Com. v. Tabb, K.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
KALENA TABB :
:
Appellant : No. 2005 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 19, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0008045-2016
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED JULY 17, 2020
Kalena Tabb (Tabb) appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed by
the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial court) after finding
her guilty of simple assault and possessing an instrument of crime. We affirm
the convictions but amend the sentence imposed for simple assault.
On June 10, 2016, Marvin Carter drove to his daughter’s school to pick
her up as part of a child custody arrangement. At the time, Carter shared
custody with the child’s mother, Tabb. When the child did not come out,
Carter called Tabb to see why the child was not outside to be picked-up. Tabb
told him that the child was with her and that she would bring her to him.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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As found by the trial court, when Tabb and daughter arrived, Carter was
sitting in his truck. Tabb walked up to the truck’s front window and punched
Carter in the face. As he tried to block her, Tabb hit him twice more in the
back of his head with, according to Carter, either a cell phone or “a big, shiny
thing.” When she walked away, Carter got out of his truck. Tabb quickly
turned around and smashed his leg with the truck door. Carter tried to grab
his daughter but Tabb hit him twice more, knocking him to the ground. The
police soon arrived and called an ambulance to take Carter to a hospital for
treatment. Tabb was charged by criminal information with simple assault,
harassment and possessing an instrument of crime.1
At her May 19, 2017 bench trial, Tabb gave a drastically different version
of what happened. According to her, Carter got out of his truck and started
yelling, getting in her face and pointing at her. Carter then tried to slap her
but she blocked it and hit him back in self-defense. Tabb testified that she
was afraid Carter would try to hit her again because he had previously
attacked her. Tabb also admitted the stipulated testimony of a coworker that
she has a reputation for peacefulness and truthfulness.
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1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2701(a), 2709(a)(1) and 907(a). Though Carter is an adult,
the Commonwealth mistakenly graded simple assault as a first-degree
misdemeanor, which applies only when the offense is committed “against a
child under 12 years of age [.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(b)(2). We address this
error at the end of our decision.
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The court found her guilty of simple assault and possessing an
instrument of crime and sentenced her to concurrent terms of three years’
probation for each offense. Tabb timely appealed and now raises sufficiency
claims against both of her convictions, as well as an illegal sentence claim for
simple assault.
We first address Tabb’s challenge to the sufficiency of evidence for
simple assault.2 Under Section 2701 of the Crimes Code, a person is guilty of
simple assault if he “attempts to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly
causes bodily injury to another[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1). “Bodily injury”
is the “[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain.” 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 2301. In arguing that the evidence was insufficient for simple assault, Tabb
principally relies on her own testimony and asserts that she was justified in
using force against Carter. She also highlights that she presented evidence
of her reputation for peacefulness and truthfulness, and contrasts this with
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2 “The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is
whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable
to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to
find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. Bradley, 69 A.3d 253, 255 (Pa. Super. 2013). “If the
Commonwealth has presented some evidence of each element of the crime,
we deem the evidence sufficient unless it is so weak and inconclusive that as
a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances.” Id.-3-
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Carter, whom she characterizes as a domestic abuser with a prior conviction
for aggravated assault.3
Tabb’s argument goes more to the weight of the evidence than its
sufficiency. Under our standard, we view all of the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict winner, which, in this case, was the Commonwealth.
Here, Carter and Tabb gave very different accounts of what happened.
According to Carter’s version, Tabb was the aggressor, punching him in the
face first, hitting him in the head with an object, crushing his leg in the truck
door, and then hitting and knocking him to the ground, where he remained
until the police arrived. In contrast, Tabb portrayed Carter as the aggressor,
forcing her to protect herself when he tried to slap her. Tabb, however, is
asking us to ignore that after hearing both versions, the trial court simply
credited Carter’s version over her version. Additionally, the Commonwealth
presented photographs of Carter’s injuries that were taken soon after the
incident, including a mark on his leg caused by Tabb slamming a truck door
on it. Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, there was
sufficient evidence to convict her for simple assault.
Next, to convict a person for possessing an instrument of crime under
18 Pa.C.S. § 907(a), “the Commonwealth has the burden of proving two
elements: (1) possession of an object that is an instrument of crime and (2)
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3Carter testified that his conviction was in 1990 and did not involve domestic
abuse. N.T., 5/19/17, at 23-24.
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intent to use the object for a criminal purpose.” In re A.V., 48 A.3d 1251,
1253 (Pa. Super. 2012). The statute defines an instrument of crime, in
relevant part, as “[a]nything used for criminal purposes and possessed by the
actor under circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses it may
have.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 907(d)(2).
Tabb argues that no weapon or object that could be used criminally was
ever recovered or credibly observed, focusing on Carter’s vague description
that Tabb was holding a cell phone and “a big, shiny thing.” Tabb asserts that
there was insufficient evidence that she possessed these items with any intent
to use them criminally, basically arguing that—at most—she hit Carter while
she had an item in her hand. In her view, this negates the mens rea necessary
to convict for possessing an instrument of crime.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
as the verdict winner, we find there was sufficient evidence to convict for
possessing an instrument of crime. At trial, Carter testified that Tabb walked
up to his truck and punched him first through the open front window. N.T.,
5/19/17, at 10. Because she was hitting him, Carter put his hands over the
left side of his face to block her from punching him through the driver’s side
front window. Id. at 10-11. The following exchange then occurred:
[Carter]: I’m blocking her to keep her from hitting me. I said
stop, stop. So the back window was down. So all I know I felt
something hit me in the back of my head through the
window. And I’m trying to get this window up with the other
hand. And I couldn’t get the back window at the time, so she hit
me two times in the back of my head.
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[Commonwealth]: Do you know did she have something in her
hand?
[Carter]: She had a phone and a big, shiny thing.
Id. at 11 (emphasis added).
Based on this testimony, the trial court could infer that when Tabb was
unable to hit Carter anymore through the front window, she then reached
through the back window and used one of the objects in her hand to hit Carter
in the back of the head. Significantly, his testimony was not that he felt her
closed fist or hand hit him in the back of the head; instead, he testified that
he felt “something” hit him. From these facts, the trial court could infer that
Tabb used the object in her hand to extend her reach through the back window
and, as the Commonwealth suggests, increase the force of the blows.
Tabb cites Commonwealth v. Jackson, No. 811 EDA 2017 (Pa. Super.
2018) (unpublished memorandum), where we reversed a conviction for
possessing an instrument conviction where the defendant rolled up a hat and
held it by his side while he threatened the victim. We held that this was
insufficient because the defendant did not do anything with the hat to simulate
or give the impression that it was a gun. Id. at *10. However, this case
differs in that Tabb actually used the object to actually hit Carter rather than
threaten him. In such instances, we have found such evidence of employing
the object for an assault to be sufficient. See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Tukhi, 149 A.3d 881, 888 (Pa. Super. 2016) (defendant used iron pipe to
strike the victim’s arm); see also Commonwealth v. Brunson, 938 A.2d
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1057, 1062 (Pa. Super. 2007) (defendant threw a plastic bottle at the victim).
In these cases—as in this one—an otherwise innocuous object was used in an
assault, thus meeting the plain language of § 907(a) that the object is
possessed “with intent to employ it criminally.” As a result, based on the
testimony of Carter which the trial court found credible, the Commonwealth
presented sufficient evidence to convict Tabb for possessing an instrument of
crime.
Finally, the trial court and the Commonwealth agree that it imposed an
illegal sentence for simple assault. The Commonwealth graded the offense in
the information as a first-degree misdemeanor, which is only applicable when
simple assault is committed “against a child under 12 years of age by a person
18 years of age or older.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(b)(2). Neither Tabb nor the
Commonwealth corrected this at sentencing, and the trial court went on to
sentence her to three years’ probation and entered the conviction in its
sentencing order as a first-degree misdemeanor. Because Carter and Tabb
are both adults, the offense should have been graded as a second-degree
misdemeanor with a statutory maximum of two years’ imprisonment. 18
Pa.C.S. § 1104(2).
“If this Court determines that a sentence must be corrected, we are
empowered to either amend the sentence directly or to remand the case to
the trial court for resentencing.” Commonwealth v. Benchoff, 700 A.2d
1289, 1294 (Pa. Super. 1997). “[I]f we determine that a correction by this
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[C]ourt may upset the sentencing scheme envisioned by the [sentencing]
court, the better practice is to remand.” Id. (citation and quotation marks
omitted). However, if our disposition does not alter the overall sentencing
scheme, then there is no need for a remand for resentencing.
Commonwealth v. Thur, 906 A.2d 552, 569 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Because her sentences were concurrent, we do not need to remand for
resentencing. However, because the grading of her simple assault is incorrect,
we must amend the grading of her conviction to a second-degree
misdemeanor and amend the sentence imposed to the statutory maximum
concurrent term of two years’ probation, consistent with 18 Pa.C.S. § 1104(2).
Accordingly, we amend the conviction at count one (simple assault) to
the grade of second-degree misdemeanor, and amend the trial court’s
sentence of three years’ probation to two years’ probation, concurrent to the
sentence imposed to count three (possessing an instrument of crime).
Judgment of sentence affirmed in all other respects.
Convictions affirmed. Judgment of sentence amended in part and
affirmed in part. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/17/20
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