Com. v. Felder, F.

J-A27018-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
FRANK FELDER :
:
Appellant : No. 382 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0007351-2017
BEFORE: BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 13, 2020
Appellant, Frank Felder, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered
on January 18, 2019, in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas.
We affirm.
In its April 4, 2019 opinion, the trial court set forth the relevant facts
and procedural history of this case as follows:
On the afternoon of December 13, 2016, the decedent Juan
“Gogo” Cruz [(“the decedent”)] and his friends, David Ayala and
Hector “Goto” DeJesus-Bone, sold heroin branded as “Colt-45” on
the 3000 Block of North Orkney Street in the Fairhill neighborhood
of Philadelphia. Shortly after noon, the decedent and Goto were
approached by [Appellant], who arrived via bicycle from 5th and
Clearfield Streets. After [Appellant] inquired about the type of
heroin they had for sale, the decedent told him that they were
selling “Colt-45” and [Appellant] left the area. N.T. 11/13/2018 at
36-50; Commonwealth Exhibit C-6.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Minutes later, [Appellant] returned to the area, approached
the decedent, and asked to purchase two packets of “Colt-45”.
The decedent agreed to sell [Appellant] the heroin and led him to
a grey abandoned car on Orkney Street, where the decedent had
concealed his stash of heroin. Moments later, Ayala heard three
or four gunshots and saw [Appellant] shoot the decedent.
Immediately after the shooting, [Appellant] searched the
decedent’s pockets before absconding via bicycle. N.T.
11/13/2018 at 41-43, 50-54; Commonwealth Exhibit C-6.
Moments before the shooting, eyewitness Dasia Hernandez
turned onto Clearfield Street from Fifth Street and heard gunfire
coming from the direction of Orkney Street. Hernandez watched
two older Hispanic males run towards 5th Street, followed by the
decedent running behind them. When the decedent reached the
corner of Orkney and Clearfield, Hernandez watched as he
collapsed. Immediately thereafter, [Appellant] approached the
decedent’s body and emptied his pockets. N.T. 11/13/2018 at
134; Commonwealth Exhibit C-30.
After [Appellant] retreated to Orkney Street, Hernandez saw
him ride on a bike on Clearfield Street and travel towards
5th Street. Hernandez gave chase in her vehicle, called 911, and
told the operator that [Appellant] was wearing a black leopard-
patterned vest and narrated her efforts to follow [Appellant] as
they occurred, until she lost sight of him after pursuing him for
approximately one minute. Commonwealth Exhibits C-30, C-53,
C-54; Defense Exhibit D-1.
As Hernandez remained on the line with the dispatcher, she
flagged down Philadelphia Police Officers Christopher Daukus and
Logan Johnson, who were responding to a radio call for a person
with a gun. The officers took Hernandez back to the area of the
shooting and set up the crime scene before transferring
Hernandez to the Police Administration Building for an interview.
There, Hernandez described the shooter as wearing an orange and
black leopard patterned vest. N.T. 11/13/2018 at 17-24.
Officer Michael Fahy also responded to the radio call and
upon arriving at Orkney and Clearfield Streets, observed the
decedent lying on the ground. Fahy immediately placed the
decedent in the back seat of his squad car and transported him to
Temple Hospital. During transport, a projectile fell from the
decedent’s body and was recovered for forensic examination. The
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decedent was pronounced dead at 12:29 p.m. N.T. 10/26/2018
at 34-42; Commonwealth Exhibit C-42.
Associate Medical Examiner Dr. Victoria Sorokin, an expert
in forensic pathology, performed the decedent’s autopsy and
determined that the decedent suffered three gunshot wounds,
including one penetrating gunshot wound to his right chest, and
two perforated gunshot wounds to his left back and posterior right
thigh, respectively.3 Dr. Sorokin further recovered a projectile
from the decedent’s right chest. Dr. Sorokin concluded that the
manner of death was homicide caused by multiple gunshot
wounds. N.T. 11/13/2018 at 153-154; Commonwealth Exhibit C-
42.
3 At trial, the parties erroneously stipulated that the
autopsy was conducted by a Dr. Santore, whom …
records indicate pronounced the decedent’s death.
Dr. Sorokin completed the autopsy report and …
would have testified to her findings but for the parties
stipulation. See Commonwealth Exhibit C-42.
Officer Tiffany Richardson of the Crime Scene Unit arrived
at the location of the shooting and recovered five .45 caliber fired
cartridge casings (“FCCs”) and a copper jacket projectile.
Officer Richardson further examined Officer Fahy’s motor vehicle
and recovered a projectile that had fallen from the decedent’s
body. The Firearms Identification Unit determined that all five of
the recovered FCCs were fired from the same .45 caliber firearm
and that each of the projectiles recovered from Officer Fahy’s
vehicle and the decedent’s chest were .45 caliber. N.T.
11/13/2018 at 90-100, 154-156; Commonwealth Exhibit C-41.
Detectives James Dunlap and Robert Hesser recovered
video surveillance evidence from eight locations near the shooting
and created a compilation video showing [Appellant] arriving [in]
the area of the shooting and interacting with the decedent before
moving off camera, then depicting the decedent running away
[and] collapsing. Video evidence further shows [Appellant]
searching the decedent’s body before riding away from the area
on his bicycle. N.T. 11/13/2018 at 116-124, 156-160; N.T.
Commonwealth Exhibits C-43, C-56.
Detective Gregory Santamala reviewed the surveillance
video which tracked an individual wearing a leopard patterned
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vest from the crime scene to a residential home at 701 West
Allegheny Street in Philadelphia. On December 29, 2016 at
12:22 p.m., police officers executed a search warrant and
recovered a box of nine live .45 caliber rounds from the front
bedroom, where [Appellant] stayed. Detectives further recovered
a leopard print vest matching the description Hernandez provided
and seen on the cyclist in the video. N.T. 11/13/2018 at 136-141.
On January 10, 2017, Ayala provided a statement to police
and identified the cyclist captured on video as the shooter. On
January 31, 2017, police officers arrested [Appellant]. [Appellant]
was not licensed to carry a firearm and had previously been
convicted of an offense that prohibited him from possessing one.
N.T. 11/13/2018 at 43-45, 59; Commonwealth Exhibits C-6, C-
45.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/19, at 2-5.
[The Commonwealth] charged [Appellant] with Murder and
related offenses. On October 26, 2018, the Commonwealth,
before this [c]ourt, amended the lead charge of Murder generally
to Third-Degree Murder. On that same date, [Appellant] elected
to waive his right to a jury and proceed with a bench trial.1 On
November 14, 2018, this [c]ourt convicted [Appellant] of Third-
degree Murder, Robbery, Possession of a Firearm by a Prohibited
Person [Violation of the Uniform Firearms Act (“VUFA”) Section
6105] (“VUFA 6105”), Firearms Not to be Carried Without a
License (“VUFA 6106”), Carrying a Firearm on a Public Street in
Philadelphia (“VUFA 6108”), and Possession of an Instrument of
Crime (“PIC”).[1]
1 This Court bifurcated the bench trial so that
[Appellant’s] motions in limine … could be reviewed
by another judge. On … November 6, 2018, the
Honorable Diana L. Anhalt denied [Appellant’s] Motion
in Limine to Exclude Ballistic Evidence, and on
November 7, 2018, Judge Anhalt granted
[Appellant’s] Motion in Limine to exclude a hearsay
statement and additional discovery.
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1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2502(c), 3701(a)(1)(i), 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), 6108, and
907, respectively.
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On January 18, 2019, after this [c]ourt had deferred
sentencing for completion of pre-sentence and mental health
reports, it imposed a sentence of twenty to forty years of
imprisonment for Third-Degree Murder; a consecutive term of five
to ten years of imprisonment for VUFA 6105, and a concurrent
term of ten to twenty years of imprisonment for Robbery, for a
total sentence of twenty[-]five to fifty years of imprisonment.2 On
January 23, 2019, [Appellant] filed a Post-Sentence Motion, which
this [c]ourt denied on January 25, 2019.
2 This [c]ourt imposed no further penalty on the
remaining charges.
On February 6, 2019, [Appellant] filed a Notice of Appeal.
On February 28, 2019, [Appellant] filed a timely 1925(b)
Statement and a Motion for Extension of Time. On March 5, 2019,
after this [c]ourt granted [Appellant’s] Motion for Extension of
Time, [Appellant] timely filed a supplemental Statement of
Matters Complained of on Appeal.
Trial Court Opinion 4/4/19, at 1-2.
In this appeal, Appellant presents the following issues for this Court’s
consideration:
1. Was not the evidence insufficient to sustain a verdict of guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt for any of the charges inasmuch as
the trial evidence of record viewed in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth and all reasonable inferences derived
therefrom was only, at most, equally consistent with [A]ppellant’s
innocence as with his guilt, in violation of [A]ppellant’s
constitutional rights under the state and federal constitutions?
2. Did not the trial court err in denying [A]ppellant’s motion for a
new trial, as the verdict was against the weight of the evidence,
where the evidence of record was inherently unreliable, weak and
inconclusive and did not establish [A]ppellant was the shooter,
such that the conclusion of [A]ppellant’s guilt was based purely on
speculation and conjecture, in violation of [A]ppellant’s
constitutional rights under the state and federal constitutions[?]
3. Did not the motions court err as a matter of law in allowing the
introduction of a recording of a 911 call into evidence, despite
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ruling that certain portions were admissible only to show the
“effect on the listener,” inasmuch as admission of the entire call
violated [A]ppellant’s constitutional rights under the state and
federal constitutions where the statements made on the call were
known to be inaccurate and unreliable?
4. Did not the motions court err by allowing the admission of
testimony regarding recovery of bullets from [A]ppellant’s room
at his aunt’s residence, in violation of [A]ppellant’s state and
federal constitutional rights, where introduction of such evidence
was irrelevant and any probative value was outweighed by a
danger of unfair prejudice?
5. Did not the trial court err as a matter of law and violate the
discretionary aspect of sentencing when it imposed a manifestly
excessive and unreasonable sentence of 25 to 50 years of
incarceration, where the maximum term of the sentence imposed
a term unlikely to end during [A]ppellant’s natural life span and
such sentence failed to give individualized consideration to
[A]ppellant’s personal history and background, and was in excess
of what was necessary to address the gravity of the offense, the
protection of the community, and [A]ppellant’s rehabilitative
needs?
Appellant’s Brief at 5-6.2
In his first issue, Appellant asserts the evidence was insufficient to
sustain guilty verdicts on any of the charges because the Commonwealth
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant was the shooter.
Appellant’s Brief at 36. Appellant argues In re J.B., 189 A.3d 390 (Pa. 2018),
requires a reversal of the guilty verdicts. Appellant’s Brief at 37-41.
We disagree.
____________________________________________
2 For purposes of our disposition, we have renumbered Appellant’s issues on
appeal.
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“Our standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
is to determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict
winner, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom are
sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crimes charged
is established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Akhmedov,
216 A.3d 307, 322 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). Additionally:
The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth
need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubt raised
as to the accused’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact-finder. As
an appellate court, we do not assess credibility nor do we assign
weight to any of the testimony of record. Therefore, we will not
disturb the verdict unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive
that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from
the combined circumstances. Evidence is weak and inconclusive
when two equally reasonable and mutually inconsistent inferences
can be drawn from the same set of circumstances.
Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “It is within the province
of the fact-finder to determine the weight to be accorded to each witness’s
testimony and to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented.”
Commonwealth v. Baker, 201 A.3d 791, 795 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation
omitted). “[A]s an appellate court, we may not re-weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Id. (citation omitted).
“In addition to proving the statutory elements of the crimes charged
beyond a reasonable doubt, the Commonwealth must also establish the
identity of the defendant as the perpetrator of the crimes.” Commonwealth
v. Strafford, 194 A.3d 168, 175 (Pa. Super. 2018). “Evidence of
identification need not be positive and certain to sustain a conviction.” Id.-7-
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(citation omitted). “Our Supreme Court has stated that ‘any indefiniteness
and uncertainty in the identification testimony goes to its weight. Direct
evidence of identity is, of course, not necessary and a defendant may be
convicted solely on circumstantial evidence.’” Id. at 175-176 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Hickman, 309 A.2d 564, 566 (Pa. 1973)).
We agree with the Commonwealth that Appellant does not dispute that
the evidence established the elements of third-degree murder, robbery, PIC,
and the three VUFA convictions; Appellant argues only that the evidence did
not establish that he was the perpetrator of those crimes. Commonwealth’s
Brief at 23, n.5. Accordingly, we need not discuss the individual elements of
each crime, and we focus our analysis on only the evidence identifying
Appellant as the actor.
As stated above, Appellant asserts that J.B. supports his claim that the
evidence was insufficient to sustain the guilty verdicts. In J.B., our
Supreme Court held that despite the aforementioned deferential standard of
review, there is an exception where “the entire body of evidence introduced
at trial which furnished the basis for an appellant’s conviction is so deficient
that it does not reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt, as a matter of law.” J.B., 189 A.3d at 409. In other words, there may
be cases where “the trial evidence equally supported two reasonable but
diametrically opposed ultimate inferences: one that the defendant committed
the murder, and the second that he did not commit the murder.” Id. “[I]n
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those atypical situations, our Court has consistently held that we are not
bound by the factual findings and credibility determinations rendered by the
finder of fact, and we are compelled in such circumstances to reverse a legally
erroneous conviction.” Id.
In J.B., our Supreme Court discussed the contradictory nature of the
evidence and concluded at most, that it supported two equal but
fundamentally inconsistent inferences. J.B., 189 A.3d at 411. The Court
explained that the coroner could not fix the exact time of death and provided
only a range of times based on rigor mortis. Id. Accordingly, the
Commonwealth could not prove that the defendant was with the deceased at
the time of death. Id. Moreover, even if the defendant was with the deceased
at or near the time of death, this fact alone did not support an inference of
murder; “it merely raised a conjectural suspicion which was in and of itself
insufficient to convict.” Id.
In the case at bar, there is no support for competing reasonable but
diametrically opposed ultimate inferences. Although there were conflicting
testimony and contradictory statements made, we conclude that there was
sufficient evidence identifying Appellant as the perpetrator of the
aforementioned criminal acts.
Surveillance video captured Appellant riding his bicycle in the vicinity at
the time and location of the crimes. N.T., 11/13/18, at 116-120. Additionally,
Appellant admitted that he was the individual on the bicycle. N.T., 11/14/18,
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at 65. According to Appellant, he was in the area to purchase heroin from the
decedent, and after he gave the decedent $20.00 for heroin, an unidentified
“Spanish” person shot and killed the decedent. Id. at 71-72. Appellant
asserted that after the decedent was shot and fell to the ground, he searched
the decedent’s body trying only to retrieve the heroin for which he had paid.
Id. at 72-75.
Another witness, David Ayala, provided a contemporaneous statement
to the police after the shooting. N.T., 11/13/18, at 44 (Commonwealth’s
Exhibit C-6). In his statement, Mr. Ayala accurately described Appellant’s
clothing, explained that Appellant approached the decedent on a bicycle to
buy heroin, and stated that he saw Appellant shoot the decedent. Id.
However, at trial, contrary to his written statement, Mr. Ayala said that he did
not remember identifying Appellant. N.T., 11/13/18, at 44. Mr. Ayala’s
written statement was marked as Commonwealth’s Exhibit C-6 and admitted
into evidence. Id. The written statement contained Mr. Ayala’s description
of the shooter, described the events surrounding the shooting, and bore
Mr. Ayala’s signature on each page. N.T., 11/13/18, at 44; Commonwealth’s
Exhibit C-6.
On December 28, 2016, Philadelphia Homicide Detective Gregory
Santamala applied for a search warrant for the house where Appellant lived.
Search Warrant, 12/28/16. Items listed in the search warrant included “[a]ny
.45 caliber handguns, ammunition[.]” Id. When the police officers executed
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the search warrant, they discovered a box containing nine live .45 caliber
rounds in Appellant’s bedroom. N.T. 11/13/18 at 139. The record reflects
that the decedent was shot and killed with .45 caliber ammunition, and .45
caliber cartridge casings were recovered from the crime scene. Id. at 94,
155.
The only indication that Appellant did not murder the decedent came
from Appellant’s own testimony wherein he averred that he merely went
through the decedent’s pockets after an unidentified third person committed
the murder. N.T., 11/14/18, at 65-72. As noted, it was for the trial court as
fact-finder to make credibility determinations, and it ultimately chose not to
accept Appellant’s version of events. In the case at bar, there was an
eyewitness who stated that he saw Appellant shoot the decedent in addition
to the direct and circumstantial evidence discussed above. There was no such
evidence in J.B., and we conclude that J.B. is inapplicable.
Pursuant to our scope and standard of review, we discern no error. The
mere fact that Mr. Ayala recanted a statement he had previously made to
police does not render the evidence insufficient to support Appellant’s
conviction; the fact-finder was free to evaluate both Mr. Ayala’s statement to
police as well as his testimony at trial, and it was permitted to believe all, part,
or none of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Hanible, 836 A.2d 36, 39 (Pa.
2003). Herein, the trial court, sitting as the finder-of-fact chose to believe the
evidence establishing that Appellant was the shooter, as it was allowed to do.
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Id. When viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the
verdict winner, we conclude that the direct and circumstantial evidence
adduced at trial was sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that
Appellant was the perpetrator of the aforementioned crimes. Accordingly, we
conclude that Appellant is entitled to no relief.
In his second issue, Appellant avers that the trial court erred in denying
his motion for a new trial because the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 42. “A motion for new trial on the grounds that
the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence, concedes that there is
sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict.” Commonwealth v. Rayner, 153
A.3d 1049, 1054 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer,
744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000)). Our Supreme Court has described the
standard applied to a weight-of-the-evidence claim as follows:
The decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial based upon
a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence is
within the sound discretion of the trial court. Thus, “the function
of an appellate court on appeal is to review the trial court’s
exercise of discretion based upon a review of the record, rather
than to consider de novo the underlying question of the weight of
the evidence.” An appellate court may not overturn the trial
court’s decision unless the trial court “palpably abused its
discretion in ruling on the weight claim.” Further, in reviewing a
challenge to the weight of the evidence, a verdict will be
overturned only if it is “so contrary to the evidence as to shock
one’s sense of justice.”
Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1270 (Pa. 2016) (internal citations
omitted). A trial court’s determination that a verdict was not against the
interest of justice is “[o]ne of the least assailable reasons” for denying a new
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trial. Commonwealth v. Colon-Plaza, 136 A.3d 521, 529 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013)). A verdict
is against the weight of the evidence where “certain facts are so clearly of
greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the
facts is to deny justice.” Commonwealth v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 258 (Pa.
Super. 2003) (quoting Widmer, 744 A.2d at 751-752)). “[W]e do not reach
the underlying question of whether the verdict was, in fact, against the weight
of the evidence. . . . Instead, this Court determines whether the trial court
abused its discretion in reaching whatever decision it made on the motion[.]”
Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 107 A.3d 206, 213 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation
omitted).
A challenge to the weight of the evidence must first be raised at the trial
level “(1) orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing; (2) by written
motion at any time before sentencing; or (3) in a post-sentence motion.”
Commonwealth v. Akrie, 159 A.3d 982, 989 (Pa. Super. 2017). Appellant
properly preserved his weight of the evidence claim by raising the issue in a
timely post-sentence motion on January 23, 2019.
Appellant’s argument on this issue is largely the same as his attack on
the sufficiency of the evidence. Appellant argues that the convictions were
unreasonable and present a challenge to the “quality” of the evidence and an
assertion that additional evidence, such as “DNA or fingerprint testing,” was
absent. Appellant’s Brief at 42-44.
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We reiterate that our review is not a reassessment of the weight of the
evidence; it is for an abuse of discretion. Cash, 137 A.3d at 1270; Ferguson,
107 A.3d at 213. In our disposition of Appellant’s first issue, we determined
that the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s convictions; it was
entirely within the fact-finder’s province to credit the evidence presented by
the Commonwealth, which supported the verdict, and to discredit Appellant’s
version of events, as it apparently did here. Cash, 137 A.3d at 1270 (citing
Commonwealth v. Smith, 861 A.2d 892, 896 (Pa. 2004) (holding that a
fact-finder’s decision not to credit the appellant’s statement does not indicate
that the verdicts were against the weight of the evidence; rather, it merely
establishes that the fact-finder did not believe the appellant was credible, a
conclusion the fact-finder was empowered to make). Despite Appellant
labeling the verdicts as speculation and conjecture, Appellant’s Brief at 45, we
discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court denying Appellant’s motion for
a new trial. Nothing in the trial court’s decision shocks one’s sense of justice.
Accordingly, Appellant is entitled to no relief on this issue.
In his third claim of error, Appellant avers that the trial court erred in
allowing Dasia Hernandez’s December 13, 2016 telephone call to 911 dispatch
into evidence, despite an earlier ruling from the pretrial motions court
(“motions court”) that portions of the 911 call were admissible only to show
the “effect on the listener.” Appellant’s Brief at 25-26. Appellant claims that
the recording violated Appellant’s constitutional rights because certain
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statements made on the recording of the 911 call were inaccurate and
unreliable. Id.When an appellant challenges the ruling on a motion in limine, our scope
of review is limited to the relevant pretrial hearing transcripts. See In re
Interests of L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1088-1089 (Pa. 2013) (noting that our scope
of review is limited to the evidence presented at the pretrial hearing). In
conducting our review, we apply an abuse-of-discretion standard of review.
Commonwealth v. Moser, 999 A.2d 602, 605 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation
omitted). The admissibility of evidence is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court, and a trial court’s ruling regarding the admission of evidence will
not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling reflects manifest
unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of
support to be clearly erroneous. Id. Moreover, where the trial judge is sitting
as the fact-finder, it is presumed the judge will disregard inadmissible or
prejudicial evidence and consider only competent evidence. Commonwealth
v. Fears, 836 A.2d 52, 71 n.19 (Pa. 2003) (citation omitted).
On October 19, 2018, the Commonwealth filed a motion in limine
requesting to have the recording of Dasia Hernandez’s December 13, 2016
911 call admitted into evidence. Commonwealth’s Motion in Limine,
10/19/18, at 2. On that same day, Appellant filed a motion in limine seeking
to exclude the 911 call. Appellant’s Motion in Limine, 10/19/18, at 1-2. On
November 7, 2018, the motions court granted Appellant’s motion in limine as
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follows: “[Appellant’s] motion in limine to exclude hearsay statement made
by witness in 911 tapes is Granted.” Order, 11/7/18. However, the record
reflects that the order granting the motion in limine was limited. The
transcripts reveal the parties argued whether a portion of the 911 call was
admissible and for what purpose it may be considered by the trial court as the
finder of fact. N.T., 11/6/18, passim; N.T., 11/7/18, at 3-8.
The record reflects that Ms. Dasia Hernandez3 made the 911 call. N.T.,
11/6/18, at 4-5. A transcript of the 911 call was marked as D-1 (“911
Transcript”). Id. at 5.4 The 911 transcript reflects that Ms. Hernandez called
911 Dispatch and stated as follows: she witnessed a murder; she heard four
or five gunshots; the suspected shooter was a black man wearing a leopard-
print vest who was fleeing on a bicycle; she was going to follow the suspected
shooter; and she provided the location of the incident. 911 Transcript at 1-2.
____________________________________________
3 Ms. Hernandez passed away prior to the hearing and neither testified nor
was cross-examined; she was, therefore, unavailable to testify. N.T.,
11/6/18, at 4; Pa.R.E. 804(4).
4 The notes of testimony reflect that an audio recording of the 911 call was
played at trial. N.T., 11/13/18, at 132. However, there is no audio recording
in the record certified on appeal; we have only the transcript of the 911 call,
which was marked as Defense Exhibit D-1 and admitted into evidence. N.T.,
11/14/18, at 108. It is well settled that the responsibility rests upon the
appellant to ensure that the record certified on appeal is complete and
contains all of the materials necessary for the reviewing court to perform its
duty. Commonwealth v. B.D.G., 959 A.2d 362, 372 (Pa. Super. 2008). This
Court’s review is limited to the facts contained in the certified record, and
anything not contained in the certified record does not exist for purposes of
appellate review. Id.- 16 -
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However, when the police interviewed Ms. Hernandez a few hours later, she
stated that although she heard four or five gunshots, saw the decedent fall
and witnessed the person in the leopard-print vest remove items from the
decedent’s pockets, she did not actually see a gun or the individual in the
leopard-print vest shoot the decedent. Investigation Interview Record (“the
483”),5 12/13/16, at 1-2.
As noted, the motions court heard argument concerning the
admissibility of the 911 transcript and audio recording. The record reveals
the following discussion among counsel and the motions court:
What’s in her statement are [sic] not an excited utterance
because she doesn’t have personal knowledge of it. Therefore, it
is not an excited utterance.
Now, how do we work with this?
Because at the end of the day, if this was a jury trial, I would
ask you to redact the 911 call, right?
So what does it mean?
In the long and short of it, what I actually think is the most
fair thing to do, especially to the extent that it’s a bench trial, is
to allow the entirety of the evidence, but not to allow you to argue
that “I just seen a murder, there’s a murderer, he has a gun,” that
cannot be admitted for the truth asserted.
It can be admitted to show the effect on the listener but not
-- doesn’t go to the truth.
Does that make sense?
____________________________________________
5 The December 13, 2016 Investigation Interview Record was prepared on
standard police form 75-483, was marked as defense exhibit D-2, and was
referred to in the notes of testimony as “the 483.” N.T., 11/6/18, at 5.
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That kind of makes sense, you have to admit.
[Appellant’s Counsel] MS. FENNELL: It does, Your Honor. If your
ruling [regarding the use of the] 483 still applies.
THE COURT: And the 483 is allowed into evidence to explain -- I
think that’s the only way to do it so it’s like a whole picture,
essentially.
And the judge would be able to know that, you know, it is
what it is without it being subject to cross-examination.
And I would imagine that, you know, as I’m ruling, you
cannot -- anything that deals with -- the things that I recall in my
own head about the things that she did not see was she witnessed
a murder; she didn’t see that.
We’ll go through it line by line, and I’m going to give you
this copy. So I’m going to highlight the parts with a yellow
highlighter that I think fall within -- and Ms. Fennell and [Assistant
District Attorney] Ms. Dandy, you can, you know, tell me I’m
wrong before I scratch it off.
But these are the things that she lacks personal
knowledge of: “I just witnessed a murder,” correct?
MS. DANDY: Yes.
THE COURT: The “murderer,” you know that could take, you know,
“is getting away,” that all comes out.
“I just witnessed a murder, I just . . . hurry up, I’m gonna
go down the wrong way, I’m going to follow him”, that’s good.
The part in the next paragraph that says “He just killed
somebody on Orkney and Indiana,” you can keep Orkney and
Indiana.
You can keep “The body is laying on the floor.”
“I’m following the guy, I’m going the wrong way. The guy
is on 5th and Clearfield, 5th and Clearfield. He’s on a bike. He’s
got leopard. He made a left on 5th and Clearfield. He made a left
on...”
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The next paragraph where she says, “He just shot
somebody, I’m following the killer” -- I mean, you can’t take --
the killer part is not offered for the truth.
“I’m following the killer right now.”
“I’m following the murderer right now.”
“Oh my God, can’t believe I just witnessed a murder.”
Then the middle of the next lower, “I followed the murderer
but I can’t find him now.”
In this statement, in the 483, did she say she did not see
him with a gun or she saw him with a gun?
MS. DANDY: She did not.
THE COURT: Now, on the third page, “I can get killed” -- I think
I’m going to leave “I can get killed too he had a gun” -- no, just
that last part, “He had a gun.” That’s not -- coming into -- like,
I’m going to let the judge hear it for the effect on the listener,
meaning the declarant. Right? This is why she did the things that
she did. This is what she saw, but you can’t say, oh, he had a
gun, right? You can’t argue the truth of that.
“He would have saw me follow him he could have shot me,
he could have shot me. Oh my God, I almost crashed. Okay,
here they go.”
Okay?
Yeah, I think that’s the right call.
* * *
MS. DANDY: Your Honor, I’m sorry, just so I’m clear on Your
Honor’s ruling and what I can argue, I would still be asking that I
can infer from what she did see that what she saw was the end of
what I’m arguing was the murder.
So although I’m not arguing that she saw the murder, I’ll
make it very clear that she did not. She saw the decedent fall, and
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she saw [Appellant] go th[r]ough the pockets of the decedent
before riding off.
THE COURT: I think if you have circumstantial evidence, like – you
understand what I’m saying?
Like, it may be that she said it rained, right, but she didn’t
see it raining. And then she used the circumstantial evidence to
show that it’s raining.
I don’t have a problem with that at all, right?
You can argue the inference, right?
That’s not a problem.
But you can’t argue that Ms. Dasia Hernandez saw
[Appellant] with a gun and saw him murder the decedent.
Because . . . she technically said she saw him shoot
somebody and kill him, right?
She didn’t see that. That’s very damning evidence, but she
doesn’t have personal knowledge of it. So I don’t think that it’s
an excited utterance.
N.T., 11/7/18, at 3-8 (emphasis in original).
After consideration, we conclude that there was no abuse of discretion.
The motions court thoroughly and thoughtfully reviewed Ms. Hernandez’s 911
call and explained how, and for what purposes, the 911 call could be
considered by the trial court sitting as the fact-finder. N.T., 11/7/18, at 3-8.
The motions court also specified that the 483 would be permitted to impeach
inaccurate statements. Id. at 4. Moreover, the motions court specified that
this is a bench trial; it is presumed the trial court sitting as the fact-finder will
disregard inadmissible or prejudicial evidence and consider only competent
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evidence. N.T., 11/6/18, at 10-11; Fears, 836 A.2d at 71 n.19. In light of
the foregoing, we conclude that there was no abuse of discretion in the
motions court ruling or in the trial court considering the 911 call for the limited
purpose described in this nonjury trial.
In his next issue on appeal, Appellant asserts that the motions court
erred by denying his motion in limine to exclude evidence of the .45 caliber
ammunition seized from his bedroom because the brand of ammunition
recovered differed from the brand of .45 caliber ammunition that was
recovered at the crime scene. Appellant claims this evidence was irrelevant
and any probative value was outweighed by unfair prejudice. Appellant’s Brief
at 32.
As set forth above, we review the granting or denial of a motion in limine
pursuant to an abuse-of-discretion standard. Moser, 999 A.2d at 605. The
admission of evidence will not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling
reveals manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, ill-will, or
such a lack of support as to be clearly erroneous. Id. The threshold inquiry
with respect to the admission of evidence is whether the evidence is relevant.
Commonwealth v. Blauser, 166 A.3d 428, 432 (Pa. Super. 2017); Pa.R.E.
402. Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence
in determining the action. Pa.R.E. 401. However, relevant evidence may be
excluded “if its probative value is outweighed by a danger of one or more of
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the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury,
undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.”
Pa.R.E. 403.
On November 6, 2018, the motions court denied Appellant’s motion in
limine seeking to preclude the admission of the .45 caliber ammunition seized
from Appellant’s bedroom. N.T., 11/6/18, at 39. The motions court concluded
that the recovery of the ammunition was admissible and explained:
That one can come in. I think if it [had been] a different
caliber, it would be a different argument, but the same caliber
means it fit the same kind of gun. And I’ve seen many, many
cases where people had various brands [of ammunition] in the
same gun. So that [motion in limine] is going to be denied, and
that’s allowed to come in.
Id. Moreover, in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court expounded as
follows:
[Appellant] … avers that this [c]ourt erred by denying his
motion in limine to exclude evidence of unfired .45 caliber
projectiles discovered in his residence during the detectives’
December 29, 2016 search. The threshold inquiry for admission
of evidence is the issue of relevance, and evidence is relevant if it
logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to
make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a
reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a
material fact. Commonwealth v. Stokes, 78 A.3d 644, 654 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Spiewak, 617 A.2d 696,
699 (Pa. 1992)). Evidence is only admissible where the probative
value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial impact.
Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84 A.3d 657, 664 (Pa. 2014); Pa.R.E.
403.
The evidence that detectives recovered .45 caliber
ammunition from [Appellant’s] home is clearly relevant. While the
murder weapon was not recovered in this case, the evidence
presented proved that a .45 caliber firearm was used to kill the
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decedent. Five .45 caliber [fired cartridge casings] were
recovered from the scene of the crime and two .45 caliber
projectiles were also recovered. N.T. 11/13/2018 at 154-155.
Testimony that nine .45 caliber projectiles were discovered in
[Appellant’s] home was relevant to show that [Appellant] had
ammunition for the type of weapon used in the murder. Such
evidence would also permit the factfinder to infer that [Appellant]
had access to a .45 caliber firearm like the one used in the murder.
See Commonwealth v. Broaster, 863 A.2d 588, 692 (Pa. Super.
2004) (citing Commonwealth v. Shoatz, 366 A.2d 1216, 1225-26
(Pa. 1976) (evidence concerning the recovery of ammunition
relevant as circumstance to identify defendant where ammunition
corresponds to the type used in a homicide).
Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/19, at 7-8.
After review, we discern no abuse of discretion in the order denying
Appellant’s motion in limine with respect to the ammunition discovered in
Appellant’s bedroom. As the trial court noted, this evidence connected
Appellant to a .45 caliber firearm. Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/19, at 8.
Appellant’s possession of .45 caliber ammunition, the same ammunition
utilized to shoot and kill the decedent, was relevant to show that “the
defendant owned or had access to an implement with which the crime could
have been committed.” Commonwealth v. Akers, 572 A.2d 746, 754 (Pa.
Super. 1990) (quoting Commonwealth v. Yount, 314 A.2d 242, 249 n.8
(Pa. 1974)).
On cross-examination, Appellant’s counsel correctly pointed out that
although the caliber was the same, the brand of ammunition seized from
Appellant’s bedroom differed from that which was collected at the crime scene.
N.T., 11/13/18, at 142. However, any uncertainty concerning the ammunition
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and its connection to the crimes committed goes to the weight of the evidence.
See Commonwealth v. Natividad, 773 A.2d 167, 176 (Pa. 2001)
(circumstantial evidence connecting a gun to the appellant and the criminal
acts at issue justified admission of the firearm into evidence; any uncertainty
that this particular firearm was not the firearm used by appellant went to the
weight of the evidence), abrogated on other grounds, Commonwealth v.
Freeman, 827 A.2d 385 (Pa. 2003);6 see also Commonwealth v.
Coccioletti, 425 A.2d 387, 390 (Pa. 1981) (“The lack of proof that the weapon
is the murder weapon goes to the weight of the evidence but not its
admissibility.”). For the foregoing reasons, we find no abuse of discretion and
conclude that Appellant is entitled to no relief on this issue.
In his final issue, Appellant presents a challenge to the discretionary
aspects of his sentence. Specifically, Appellant asserts that the trial court
abused its discretion and imposed a manifestly excessive sentence, failed to
consider certain factors such as Appellant’s personal history, and fashioned a
sentence in excess of what was necessary to address the gravity of the
offense, the protection of the community, and Appellant’s rehabilitative needs.
Appellant’s Brief at 45-46.
____________________________________________
6 The decision in Freeman abrogated the application of “capital case relaxed
waiver doctrine” utilized in Natividad and other cases. Freeman, 827 A.2d
at 400, 402-403.
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“A challenge to the discretionary aspects of a sentence must be
considered a petition for permission to appeal, as the right to pursue such a
claim is not absolute.” Commonwealth v. McAfee, 849 A.2d 270, 274 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (citation omitted). An appellant challenging the discretionary
aspects of his sentence must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a
four-part test:
[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether
appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902
and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved at
sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see
Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal
defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial
question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under
the Sentencing Code, 42. Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation
omitted; brackets in original). Whether a particular issue constitutes a
substantial question about the appropriateness of a sentence is a question to
be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Commonwealth v. Kenner, 784 A.2d
808, 811 (Pa. Super. 2001). As to what constitutes a substantial question,
this Court does not accept bald assertions of sentencing errors.
Commonwealth v. Malovich, 903 A.2d 1247, 1252 (Pa. Super. 2006). An
appellant must articulate the reasons the sentencing court’s actions violated
the sentencing code. Id.Herein, Appellant has met the first three requirements of the four-part
test. Appellant filed a timely appeal, raised the challenge in a post-sentence
motion, and included in his appellate brief the necessary statement of the
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reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f).
Therefore, we next determine whether Appellant raised a substantial question.
In his Rule 2119(f) Statement, Appellant asserts that the trial court
imposed a manifestly excessive sentence and failed to consider mitigating
factors and the factors set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b). Appellant’s Brief at
21-24. This claim presents a substantial question. See Commonwealth v.
Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 769-770 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc) (an assertion
that a sentence is excessive, in conjunction with a claim that the trial court
failed to consider mitigating factors, raises a substantial question); see also
Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 339-340 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(stating that a claim a sentence is manifestly excessive, together with a claim
that the sentencing court failed to consider the appellant’s rehabilitative needs
and mitigating factors in fashioning its sentence, presents a substantial
question). Accordingly, we will review the merits of Appellant’s challenge to
the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing
judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse
of discretion. Commonwealth v. Fullin, 892 A.2d 843, 847 (Pa. Super.
2006). In this context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an error
in judgment. Rather, an appellant must establish by reference to the record
that the sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
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judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will, or arrived at a
manifestly unreasonable decision. Id.The sentencing judge has broad discretion in determining the proper
penalty, and this Court accords the sentencing court great deference because
the sentencing court is in the best position to view a defendant’s character,
displays of remorse, defiance, or indifference, and the overall effect and
nature of the crime. Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957, 961 (Pa.
2007) (quotations and citations omitted). When imposing a sentence, the
sentencing court must consider “the protection of the public, the gravity of
the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim and on the
community, and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant.” 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9721(b). As we have stated, “[A] court is required to consider the particular
circumstances of the offense and the character of the defendant.”
Commonwealth v. Griffin, 804 A.2d 1, 10 (Pa. Super. 2002). “In particular,
the court should refer to the defendant’s prior criminal record, his age,
personal characteristics and his potential for rehabilitation.” Id. Furthermore,
when the sentencing court has the benefit of a pre-sentence investigation
report, we presume that the court was aware of all relevant sentencing
factors. Commonwealth v. Knox, 219 A.3d 186, 199 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(citing Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975 A.2d 1128, 1135 (Pa. Super.
2009)).
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As set forth above, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of
twenty to forty years of imprisonment for third-degree murder, a consecutive
term of five to ten years of imprisonment for VUFA 6105 (possession of a
firearm by a prohibited person), and a concurrent term of ten to twenty years
of imprisonment for robbery. Sentencing Order, 1/18/19. The trial court
imposed no further penalty on the remaining convictions. Id. This resulted
in an aggregate sentence of twenty-five to fifty years of imprisonment. Id.Our review of the record reflects that at the time of sentencing, the trial court
was aware of the Sentencing Guidelines, reviewed all relevant and available
information, balanced those considerations pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b),
and informed Appellant of the basis for the sentence. N.T., 1/18/19, at 2, 3-
10. In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained:
This [c]ourt deferred sentencing for completion of pre-sentence
and mental health reports. On the sentencing date, this [c]ourt
explained to [Appellant] that it had reviewed those reports and
information submitted by both the Commonwealth and
[Appellant’s] attorneys. N.T. 1/18/2019 at 2. During sentencing,
this [c]ourt summarized [Appellant’s] prior criminal history, which
included thirteen arrests, seven convictions, and nine
commitments, which eventually led to six violations of parole and
two revocations of his sentence. N.T. 1/18/2019 at 4. This [c]ourt
also recapitulated [Appellant’s] then twenty[-]year criminal
history, which contained a seemingly endless stream of drug and
gun offenses. Id. at 4-10. Based on its review of these reports,
this [c]ourt noted that [Appellant] obtained his GED while in
juvenile placement and had been shot twenty-one times since
2012, which resulted in a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress in
2015. Id. at 6-7. This [c]ourt further considered [Appellant’s]
history of drug abuse and depression, which requires him to
receive medication while incarcerated. Id. at 8-9. This [c]ourt
noted that [Appellant] was intellectually gifted, and would receive
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a sentence permitting him to interact with his children and
grandchildren outside prison as an older man. Id. at 31-32.
This [c]ourt additionally heard victim impact testimony from
the decedent’s family, and [Appellant’s] lengthy proclamation of
his own innocence. Though [Appellant] maintained his innocence
despite the strong evidence used to convict him, immediately
before imposing sentence, this [c]ourt explained that it would not
grant an additional sentence because [Appellant] protested his
Conviction. Id. at 31. Rather, this [c]ourt told [Appellant] that
he earned his sentence because of his criminal history and the
behavior he demonstrated on the afternoon of the murder. This
reasoning is adequate to support this [c]ourt’s sentence. Id.
Ultimately, this [c]ourt imposed standard range sentences
on his Third-Degree Murder, Robbery, and VUFA 6105[7] charges
for a total sentence of twenty-five to fifty years of imprisonment,
ten years less than the Commonwealth’s recommendation, and
well below the statutory maximum.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/4/19, at 14-15.
Upon review, we discern no abuse of discretion in the sentences
imposed. The trial court set forth its considerations, explained the basis for
the sentences, and considered the factors set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b).
Accordingly, Appellant’s contrary claim lacks merit.
____________________________________________
7 Although the trial court correctly states that it imposed standard-range
sentences for third-degree murder and robbery, the trial court did not
sentence Appellant in the standard range of the Sentencing Guidelines on the
VUFA-6105 conviction. Rather, it sentenced him below the standard range in
the mitigated range. With an offense gravity score of ten and prior record
score of “repeat felony 1 and felony 2 offender” (“RFEL”), a standard-range
minimum sentence would have been between seventy-two and eighty-four
months. N.T., 1/18/18, at 2; 204 Pa. Code § 303.16(a). Herein the trial court
imposed a minimum term of only sixty months, which is in the mitigated
range. 204 Pa. Code § 303.16(a).
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For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that Appellant is entitled
to no relief. Therefore, we affirm the January 18, 2019 judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judge Bowes joins this Memorandum.
Judge Strassburger files a Concurring Memorandum in which
Judge Bowes joins.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/13/20
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