A.L. v. B.B.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
A.L. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
B.B. :
:
: No. 981 MDA 2020
APPEAL OF: M.U. & B.U. :
Appeal from the Order Entered June 24, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County Civil Division at
No(s): 2013-03683
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED: JANUARY 19, 2021
M.U. and B.U. appeal from the order denying their petition to intervene
and their petition for special relief in the custody matter involving their great-
grandson, A.B. (“Child”). We vacate the order and remand.
Child was born in March 2012. M.U. and B.U. are Child’s paternal great-
grandparents (“Great-Grandparents”). When Child was approximately a year
and a half old, in September 2013, the Cumberland County Court of Common
Pleas entered a consent order awarding physical custody to B.B. (“Father”),
with partial custody to A.L. (“Mother”). The court subsequently amended the
order, in December 2013, also by consent of the parties, and detailed the
terms of Mother’s partial custody. Mother’s custody was to take place at Great-
Grandparents’ residence until Mother could obtain adequate housing.
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These orders remained the operative custody orders in this case until
August 2019, when Mother filed a petition in York County for a protection from
abuse (“PFA”) order on behalf of Child and against Father. The York County
court entered a final PFA order on August 29, 2019, which altered custody and
gave Mother temporary primary physical custody of Child.
Approximately two and a half months later, on December 17, 2019,
Great-Grandparents filed a petition to intervene in the Cumberland County
custody action, seeking primary physical and legal custody of Child (“Petition
to Intervene”). Great-Grandparents alleged that they “had and continue to
have, a close relationship with the child, in fact having the child live with them
on multiple occasions, including the majority of the past 5 years.” Petition to
Intervene, 12/17/19, at 1.
They further averred that even though Father (i.e., their grandson) no
longer exercises any custodial time with Child, Child “visits [Great-
Grandparents] and stays overnight at their home on a regular basis,” and
“refers to [Great-Grandparents’] home as his home.” Id. at 2. They also
contended that Child “is fearful of going to Mother’s home when he leaves
[Great-Grandparents’] home,” “desperately wants to return to [Great-
Grandparents’] home,” and Mother cannot provide adequate housing for Child
and that Mother’s current home is “without a furnace.” Id. at 3-4. Great-
Grandparents’ overarching claim was that “Mother has proven unable to
provide for [Child’s] most basic needs, physically, emotionally and spiritually,
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relying on [Great-Grandparents] to perform the essential parenting duties and
responsibilities.” Id. at 4.
Great-Grandparents thus maintained that they had standing to
intervene under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(2) because they stood in loco parentis
to Child. In the alternative, they claimed that they had standing under the
grandparents and great-grandparents standing statute, 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
5325(2).
Approximately a month after they filed the Petition to Intervene, and
before the court had ruled on the Petition, Great-Grandparents filed an
emergency petition for special relief (“Emergency Petition”) in the Cumberland
County custody case. They alleged that “Mother’s living situation had changed
and the environment for [Child] has deteriorated significantly,” and requested
immediate physical custody of Child. Emergency Petition, 1/22/20, at 2. They
asserted that their home was “intended to be the place of refuge for [Child],
as it was and is the most stable, loving and nurturing environment available
for [Child].” Id. at 3.
While both the Petition to Intervene and the Emergency Petition were
still pending, in February 2020, Mother filed a petition in the instant case in
Cumberland County to modify custody. Mother pointed out that she already
had emergency physical custody of Child due to the York County PFA order.
She also alleged that Father had not exercised any physical custody of Child
since the entry of the PFA order in August 2019. Mother therefore sought sole
legal and physical custody of Child.
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Mother then responded to Great-Grandparents’ Petition to Intervene and
their Emergency Petition. Mother disputed Great-Grandparents’
representations about their relationship with Child. Mother instead claimed:
[Child] has not lived with Great-Grandparents for the majority of
the past five (5) years. Five years ago, [Child] lived at Great-
Grandparents[’] residence because [Child] was under the custody
of [Father] and [Father] lived at the Great-Grandparents’
residence. Three years ago, [Father] and [Child] moved out of the
Great-Grandparents’ residence and [Child] has not resided at the
Great-Grandparents’ residence since. Thus, Child lived at Great-
Grandparents[’] residence for two of the past five years. When
[Father] moved out of Great-Grandparents’ residence; [Father]
ended [Child’s] relationship with the Great-Grandparents. The
relationship between [Child] and the Great-Grandparents
remained nonexistent until [Mother] gained primary custody of
[Child] last year and allowed the relationship to continue.
However, that relationship has started to deteriorate and become
nonexistent again because Mother has learned troubling facts
about the Great-Grandparents’ care of [Child], in particular, that
the Great-Grandparents pay [Child] to sleep in the Great-
Grandparents’ bed instead of [Child’s] own bed.
***
Child used to stay overnight at the Great-Grandparents[’] house
every other weekend. However, Child has stayed less at the
Great-Grandparents’ home since [Mother] learned that the Great-
Grandparents were paying [Child] to sleep in their bed instead of
[Child’s] bed.
***
Mother admits that Great-Grandparents have purchased
additional clothing for [Child] but denies any allegation that the
Great-Grandparents buy clothing that is necessary for [Child].
Mother has been and is able to pay for all clothing and expenses
needed for [Child] on her own.
***
Child refers to Mother’s home as his home.
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Mother’s Response, 3/30/20, at 1-2.
Mother also contended that Great-Grandparents did not have standing
under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5325(2) because they were seeking sole custody and
Section 5325(2) at most confers standing to seek partial custody. See id. at
2. Further, and most significantly, Mother maintained that Great-
Grandparents did not have standing under the 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(2) because
they did not plead sufficient facts to establish that they stood in loco parentis
to Child. Id. at 3.
After the parties had each already submitted the above filings in the
Cumberland County matter, Child’s paternal grandmother sought a PFA order
on Child’s behalf in York County against Mother. The York County court
ultimately granted the PFA order, on May 18, 2020, and granted temporary,
primary, physical custody of Child to Great-Grandparents, with supervised
visitation for Mother. See A.J.B. v. A.L., 2019-FC-001529-12B (York Co. filed
May 18, 2020). Mother appealed to this Court, and the appeal is presently
pending. See A.J.B. v. A.L., 904 MDA 2020.
Subsequently, on June 23, 2020, the Cumberland County court issued
the order at issue in this appeal, denying Great-Grandparents’ Petition to
Intervene and Emergency Petition, without a hearing. Great-Grandparents
filed a timely appeal; Great-Grandparents and the trial court complied with
Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Great-Grandparents raise the following issues:
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1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit[] an
error of law in dismissing [Great-Grandparents’] Petition to
Intervene due to a lack of standing?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error
of law by failing to consider the best interests of [Child]
when dismissing [Great-Grandparents’] Petition to
Intervene?
Great-Grandparents’ Br. at 5.
We first confirm our jurisdiction, as the June 23, 2020 order is
interlocutory. An appeal lies only from a final order, unless an exception to
this general rule applies. K.W. v. S.L., 157 A.3d 498, 502 (Pa.Super. 2017).
One such exception is the collateral order rule, which is found in Pennsylvania
Rule of Appellate Procedure 313. Rule 313 allows an immediate appeal from
an interlocutory order if the order is a collateral order. A collateral order “is
an order separable from and collateral to the main cause of action where the
right involved is too important to be denied review and the question presented
is such that if review is postponed until final judgment in the case, the claim
will be irreparably lost.” Pa.R.A.P. 313(b). An order denying intervention in a
custody matter constitutes a collateral order. K.C. v. L.A., 128 A.3d 774, 781
(Pa. 2015). The instant appeal is therefore properly before us.
Turning to the merits of the appeal, both of Great-Grandparents’ issues
concern the contention that the trial court erred by failing to consider them to
be in loco parentis. Therefore, we will address them together. A person who
stands in loco parentis of a child has standing to seek any form of physical
custody or legal custody of the child. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(2). The doctrine
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of in loco parentis has two components: “(1) the assumption of parental
status, and (2) the discharge of parental duties.” M.J.S. v. B.B., 172 A.3d
651, 656-657 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted) (concluding that grandmother stood in loco parentis to grandchild
when she lived with grandchild and mother as a family unit for five years,
shared daily parental responsibilities, assisted the child financially, and had
been “a stabilizing force in the child’s life and ensured his safety”).
In custody cases, we defer to the trial court’s credibility and weight
determinations and we accept its findings of fact if they have support in the
record. See C.A.J. v. D.S.M., 136 A.3d 504, 506 (Pa.Super. 2016). However,
we do not defer to factual deductions and inferences it makes from its factual
findings. See id. We may reject its legal conclusions only if they involve an
error of law or are unreasonable in light of its factual findings. See id.Great-Grandparents argue that their allegations were sufficient to
establish that they stand in loco parentis to Child. They argue that Child has
resided with them for the majority of his life, often in the absence of either
parent, and that they developed their relationship with Child with the
acquiescence of both parents. Great-Grandparents disagree with the trial
court’s characterization of their substantial contributions to Child’s life as
merely “child care” and “grooming.” They also argue that the trial court failed
to consider the best interests of Child, especially in light of the recent PFA
order against Mother, when concluding that Great-Grandparents did not have
standing to intercede in the instant custody matter. At the very least,
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according to Great-Grandparents, the trial court should have conducted a
hearing regarding their potential status as interveners.
Conversely, Mother maintains that the trial court correctly determined
that the allegations within Great-Grandparents’ Petition to Intervene were
insufficient as a matter of law for them to be found to be in loco parentis to
Child. Mother emphasizes that because the trial court denied Great-
Grandparents’ Petition to Intervene without holding a hearing, this Court must
narrow its review of the trial court’s decision to only the facts the parties
alleged in their filings. On that basis, Mother argues that the trial court
properly determined that Great-Grandparents did not meet the in loco parentis
standard because they never asserted that they intended to assume the status
of Child’s parents, but rather were merely performing care-taking functions
while parents were otherwise busy. Mother also asserts that Great-
Grandparents only claimed to have spent time with Child, but did not assert
that they “had any psychological bonds” with Child or that they had provided
Child with “care, nurture and affection.” Mother’s Br. at 9.
To this end, Mother likens this case to D.G. v D.B., 91 A.3d 706(Pa.Super. 2014), and Argenio v. Fenton, 703 A.2d 1042 (Pa.Super. 1997).
In D.G., this Court reversed the trial court’s order finding that a grandmother
stood in loco parentis to the child at issue. There, although the grandmother
had lived with the child and the child’s mother on two separate occasions, the
grandmother had sought welfare assistance so that mother and child could
move out. D.G., 91 A.3d at 710. Our court concluded that although the
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grandmother in D.G. had commendably provided child with occasional shelter,
meals, laundry and transportation, these efforts were not consistent with an
intent to assume all parental responsibilities and therefore the trial court had
erred by finding that the grandmother stood in loco parentis to the child. Id.
at 711-712.
In Argenio, this Court concluded that the grandmother at issue did not
stand in loco parentis with her granddaughter. She lived with the child and
her mother for the first year of child’s life, but thereafter, the child lived with
the mother, although the grandmother provided some care. 703 A.2d at 1043.
Our Court held although the grandmother acted as a frequent caretaker for
the child, she did not act as a person intending to informally adopt the child
or take on the duties and obligations of parenthood. Id. at 1044.
As Mother notes, the procedural posture of this case is such that the
trial court concluded that Great-Grandparents did not stand in loco parentis
to Child based solely on Great-Grandparents’ petition and Mother’s response.
It did not hold a hearing or make findings of fact. It instead declined to hold
a hearing and denied the petition because, in the trial court’s view, the
allegations in Great-Grandparents’ petition were insufficient to find them in
loco parentis to Child. We disagree.
In their petition, Great-Grandparents stated that they “had and continue
to have, a close relationship with the child, in fact having the child live with
them on multiple occasions, including the majority of the past 5 years.”
Petition to Intervene at 1. They further averred that “Mother has proven
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unable to provide for [Child’s] most basic needs, physically, emotionally and
spiritually, relying on [Great-Grandparents] to perform the essential parenting
duties and responsibilities.” Id. at 4. Assuming, arguendo, that these
allegations are true, Great-Grandparents’ in loco parentis claim has merit. See
Argenio, 703 A.2d at 1043. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred by
denying the Petition to Intervene without holding a hearing.
Indeed, Mother’s argument on appeal highlights the need for a hearing
as she disputes Great-Grandparents’ characterization of the facts. Contrary to
Great-Grandparents, she asserts that Child only lived with Great-
Grandparents for a limited time and that the relationship between Child and
Great-Grandparents has been deteriorating. This factual dispute is the very
reason a hearing is necessary – to provide the parties with an opportunity to
prove their contentions and to enable the court to make credibility
determinations. As this Court has emphasized, issues of standing, especially
regarding a potential in loco parentis determination, are highly fact-specific.
See C.G. v. J.H., 172 A.3d 43, 54-55 (Pa.Super. 2017). The instant case is
no exception and we conclude that a hearing is necessary to provide the fact-
finder with an opportunity to consider the evolving factual allegations at issue
in this case. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order denying Great-
Grandparents’ Petition to Intervene and remand for proceedings consistent
with this memorandum.
Order vacated. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this
memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 01/19/2021
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