Bower, M. v. Bower, P.

J-S22032-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
MATTHEW BOWER, MATTHEW : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
BOWER TRUCKING, INC., BOWER : PENNSYLVANIA
TRUCKING :
:
Appellants :
:
:
v. :
: No. 1786 MDA 2019
:
PENELOPE BOWER :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered June 19, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County Civil Division at
No(s): CV-2018-0001585-PI
BEFORE: OLSON, J., MURRAY, J., and COLINS, J. *
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED JULY 07, 2020
Appellants, Matthew Bower and Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc.,1 appeal
from the judgment entered on June 19, 2020, against Appellants and in favor
of Appellee, Penelope Bower. We affirm.
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Although the notice of appeal also named “Bower Trucking” as an appellant,
the trial court docket, notes of testimony, and trial court opinion all list the
plaintiffs only as Matthew Bower and Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc., without
Bower Trucking. The notice of appeal appears to be the sole place where
“Bower Trucking” is listed as a party. We will presume that this inclusion was
an error by Appellants’ counsel and not an attempt to influence this Court’s
understanding of the ownership of Bower Trucking, which is a central issue in
this action.
J-S22032-20
Matthew Bower (“Matthew”)2 and Penelope Bower (“Penelope”) are
siblings; their mother was Anna M. Bower (“Anna”), who died on October 11,
2018. N.T., 10/1/2019, at 135.
On October 25, 2018, exactly two weeks after their mother died,
Matthew commenced this action against his sister by filing an “Application for
Special Relief in the Nature of a Preliminary Injunction.” On November 2,
2018, the trial court entered an order resolving the preliminary injunction
application by confirming an agreement of the parties. On February 8, 2019,
Appellants filed a complaint in replevin requesting that the trial court order
Penelope to return a 2004 Kenworth truck to them and a motion for contempt
on the grounds that Penelope had not followed the November 2018 order and
agreement. After Penelope filed preliminary objections to the complaint,
Appellants filed an amended complaint on May 31, 2019, additionally
requesting that the trial court order Penelope to return a 1999 International3
truck (“the Truck”) to them, along with “[a]ll titles, papers, Bills of Lading,
customer lists, and any other corporate papers[.]” Amended Complaint in
Replevin, 5/31/2019, ad damnum clause ¶ 1. On September 6, 2019, the
court entered an order –
____________________________________________
2 Although we generally prefer to eschew using first names to identify parties,
in order to avoid seeming overly familiar, given that there are three individuals
and two companies involved in this action named Bower, we believe that using
the individual’s first names clarifies matters for the readers of this decision.
3 “International” is a brand of trucks.
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dismissing all of [Appellants’] claims in regard to the 2004
Kenworth, and dismissing . . . Matthew Bower and Matthew Bower
Trucking, Inc.’s claims for the [Truck]. The only issue remaining
was the claim raised by Matthew Bower that he is Bower Trucking
and therefore is the owner of the [T]ruck. As the [trial c]ourt
indicated in its Order of September 6, 2019, the sole issue
remaining in the replevin action was to identify the individuals who
are owners of the business entity known as Bower Trucking in
order to determine whether Matthew Bower as Bower Trucking
may continue to pursue his replevin action with regard to the
[T]ruck.
Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019, at 1.
On October 1, 2019, the trial court held a hearing on the remaining
claim. At the hearing, the fact that Matthew was the original owner of the
Truck was undisputed. Furthermore, “neither party dispute[d] that the
[current] titled owner of the [T]ruck is Bower Trucking. The dispute arises
out of who is Bower Trucking.” Id. (emphasis added).
During his testimony, Matthew “produced various exhibits such as
receipts and bills which showed that he, at times, . . . used the name Bower
Trucking.” Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019, at 2. When asked
about the name “Bower Trucking,” Matthew answered, “My father’s used that
name. My brother, I think, has used that name. I’ve used that name.” N.T.,
10/1/2019, at 8. Matthew stated that Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc., paid for
the gas and tires for the Truck. Id. at 33-35, 41-42. Matthew further testified
that Penelope had failed to return to him business records, checks, keys, and
titles for Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc., that she had in her possession. Id.
at 43, 45-47.
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Matthew’s estranged wife, Amy Bower (“Amy”), testified about a time
that Penelope tried to have Amy sign a document stating that Amy owned half
of Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc. Id. at 83-86. One of Matthew’s employees
testified that he did not know about Penelope owning a trucking company. Id.
at 89-91.
Appellants also presented the testimony of Matthew and Penelope’s
maternal uncle, Robert Strauser, which included the following:
Q . . . [W]ere you aware that Anna . . . entered into a business
with Penelope . . . called Bower Management or Bower Trucking?
A No.
Q Did she ever talk to you about that?
[PENELOPE’S COUNSEL]: Objection hearsay. . . .
[APPELLANTS’ COUNSEL]: . . . [U]nder the Dead Man’s Act the
witness can testify to statements by the deceased if he doesn’t
have an interest in the outcome, or is a party to the action. . . .
THE COURT:. . . I believe it’s hearsay as I’m not going to allow
him to testify to anything that . . . Anna . . . would have said to
him. . . .
Q Did you ever see any corporate papers where Anna . . . was
party to any corporation or partnership?
A No.
Id. at 96-98. Additionally, Anna’s grandson testified that he did not know
anything about Anna running a business. Id. at 101.
Penelope testified and presented a written partnership agreement
stating that Bower Trucking is a partnership between herself and Anna,
entered into on January 5, 2014. Defendant’s Exhibit No. 4; N.T., 10/1/2019,
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at 140, 157. Penelope presented further documentation that a federal
Employer Identification Number (“EIN”) was obtained for Bower Trucking
using Anna’s Social Security Number, Defendant’s Exhibit No. 5; N.T.,
10/1/2019, at 140, and annual applications with motor carrier reports for a
registration number with the United States Department of Transportation for
Bower Trucking listing Penelope and Anna as general partners. Defendant’s
Exhibit Nos. 6, 10-11; N.T., 10/1/2019, at 141-42.
Penelope testified that Bower Trucking purchased the [T]ruck from
Matthew on May 31, 2014. N.T., 10/1/2019, at 140, 157. The title, dated
May 31, 2014, transferring the [T]ruck from Matthew as an individual to Bower
Trucking was entered into evidence as Defendant’s Exhibit No. 1; on it, the
purchaser was listed as Penelope as “general partner” and the seller was listed
as Matthew. During his testimony, Matthew had confirmed that the signature
on the title transfer was his. N.T., 10/1/2019, at 58.
Following the hearing, on October 3, 2019, the trial court entered a
written order and opinion finding that Bower Trucking was a partnership
between Penelope and Anna and that, as there was no dispute that Bower
Trucking owned the Truck and that Anna was deceased, Penelope
consequently owned the Truck. Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019,
at 3. Accordingly, the order dismissed Appellants’ complaint. Id.
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On October 25, 2019, Appellants filed an appeal.4 On April 22, 2020,
this Court directed Appellants to praecipe the trial court prothonotary to enter
judgment, and to file with the Prothonotary of the Superior Court, within 30
days, a certified copy of the trial court docket reflecting the entry of judgment.
After Appellants failed to respond, on June 12, 2020, this Court entered a rule
to show cause why the appeal should not be dismissed, with Appellants’
response due seven days thereafter. On June 19, 2020, Appellants filed a
praecipe to enter judgment, thereby perfecting their appeal; on June 22,
2020, Appellants notified this Court of the entry of judgment in a response to
the rule to show cause. On June 23, 2020, this Court entered an order
deeming Appellants’ June 22, 2020, response to be timely filed and
discharging the April 22, 2020, show-cause order.
Appellants now present the following issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in sustaining [Penelope]’s
objections under hearsay, when the witness was not incompetent
under the Dead Man’s Act and no such objection was lodged. [sic]
2. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider competent
and substantial evidence, as follows:
a. Penelope Bower failed to introduce tax documents, K-1
statements, or any other evidence to prove she owned any
interest in Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc. or Bower Trucking.
b. Penelope Bower failed to produce corporate papers, or
partnership agreements, or any other proof that she owned
____________________________________________
4 Appellants filed their statement of errors complained of on appeal on
November 14, 2019. The trial court entered a supplemental opinion on
December 3, 2019.
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any business whatsoever, namely, no interest in Matthew
Bower Trucking, Inc., or Bower Trucking.
c. Although a purported lease [] allegedly signed by
[Matthew] for the [Truck] was proffered by Penelope Bower
which [Matthew] denied, no bank statements or other proof
was entered that might show lease payments made by
Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc. or any Bower Trucking bank
account, or receipts for lease payments, or any other kind
of evidence to support Penelope Bower’s assertion.
d. [A]ppellant produced bank statements and gas receipts,
and repair and equipment receipts showing [A]ppellant ran
his trucks under Bower Trucking and Matthew Bower
Trucking. Many receipts showed simply “Matthew Bower
Trucking” for the truck registered to Bower Trucking.
Appellant was the only party who had and has an operating
license for semi-tractor trailers that run interstate.
Penelope Bower had no such evidence, yet the court
dismissed [Appellants’] case.
e. Penelope Bower offered no evidence to support her
testimony that she cashed checks to herself from Matthew
Bower Trucking, Inc[.]’s Bank Account “to pay for Bower
Trucking” for the alleged lease, which was not supported by
any competent evidence, or example:
(1) Penelope Bower wrote checks out to herself, not
Bower Trucking;
(2) Penelope Bower did not offer any bank
statements for Bower Trucking to prove such funds
were deposited in a Bower Trucking account.
(3) Penelope Bower offered no receipts, deposit
slips and no bank statements to back up her
assertions.
3. The trial court erred in finding that “many members of the
Bower family used” the Bower Trucking name, as this was not
produced in evidence. [Matthew]’s contention was that his father,
brother and he used the Bower Trucking name only.
4. The trial court erred in allowing Penelope Bower to assert
that she was part owner of Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc., after
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she told the court in an earlier hearing that she would make no
such claim.
5. The trial court erred in refusing to allow [Matthew] to
establish that Penelope Bower, while book keeper [sic] for
Matthew Bower Trucking, Inc., took money from the Matthew
Bower Trucking, Inc.’s bank account by writing checks to herself
for several years as would have been testified to by [Matthew]
accounting expert.
6. The trial court erred by failing to consider that the evidence
established that Penelope Bower took the [T]ruck in the middle of
the night by shady means and has kept them hidden since that
time.
7. The trial court erred in denying [Appellants’] Motion in
Contempt when two Common Pleas judges ordered
Penelope Bower to bring the two trucks back to [A]ppellant[s],
and her attorney assured that she would abide by the court’s
order, but she never did so.
Appellants’ Brief at 7-8.
Preliminarily, we note that, although Appellants’ statement of questions
involved pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2116 enumerates seven main appellate claims,
with various sub-claims, the argument section of their brief contains no
divisions, in violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), which mandates that “argument
shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued.”
Although we have chosen to apply our rules liberally, we admonish Appellants
and, more importantly, their counsel, and we remind them of the following:
The briefing requirements scrupulously delineated in our appellate
rules are not mere trifling matters of stylistic preference; rather,
they represent a studied determination by our Court and its rules
committee of the most efficacious manner by which appellate
review may be conducted so that a litigant’s right to judicial review
as guaranteed by Article V, Section 9 of our Commonwealth’s
Constitution may be properly exercised.
Commonwealth v. Briggs, 12 A.3d 291, 343 (Pa. 2011).
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Appellants first contend that the trial “court erred in sustaining the
hearsay objection” during Mr. Strauser’s testimony “and failed to recognize
the witness was a disinterested witness and could testify about said
conversation.” Appellants’ Brief at 14. “The admissibility of evidence is a
matter within the sound discretion of the trial court and will be reversed only
where there is a clear abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Clemons,
200 A.3d 441, 474 (Pa. 2019) (citation omitted). In their brief, Appellants
explain that they “called the brother of the decedent[, Anna,] to refute
[Penelope]’s testimony that the decedent [and Penelope] formed a
partnership together called ‘Bower Trucking’.” Id. at 13-14. However, the
fact that Mr. Strauser had never heard of nor seen any documents supporting
Penelope’s assertion that she and Anna had formed a business together was
entered into evidence. When asked whether he was “aware that Anna . . .
entered into a business with Penelope Bower called Bower Management or
Bower Trucking[,]” Mr. Strauser answered, “No.” N.T., 10/1/2019, at 96.
When asked if he “ever [saw] any corporate papers where Anna . . . was party
to any corporation or partnership[,]” Mr. Strauser again answered, “No.” Id.
at 97-98. Accordingly, although the exact words of the alleged conversation
between Anna and Mr. Strauser were not entered into evidence, the fact that
Appellants were trying to establish – i.e., that Anna never mentioned a
business with Penelope to Mr. Strauser – was made known to the trial court.
Consequently, we need not reach the issue of whether the Dead Man’s Act
was an applicable exception to hearsay in this instance, because, even
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assuming arguendo that it was, any such error by the trial court was harmless
and did not prejudice Appellants. See Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d
1065, 1085 (Pa. 2017) (harmless error in the admission of evidence can be
found where “the error did not prejudice the [party] or the prejudice was de
minimis”).
The majority of Appellants’ remaining claims boil down to a challenge to
the weight of the evidence.
When reviewing a challenge to the weight of the evidence, we
review the trial court’s exercise of discretion. A reversal of a
verdict is not necessary unless it is so contrary to the evidence as
to shock one’s sense of justice. The weight of the evidence is
exclusively for the finder of fact, who is free to believe all, none
or some of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the
witnesses. The fact-finder also has the responsibility of resolving
contradictory testimony and questions of credibility. We give
great deference to the trial court’s decision regarding a weight of
the evidence claim because it had the opportunity to hear and see
the evidence presented.
Commonwealth v. Roane, 204 A.3d 998, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2019) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Ferraro v. Temple
University, 185 A.3d 396, 401 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“Our appellate role in cases
arising from non-jury trial verdicts is to determine whether the findings of the
trial court are supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
committed error in any application of the law. The findings of fact of the trial
judge must be given the same weight and effect on appeal as the verdict of a
jury.” (citation omitted)).
Moreover,
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In a replevin action the sole issue is one of title and right to
possession and all matters foreign thereto must be excluded from
consideration and are not available as defenses. The plaintiff has
the burden of establishing by adequate proof such an interest in
the property replevied as entitles him to exclusive possession.
Gensbigler v. Shawley, 60 A.2d 360, 361 (Pa. Super. 1948) (citations
omitted); see also International Electronics Co. v. N.S.T. Metal
Products Co., 88 A.2d 40, 43 (Pa. 1952) (“In order to sustain replevin, it is
incumbent on the plaintiff to show not only that he has title, but that he has
also the right of immediate possession.”); Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Caiazzo,
564 A.2d 931, 933 (Pa. Super. 1989) (“The focus in a replevin actions is
strictly limited to title and right of possession; all matters foreign to those
limited issues are expressly excluded from consideration and are not available
as defenses or counterclaims.”).
In essence, Matthew wants this Court to believe his side of the story and
to disregard any evidence presented by Penelope. Appellants contend: “The
trial court overlooked a half a dozen witnesses and 61 pieces of documentary
evidence to find that the sole self-serving testimony of Penelope Bower was
credible.” Appellants’ Brief at 19.
However, the weight of the evidence, including the credibility of
witnesses, was exclusively the prerogative of the trial court as finder of fact,
Roane, 204 A.3d at 1001, and the trial court believed Penelope’s version of
events, which she supported with physical exhibits:
Based upon the testimony and evidence presented to the [trial
c]ourt throughout the course of the hearing, the [trial c]ourt finds
that the Bower Trucking which is the titled owner of the [T]ruck is
a partnership between the late Anna . . . and Penelope A. Bower,
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which was entered into on January 5, 2014. The partnership of
Bower Trucking purchased the [T]ruck from Matthew Bower on
May 31, 2014. The title work transferring the [Truck] from
Matthew Bower to Bower Trucking is signed by Penelope Bower,
General Partner of Bower Trucking, as the purchaser.
Matthew Bower signed as the seller. The transaction occurred on
May 31, 2014, several months after the creation of the Bower
Trucking partnership between Penelope Bower and Anna[.] . . .
Documentation was presented to support evidencing an EIN
number for Bower Trucking with Anna . . . listed as General
Partner, and a Department of Transportation number for Bower
Trucking listing Penelope Bower as General Partner. Additionally,
motor carrier reports for 2016 and 2017 were produced for Bower
Trucking. . . . It is clear to th[e trial c]ourt, based upon the
completed assignment of title paperwork for the transfer of the
[T]ruck signed on May 31, 2014, by Matthew Bower as the seller,
and Penelope, general partner of Bower Trucking, as purchaser,
that the owner of the [Truck] is the Bower Trucking partnership
between Penelope and Anna[.]
Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019, at 2-3; see also Defendant’s
Exhibit Nos. 1, 4-6, 10-11; N.T., 10/1/2019, at 58, 140-42, 157. Additionally,
Appellants seem to confuse quantity of evidence with quality of the evidence,
see Appellants’ Brief at 19, as much of their evidence was irrelevant,
undisputed, or tangential to the core issues of ownership of Bower Trucking
and, in turn, ownership of the Truck, including testimony on what individuals
did not know about the businesses or demonstrating a co-mingling of funds.
See, e.g., N.T., 10/1/2019, at 33-35, 41-43, 45-47, 83-86, 89-91, 96-98,
101; see also Ford, 564 A.2d at 933; Gensbigler, 60 A.2d at 361. In
addition, the types of documents that Appellants claim that Penelope should
have produced in order to establish that she owned Bower Trucking, such as
tax documents and corporate papers, see Appellants’ Brief at 7 ¶ 2.a.-b., 18,
were not produced by Appellants, either, to demonstrate that they owned
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Bower Trucking, and Appellants, as the original plaintiffs, have the burden of
proof in a replevin action. International Electronics, 88 A.2d at 43;
Gensbigler, 60 A.2d at 361.
Accordingly, the trial court’s findings were supported by competent
evidence, and, consequently, we cannot and will not substitute another’s
judgment for that of the trial court. Ferraro, 185 A.3d at 401.
As for some of Appellants’ more specific arguments, we find some to be
waived and none to be persuasive -- certainly not enough to shock our sense
of justice. Roane, 204 A.3d at 1001.
Whether Penelope could prove she owned any interest in Matthew Bower
Trucking, Inc., Appellants’ Brief at 7 ¶ 2.a.-b., 19, is irrelevant, because it was
undisputed that the Truck was titled to Bower Trucking, not to Matthew Bower
Trucking, Inc. Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019, at 1.
Appellants do not mention the existence of “corporate papers” in the
“Argument” section of their brief, compare Appellants’ Brief at 7 ¶ 2.b. with
id. at 13-19, thereby waiving the challenge. See Hinkal v. Pardoe, 133 A.3d
738, 740–41 (Pa. Super. 2016) (en banc) (citing Pa.R.A.P. 2119; Harvilla v.
Delcamp, 555 A.2d 763, 764 n.1 (Pa. 1989)) (“[a]ppellant did not address
[an] issue in the Argument section of her brief[; w]e therefore[] may find this
issue waived”); Green v. Green, 69 A.3d 282, 286 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citing Umbelina v. Adams, 34 A.3d 151, 161 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“[W]here
an appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with citation to
relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful fashion
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capable of review, that claim is waived.”); Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a)) (where
“argument section does not address . . . issue on appeal . . . , we find that
issue waived for lack of development”).
Appellants’ assertion that Penelope did not present a partnership
agreement, Appellants’ Brief at 7 ¶ 2.b, is erroneous, as the written
partnership agreement between Penelope and Anna creating Bower Trucking,
dated January 5, 2014, was admitted into evidence as Defendant’s Exhibit
No. 4 and was discussed by Penelope during her testimony. N.T., 10/1/2019,
at 140, 157.
The issue of whether there was, at some point in time, a lease between
Matthew and Penelope for rental of the Truck is also waived for failure to
include it in the “Argument” section of Appellants’ brief. Compare by
Appellants’ Brief at 7-8 ¶ 2.c., e. with id. at 13-19; see also Hinkal, 133
A.3d at 740–41; Green, 69 A.3d at 286 n.3.5
Contrary to Appellants’ claim otherwise, Appellants’ Brief at 7 ¶ 2.d., the
trial court acknowledged that Matthew “produced various exhibits such as
receipts and bills which showed that he, at times, also used the name Bower
Trucking[,]” but the court, as fact-finder, did not find this evidence to be
persuasive. Trial Court Opinion, dated October 3, 2019, at 2.
____________________________________________
5 Moreover, the question is immaterial, because, on May 31, 2014, Matthew
signed the title transfer to Bower Trucking and admitted in court that the
signature on the title transfer was his. Defendant’s Exhibit No. 1; N.T.,
10/1/2019, at 58.
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The “Argument” section of the brief also makes no reference to the trial
court’s finding that “many members of the Bower family used” the Bower
Trucking name, compare Appellants’ Brief at 8 ¶ 3 with id. at 13-19, hence
waiving this claim as well. Hinkal, 133 A.3d at 740–41; Green, 69 A.3d at
286 n.3. Assuming this challenge were not waived, we would note that
Matthew’s own testimony was that three members of his family -- his father,
his brother, and himself -- used the “Bower Trucking” name. N.T., 10/1/2019,
at 8. Three people employing the name would be enough to find that “many
members of the Bower family used” the name.
Appellants’ allegation that Penelope embezzled from them was not at
issue, Appellants’ Brief at 8 ¶ 5, and Appellants fail to explain how, assuming
that this accusation were true, it is relevant to the issue of ownership of the
Truck. See id. at 16, 18-19.
Finally, Appellants’ “Argument” section makes no reference to Penelope
moving the Truck by “shady means,” compare id. at 8 ¶ 6 with id. at 13-
19, thereby also waiving this issue. Hinkal, 133 A.3d at 740–41; Green, 69
A.3d at 286 n.3. Assuming arguendo that this contention were not waived,
we find no evidence of this alleged event presented during the hearing on
October 1, 2019, and Appellants provide us with no citations to the notes of
testimony or to any exhibits in support of their contention nor any explanation
as to how this claim is relevant to establishing ownership of the Truck.6
____________________________________________
6 Furthermore, as the Truck was Penelope’s property, she could move it at any
time she wished.
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As for the motion for contempt, Appellants’ entire argument in their brief
consists of one sentence with no citations to the record or to any law: “The
trial judge erred in denying [A]ppellants[’] motion for contempt, as two
common pleas[] judges had ordered the [Truck] to be returned to 829 W 4th
Ave. Williamsport, and her attorney emailed the undersigned indicating that
she would return the truck, but never did.” Appellants’ Brief at 19. Appellants’
challenge to the denial of their motion for contempt hence is waived. Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a) (argument shall include citation of authorities); Kelly v. Carman
Corporation, 2020 Pa. Super. 35, at *35-*36 (filed February 12, 2020) (citing
Commonwealth v. Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 281 n.21 (Pa. 2011) (without a
“developed, reasoned, supported, or even intelligible argument[, t]he matter
is waived for lack of development”); In re Estate of Whitley, 50 A.3d 203,
209 (Pa. Super. 2012) (“The argument portion of an appellate brief must
include a pertinent discussion of the particular point raised along with
discussion and citation of pertinent authorities[; t]his Court will not consider
the merits of an argument which fails to cite relevant case or statutory
authority” (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)); Lackner v.
Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 29-30 (Pa. Super. 2006) (explaining appellant’s
arguments must adhere to rules of appellate procedure, and arguments which
are not appropriately developed are waived on appeal; arguments not
appropriately developed include those where party has failed to cite any
authority in support of contention)).
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For the reasons given above, we conclude that the trial court’s findings
are supported by competent evidence. See Ferraro, 185 A.3d at 401. We
therefore affirm.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/7/2020
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