Com. v. Toy, J.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JOSEPH TOY :
:
Appellant : No. 1027 EDA 2020
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 16, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-09-CR-0002475-2018
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 8, 2020
Joseph Toy (Toy) appeals from the order denying his petition filed
pursuant to the Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9542-9546
in the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas (PCRA court). We affirm.
I.
We take the following factual background and procedural history from
our independent review of the record and the PCRA court’s May 13, 2020
opinion. Before reaching the facts of this case, it is necessary to provide the
relevant facts from Toy’s previous conviction at case number 4613-2012
(2014 Conviction), as that case forms the basis for his issue on review in this
matter.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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A.
On March 4, 2014, in case number 4613-2012, Toy entered a plea of
nolo contendere to two counts of conspiracy to commit burglary in the first
degree in exchange for a negotiated sentence of not less than four nor more
than eight years’ imprisonment.1 The prosecutor informed the court at that
time that one of those counts was “a person present burglary.” (N.T. Plea
Hearing Case No. 4613-2012, 3/03/14, at 3).2 The parties incorporated the
transcript from the preliminary hearing as the factual basis for the plea. (See
id. at 14-16). The preliminary hearing testimony reflected that Toy broke into
two separate homes in October and November 2011 and stole money and
other items. (See N.T. Preliminary Hearing Case No. 4613-2012, 7/09/12, at
41-50, 67-73). School-age children were home at the time of the October
2011 burglary. (See id. at 141-42); (see also Affidavit of Probable Cause
Case No. 4613-2012, 2/28/12).3
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1 In 1977, Toy was convicted of rape. The record in this matter provides no
further information regarding that conviction and Toy does not contest it.
Therefore, we provide no further discussion of that conviction.
2 On October 29, 2019, the PCRA court incorporated the notes of testimony
from the July 9, 2012 preliminary hearing and the March 3, 2014 nolo
contendere and sentencing hearing from the 2014 Conviction.
3 Although the preliminary hearing testimony also included a July 2011
burglary in which Toy was implicated, he was not convicted of that crime.
(See N.T. Plea Hearing, Case No. 4613-2012, at 16).
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At an April 2, 2014 reconsideration of sentence hearing for the 2014
Conviction, the prosecutor stated that, as part of the parties’ negotiation, the
Commonwealth had agreed to “forgo (sic) proceeding with the ten-year
mandatory that [Toy] could have faced” as the second strike mandatory
pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(a)(1). (N.T. Reconsideration, 4/02/14, at 2-
3).4 Toy’s counsel expressly stated that he did not dispute that he could have
been so sentenced. (See id. at 4).
B.
The charges in this case relate to Toy’s commission of a robbery in
Bensalem Township on March 12, 2018. The homeowner received a video
alert on her cellphone of two males walking up the stairs to her home with
one of the men carrying a crowbar. She contacted the Bensalem Police
Department and upon their arrival at the home, they found Toy hiding in a
closet in possession of a crowbar, flashlight and the homeowner’s gold watch.
His co-defendant, Michael Green, was prone on the floor next to a second-
floor bed. Pry marks were found on the garage door and the homeowner was
missing $80.
On October 15, 2018, with the assistance of counsel, Shaka M. Johnson,
Esquire, Toy entered a negotiated guilty plea to Conspiracy to Commit
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4The affidavit of probable cause and notes of testimony from the April 2, 2012
hearing are attached as Exhibits A and C, respectively, to the Commonwealth’s
August 26, 2019 answer in opposition to the PCRA petition in this matter.
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Burglary, Criminal Trespass and Possessing Instruments of Crime. In
exchange for the guilty plea, the Commonwealth did not seek the mandatory
sentence to which Toy was exposed pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714, 25 years
to the possibility of life. (N.T. Guilty Plea, 10/15/18, at 8). Consistent with
the agreement’s terms, the court sentenced Toy to an aggregate term of
imprisonment of not less than 15 nor more than 30 years’ imprisonment in a
state correctional facility.
On October 24, 2018, Toy filed a timely, counseled motion to withdraw
his guilty plea. The motion was based on counsel’s review of Toy’s file, which
mistakenly included a criminal abstract for the unrelated conviction of a
different Joseph Toy in Delaware County. Counsel erroneously believed this
crime formed the basis for the third strike 25-year mandatory sentence in this
case. (See N.T. Motion to Withdraw Hearing, 11/29/18, at 4). However, at
the November 29, 2018 hearing on the motion, Toy requested to withdraw
the October 24, 2018 motion. Counsel explained that after further review of
the file and discussion with Commonwealth’s attorney, he once again was
convinced that Toy was subject to a mandatory minimum for a third strike
because it was premised on the 1977 rape conviction and the 2014 Conviction.
The court then questioned Toy about his understanding of the
arguments in the motion to withdraw, the facts presented at the hearing, his
satisfaction with and opportunity to meet with counsel, and whether he was
voluntarily withdrawing the motion to withdraw his guilty plea. (See id. at
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6). When asked whether he understood that by withdrawing the motion he
was waiving his right to raise those issues again, he responded, “Absolutely.”
(Id. at 6-7). The motion was withdrawn and no post-sentence motions or
direct appeal were filed.
On April 9, 2019, Toy filed a timely first pro se PCRA petition and
appointed counsel filed an amended PCRA petition raising the issue of trial
counsel’s ineffective assistance in advising Toy to enter a guilty plea to avoid
the mandatory minimum sentence imposed by Section 9714. (See Pro Se
PCRA Petition, 4/09/19, at 7; First Amended PCRA Petition,5 8/01/19, at 1
Paragraph 2(c)). Specifically, he maintained that the 2014 Conviction was not
a “strike” offense, and because his plea in the instant case was premised on
counsel’s advice that he was subject to the 25-year mandatory minimum for
a third strike, his plea was not knowing and voluntary and counsel was
ineffective.
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5 As explained by the PCRA court:
This is referred to as an Amended PCRA [Petition], although no
amended [petition] was ever actually filed. [Toy] continually
submitted Motions to Amend PCRA, which were all granted by
[the] [c]ourt, without ever actually filing an amended PCRA
[petition]. Rather, as [the] [c]ourt understood it, the PCRA
arguments were made in the motions to amend and supplemental
briefs.
(PCRA Court Opinion, 5/13/20, at 1-2 n.3).
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On September 9, 2019, after receiving the Commonwealth’s response
to the amended PCRA petition, the court issued notice of its intent to dismiss
the petition without a hearing. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 907(1). Toy filed a second
amended PCRA petition and response to the notice to dismiss on September
30, 2019. He clarified that he was not claiming that the elements of the 2014
Conviction were not enough for a strike offense if he had been informed of
them. (See Brief in Support of Second Motion to Amend PCRA Petition and in
Response to the Court’s Rule 907 Notice, 9/30/19, at 1). Instead, he
maintained that the instant offense did not constitute a third strike because
his 2014 Conviction could not count as a second strike where he was not
notified at the time of that plea, either in the criminal information or during
the plea colloquy, that the “person present” requirement was an element of
the crime. (See id. at 1-2, 5). After receiving the Commonwealth’s response,
the court denied the petition on March 17, 2019. Toy timely appealed.6 He
and the court have complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
II.
On appeal, Toy maintains that the PCRA court erred in denying his PCRA
petition because trial counsel provided ineffective assistance when he advised
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6 “The PCRA court’s credibility determinations, when supported by the record,
are binding on this Court; however, we apply a de novo standard of review to
the PCRA court’s legal conclusions.” Commonwealth v. Mason, 130 A.3d
601, 617 (Pa. 2015) (citation omitted).
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that the current conviction was a third strike, resulting in an involuntary and
unknowing plea.7 (See Toy’s Brief, at 9). Toy again posits that his 2014
Conviction could not count as a second strike because neither the information
nor the colloquy notified him that the conviction for conspiracy to commit
burglary of the first degree required proof that a person was present at the
time he committed the crime. (See id. at 10-16).8
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7 Toy’s Rule 1925(b) statement does not frame his issue as being one of
ineffective assistance of counsel. (Statement of Issues Pursuant to [Pa.R.A.P.]
1925(b), 4/16/20, at 1). It is well-settled that any issue not raised in a Rule
1925(b) statement is waived for our review. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii).
However, because Toy appealed the PCRA court order denying his petition
based on the ineffectiveness of counsel, we interpret his Rule 1925(b)
statement as an inartful attempt to challenge the court’s conclusion that
counsel was not ineffective. This is particularly appropriate here because, as
the Commonwealth notes, Toy withdrew his motion to withdraw his guilty
plea. Therefore, he did not preserve a direct challenge to the voluntariness
of the plea and such a claim is waived. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9744. However, it
properly is brought as a challenge to plea counsel’s effectiveness. See
Commonwealth v. Bracey, 795 A.2d 935, 941 n.6 (Pa. 2001) (“[A]
petitioner can avoid a finding of waiver under the PCRA by making a proper
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at his first available opportunity to
do so.”).
8 Toy also mentions that the version of the statute in effect at that time he
committed the 2011 crime did not contain the language, “commits, attempts
or threatens to commit a bodily injury crime therein,” as the current version
does. (See Toy’s Brief, at 12, 14). However, he only identifies his issue as
being about the failure of the information and colloquy to advise him that “a
person was in the structure was an element of the crime to which he pled.”
(Statement of Issues Pursuant to [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(b), 4/16/20, at 1). He also
only identifies that as an issue in the heading of the argument section, (see
Toy’s Brief, at 10), and he does not make any argument specific to this
language. (See id. at 10-16). Further, he did not raise this issue in the PCRA
court. Therefore, we deem any issue about this language as a ground for
relief as waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a), 1925(b)(4)(vii), 2101, 2119(a).
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A.
To be eligible for PCRA relief, a petitioner must prove that his conviction
or sentence resulted from one or more of the enumerated circumstances
identified in Section 953(a)(2), which includes the ineffective assistance of
counsel. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(ii).
We presume counsel is effective. To overcome this presumption,
a PCRA petitioner must show the underlying claim has arguable
merit, counsel’s actions lacked any reasonable basis, and
counsel’s actions prejudiced the petitioner. … A claim will be
denied if the petitioner fails to meet any one of these prongs.[9]
[A] criminal defendant’s right to effective counsel extends
to the plea process, as well as during trial. Under the PCRA,
[a]llegations of ineffectiveness in connection with the entry of a
guilty plea will serve as a basis for relief only if the ineffectiveness
caused [the petitioner] to enter an involuntary or unknowing plea.
Where the defendant enters his plea on the advice of counsel, the
voluntariness of the plea depends on whether counsel’s advice
was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in
criminal cases.
[T]o establish prejudice, the defendant must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he
would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going
to trial. This is not a stringent requirement. The reasonable
probability test refers to a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.
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9 Toys fails even to acknowledge the elements necessary for an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, let alone discuss them, thereby waiving his issue.
(See Toy’s Brief, at 10-16); Commonwealth v. Fears, 86 A.3d 795, 804
(Pa. 2014) (“When an appellant fails to meaningfully discuss each of the three
ineffectiveness prongs, he is not entitled to relief, and we are constrained to
find such claims waived for lack of development.”) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted). Moreover, even if we construe his argument as an
attempt at the arguable merit prong of the test, he fails to establish it.
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Commonwealth v. Velazquez, 216 A.3d 1146, 1149-50 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
Section 9714 of the Sentencing Code, Sentences for second and
subsequent offenses, provides, in pertinent part, that a defendant who
previously has been convicted of one crime of violence at time of sentencing,
shall be convicted to a term of ten years’ confinement, and a person who
previously has been convicted of two or more crimes of violence at time of
sentencing shall be convicted to a minimum sentence of 25 years, with the
possibility of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. See 42
Pa.C.S. § 9714(a). “Crime of violence,” as defined by the current version of
Section 9714, which was in effect at the time of Toy’s 2018 plea, includes
“burglary as defined by 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1),” conspiracy thereto, “or an
equivalent crime under the laws of this Commonwealth in effect at the time of
commission of that offense or an equivalent crime in another jurisdiction.” 42
Pa.C.S. § 9714(g) (emphasis added).
At the time of commission of the 2011 burglary underlying the 2014
guilty plea, first degree burglary was defined as:
(a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of burglary if he enters
a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied
portion thereof, with intent to commit a crime therein, unless the
premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed
or privileged to enter.
18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a) (eff. July 1, 1991 to Aug. 3, 2012).
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The crime of burglary in the first degree currently found in Section
3502(a)(1) provides:
A person commits the offense of burglary if, with the intent to
commit a crime therein, the person:
enters a building or occupied structure, or separately
secured or occupied portion thereof, that is adapted for overnight
accommodations in which at the time of the offense any person is
present and the person commits, attempts or threatens to commit
a bodily injury crime therein[.]
18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1).
B.
Toy maintains that the information filed in his 2014 case tracked the
language of the burglary statute then in effect and did not contain the person
present element. (Toy’s Brief, at 15). He argues that he “was not informed
that the presence of a person was necessary for his conviction of a first-degree
felony in 2014, and therefore that conviction should not have counted as a
second strike.” (Toy’s Brief, at 16). Toy’s claim fails.
First, Toy provides no supporting law for his argument that he had to be
“noticed in the information and guilty plea colloquy that his crime included the
presence of a person in the building he conspired to enter” or that the failure
to provide such notice was equivalent to it not being part of the crime.10 In
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10 In fact, he fails to provide any relevant binding precedent at all. The only
legal discussion provided by Toy is about the federal Armed Career Criminal
Act and how the United States Supreme Court has applied the statute when
confronted with different state definitions of certain predicate crimes. (See
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fact, our Supreme Court has rejected a similar argument. (Id.); see also
Commonwealth v. Samuels, 961 A.2d 57, 62 (Pa. 2008) (rejecting claim
that “person present” and “structure adapted for overnight accommodations”
elements had to be charged in the bill of information and holding that
sentencing court determines whether defendant convicted of crime of violence
under two strikes law).
Further, the record of the 2014 no contest plea hearing belies his
argument that he was not provided notice of a “person present” element. For
example, at the 2014 hearing, the Commonwealth’s counsel expressly stated
that a Conspiracy to Commit First-Degree Burglary charge was a “person
present burglary.” (See N.T. Plea Hearing, Case No. 4612-2012, at 3).
Further, the incorporated facts from the preliminary hearing describe the
forced entry by Toy and his co-defendant into the victims’ home and their
subsequent theft while two minor children were present in the residence.
(See id. at 15); (N.T. Preliminary Hearing Case No. 4612-2012, at 40-67,
135-42). At the reconsideration of sentence hearing, the prosecutor expressly
stated that the 2014 Conviction was a second-strike offense and pursuant to
the negotiated plea, the Commonwealth agreed not to pursue the ten-year
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Toy’s Brief, at 14-15). We are not bound by this precedent and do not find it
legally persuasive. See Commonwealth v. Jemison, 98 A.3d 1254, 1257
(Pa. 2014) (Although “[t]his Court, like all state courts, is bound by decisions
of the U.S. Supreme Court with respect to the federal Constitution and federal
substantive law[,] when resolving matters that involve no federal question,
this Court is not bound by decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court.”).
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mandatory minimum. (See N.T. Reconsideration Case No. 4612-2012, at 2-
3).
Based on this history, Toy’s underlying claim that the 2014 Conviction
was not a crime of violence for purposes of Section 9714 lacks merit. Further,
counsel’s advice to enter the guilty plea to avoid the imposition of the third-
strike mandatory sentence was within the range of competence demanded of
attorneys in criminal cases. Hence, even if Toy had not waived his claim by
failing to meaningfully address the three-prongs of the ineffectiveness test,
he would have been unable to prove their merits. His claim fails.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/08/2020
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