2 (1996). The test is not whether we would have reached the same result on the evidence presented, but whether the trial court’s conclusion can reasonably be drawn from the evidence. Where the trial court’s factual determinations are adequately supported by the evidence we may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Clearfield Volunteer Fire Department v. BP Oil, 412 Pa.Super. 29, 602 A.2d 877 (1992), appeal denied, 531 Pa. 650, 613 A.2d 556 (1992).
Ross Dev. Co. v. Advanced Bldg. Dev., 803 A.2d 194, 195-196 (Pa.Super.2002).
[T]he findings of the trial judge in a non-jury case must be given the same weight and affect on appeal as a verdict of a jury and will not be disturbed on appeal absent error of law or abuse of discretion. When this court reviews the findings of the trial judge, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the victorious party below and all evidence and proper inferences favorable to that party must be taken as true and all unfavorable inferences rejected.
PARC Holdings, Inc. v. Killian, 785 A.2d 106, 110 (Pa.Super.2001) (citation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
¶ 9 We will begin by addressing the issues raised by Evans Agency and Evans on appeal. Evans Agency and Evans first contend that the trial court erred in finding them jointly and severally liable with Travelers under the Pennsylvania De
An action for declaratory judgment is available to obtain a declaration of the existing legal rights, duties, or status of the parties where the declaration will aid in the determination of a genuine, justiciable controversy. Fidelity Bank v. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, 498 Pa. 80, 444 A.2d 1154, 1158-1160 (1982); Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Cummings, 438 Pa.Super. 586, 652 A.2d 1338, 1340 n. 5 (1994), allo. denied, 540 Pa. 650, 659 A.2d 988 (1995). A declaratory judgment action is particularly appropriate in construing contracts of insurance in order to determine whether an insurer is obligated to defend and/or indemnify one claiming under the policy. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. S.G.S. Co., 456 Pa. 94, 318 A.2d 906, 907-908 (1974); 42 Pa.C.S. § 7533 (construction of documents) (citation omitted). The proper construction of an insurance policy is an issue which may be resolved as a matter of law in a declaratory judgment action. Alexander v. CNA Insurance Co., 441 Pa.Super. 507, 657 A.2d 1282, 1284 (1995).
Redevelopment Authority of Cambria County v. International Ins. Co., 454 Pa.Super. 374, 685 A.2d 581, 586-587 (1996).
¶ 10 The Declaratory Judgments Act provides, inter alia:
Courts of record, within their respective jurisdictions, shall have power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations whether or not further relief is or could be claimed. No action or proceeding shall be open to objection on the ground that a declaratory judgment or decree is prayed for. The declaration may be either affirmative or negative in form and effect, and such declaration shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7532 (emphasis added).
¶ 11 The lower court found that
Evans, an authorized insurance agent, is required to exercise the skill and knowledge normally possessed by members of that profession to make sure that the coverage sought by the insured is the coverage received. N.T., 10/12/01, at 41. Evans was negligent in failing to ask where Brown resided when he assured Pressley that Brown would be immediately added to Pressley’s policy on January 26,1997.
Id. at 45.
¶ 12 We agree with the lower court that Evans, as an agent of Travelers, was negligent in failing to fulfill his duty of obtaining all of the information from Pressley needed to properly advise Travelers. Id. at 47. As a licensed insurance agent, Evans was required to exercise the skill and knowledge normally possessed by members of that profession and his failure to do so rendered him liable for any loss of coverage. The Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 299A (1965). Furthermore, the conclusion that Travelers was negligent was proper because “an insurer is liable for the acts of an agent who had authority to bind coverage and had advised the policyholder that he had done so.” Id. at 49-50; see also Sands v. Granite Mut. Ins. Co., 232 Pa.Super. 70, 331 A.2d 711 (1974).
¶ 13 Based on the representations made by Evans, having authority as an agent to bind Travelers, the lower court properly determined that Evans Agency and Evans were jointly and severally liable with Trav
¶ 14 With respect to the second issue raised by Evans Agency and Evans, they incorporate by reference Travelers’ Brief. Thus, we will now address the issues raised by Travelers. The first three issues raised by Travelers will be reviewed together. Travelers contends that the trial court erred:
1) in failing to apply the clear and unambiguous terms and conditions of the insurance policy, which under the uncon-troverted facts precludes coverage pursuant to the resident relative exclusion contained in the policy; 2) in finding that Pressley is entitled to rely on the alleged statements of Evans where she concedes she received, but failed to read the clear and unambiguous terms of her insurance policy; and 3) in finding that the reasonable expectations of Pressley circumvent the clear and unambiguous terms and conditions of the policy.
Brief for Appellant Travelers, at 4.
¶ 15 Travelers argues that Brown, deceased, was not a family member as defined by the policy and was not occupying a covered automobile within the terms of the policy and thus, because she was not a covered person, Pressley is not entitled to recover under the policy. Id. at 16-17. The lower court concluded that a clear and unambiguous contract provision must be given its plain meaning, unless to do so would be contrary to clearly expressed public policy. N.T., 10/12/01, at 96. It also concluded that the conduct of Evans and Travelers was such that Pressley has a right to be covered by what she was told she was covered and to get what she thought she bought. Id. at 94.
¶ 16 Contrary to Travelers’ contention, “normal contract principles [a]re no longer applicable in insurance transactions.” Collister, 388 A.2d at 1351.
Because the insurer is in the business of writing insurance agreements, the recent trend in insurance cases has been away from strict contractual approaches towards a view that insurance policies (and other insurance contracts) are no longer private contracts in the traditional sense (if they ever were). The traditional contractual approach fails to consider the true nature of the relationship between the insurer and its insureds. Only through the recognition that insurance contracts are not freely negotiated agreements entered into by parties of equal status; only by acknowledging that the conditions of an insurance contract are for the most part dictated by the insurance companies and that the insured cannot “bargain” over anything more than the monetary amount of coverage purchased, does our analysis approach the realities of an insurance transaction.
Id. at 1353.
¶ 17 We find Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co., 503 Pa.
¶ 18 The Pennsylvania Supreme Court later explained its decision in Standard Venetian Blind in Tonkovic v. State Farm Mutual Auto. Ins. Co., 513 Pa. 445, 521 A.2d 920 (1987), and distinguished Standard Venetian Blind from cases where the insured receives a policy containing changes in the coverage for which he originally applied. The Court found that
[A] crucial distinction between cases where one applies for a specific type of coverage and the insurer unilaterally limits that coverage, resulting in a policy quite different from what the insured requested, and cases where the insured received precisely the coverage that he requested but failed to read the policy to discover clauses that are the usual incident of the coverage applied for. When the insurer elects to issue a policy differing from what the insured requested and paid for, there is clearly a duty to advise the insured of the changes so made. The burden is not on the insured to read the policy to discover such changes, or not read it at his peril.
Tonkovic, 521 A.2d at 925. (emphasis added).
¶ 19 We agree with the trial court that this case parallels Tonkovic rather than Standard Venetian Blind because Press-ley did not receive the coverage she requested. The Tonkovic Court reiterated its position regarding the role of the courts relative to the expectations of insureds and their insurance policies.
The reasonable expectation of the insured is the focal point of the insurance transaction involved here. Beckham v. Travelers Insurance Co., 424 Pa. 107, 225 A.2d 532, 537 (1967). Courts should be concerned with assuring that the insurance purchasing public’s reasonable expectations are fulfilled. Thus, regardless of the ambiguity, or lack thereof, inherent in a given set of insurance documents (whether they be applications, conditional receipts, riders, policies, or whatever), the public has a right to expect that they will receive something of comparable value in return for the premium paid.... Through the use of lengthy, complex, and cumbersomely written applications, conditional receipts, riders, and policies, to name just a few, the insurance industry forces the insurance consumer to rely upon the oral representations of the insurance agent.... Courts must examine the dynamics of the insurance transaction to ascertain what are the reasonable expectations of the consumer. See, e.g., Rempel v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 471 Pa. 404, 370 A.2d 366 (1977).
Tonkovic, 521 A.2d at 926.
¶ 20 “Consumers, such as [Pressley], view an insurance agent, such as [Ev
¶ 21 The trial court found that Pressley had requested identical coverage for Brown and that Evans assured her that Brown would be added to Pressley’s policy with identical coverage beginning immediately on January 26, 1997. Thus, Evans created a reasonable expectation in Press-ley that Brown was covered by Pressley’s policy. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Brown is an insured entitled to first-party and underinsurance benefits as it has more than adequate support in the evidence.
¶ 22 Travelers contends that Pressley had a duty to read the policy which she possessed prior to her conversation with Evans and that the failure to read does not circumvent its clear and unambiguous terms. Brief for Appellant, at 24, 26. We note that the endorsement adding Brown to Pressley’s policy had not been issued as of the date of Brown’s death, and thus, nothing in the policy existed to suggest that the representations made by Evans were not valid. Even had the endorsement been issued to Pressley prior to Brown’s death, however, Pressley’s expectation of coverage was reasonable.
¶ 23 “[T]he policyholder has no duty to read the policy unless under the circumstances it is unreasonable not to read it.” Rempel, 370 A.2d at 369 (no duty to read into life insurance policy even though coverage differed from representation of agent). “When the insurer elects to issue a policy differing from what the insured requested and paid for, there is clearly a duty to advise the insured of the changes so made.” Tonkovic, 521 A.2d at 925. “The burden is not on the insured to read the policy to discover such changes.” Id. At no time did Evans indicate to Pressley that her policy differed from the requested coverage, that is, coverage for Brown under Pressley’s policy identical to Pressley’s coverage. Without any indication of change, we agree with the trial court that Pressley was under no obligation to read the policy.
¶ 24 Next, Travelers contends that the trial court erred in finding Travelers jointly and severally liable with Evans as it is tantamount to a finding of waiver/estoppel. Brief for Appellant, at 30. Contrary to Travelers contentions, the trial court found that Travelers was not estopped from denying coverage because it paid funeral benefits. N.T., 10/11/01, Vol. I, at 134. The lower court’s finding of coverage was based on its determination that Travelers’ agent had created a reasonable expectation of coverage in Pressley which was binding on Travelers. “[A] principal is liable to innocent third parties for the frauds, deceits, concealments, misrepresentations, torts, negligences and other malfeasances or misfeasances of his agent committed in the course of his employment, although the principal did not authorize, justify or participate in, or indeed know of, such misconduct, or even if he forbade the acts or disapproved of them.” Aiello v. Ed Saxe Real Estate, Inc., 508 Pa. 553, 499 A.2d 282, 287 (1985).
¶ 26 Finally, Travelers argues that the trial court erred in ruling that its’ indemnity claim against Evans was premature. Brief for Appellant, at 36. The trial court acknowledged that it had the authority to rule on this issue but that it was discretionary under the Declaratory Judgments Act. N.T., 10/12/01, at 127-128; Erie Ins. Exchange v. Claypoole, 449 Pa.Super. 142, 673 A.2d 348 (1996). The decision regarding the duty to indemnify can await the resolution of the underlying action and a court may specifically decline to rule on the issue of indemnity. Redevelopment Authority of Cambria County, 685 A.2d at 586; Unionamerica Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 806 A.2d 431 (Pa.Super.2002). The lower court determined that there are issues to be - decided in the future which may or may not implicate indemnity. N.T., 10/12/01, at 130. Thus, the lower court’s decision to dismiss the indemnity claim as premature was not improper as it was in its discretion to do so.
IY. CONCLUSION
¶ 27 For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the Order of the lower court.
¶ 28 Order affirmed.
¶ 29 LALLY-GREEN, J., files a concurring and dissenting opinion.
. We note that because the lower court concluded that coverage for Brown existed, the joint and several verdict is viewed as a declaration that had coverage not been found, Travelers, Evans and Evans Agency would have been liable. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7532; Order, 10/17/01.
. But see Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 450 Pa.Super. 519, 676 A2d 680, 684 (1996) ("An insurance policy is a contract and stands on no different grounds than any other contract” citing Tonkovic, infra).
. The Supreme Court in Madison Const. Co. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins. Co., 557 Pa. 595, 735 A.2d 100, 109 n. 8 (1999) noted that the reasonable expectations doctrine applied in Collister v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 479 Pa. 579, 388 A.2d 1346 (1978) "to protect non
. We draw a distinction between Bianculli v. Turner Constr. Co., 433 Pa.Super. 237, 640 A.2d 461 (1994), where the trial court was found to have abused its discretion in dismissing the cross-claim for indemnity, and the present case, where the indemnity claim was dismissed as being premature, to be ad-' dressed at a later time after a review of further issues.