Smith, A. v. Cordero, M.

J-A08032-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
ANN SMITH, AS EXECUTRIX OF THE : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ESTATE OF DALE SMITH, DECEASED, : PENNSYLVANIA
ON BEHALF OF HERSELF :
INDIVIDUALLY, SURVIVING SPOUSE :
OF THE DECEDENT, AND THE NEXT :
OF KIN OF DALE SMITH, AND ON :
BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF DALE :
SMITH, DECEASED :
: No. 1166 WDA 2018
Appellants :
:
:
v. :
:
:
MARC CORDERO, M.D. AND UPMC :
MCKEESPORT, A DIVISION AND :
HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF :
PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER AND :
UPMC WOUND HEALING SERVICES :
AT UPMC MCKEESPORT, A DIVISION :
OF UPMC MCKEESPORT AND THE :
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH :
MEDICAL CENTER :
Appeal from the Order Entered August 7, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Civil Division at
No(s): GD-14-014061
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED: APRIL 8, 2021
This case has returned to us on remand from the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court. We conclude Smith waived her challenge to the jury selection process
and the court did not abuse its discretion in permitting UPMC’s expert to
testify. We therefore affirm.
J-A08032-19
This is a medical malpractice case brought by Ann Smith, as Executrix
of the Estate of Dale Smith, deceased, on behalf of herself individually, the
next-of-kin of Dale Smith, and on behalf of the Estate (“Smith”). Dale Smith
(“Decedent”), who suffered from diabetes, kidney disease, and other ailments,
sought treatment from Marc Cordero, M.D., for leg wounds/ulcers. Dr. Cordero
allegedly misdiagnosed the leg wounds as venous, not arterial, and this
misdiagnosis allegedly caused Decedent to have his leg amputated. The
amputation in turn allegedly caused a series of events that ultimately resulted
in Decedent’s death. Smith then instituted this suit against Dr. Cordero, UPMC
McKeesport, a division of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and
UPMC Wound Healing Services at UPMC McKeesport, a division of UPMC
McKeesport and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (collectively
“UPMC”).
Jury selection commenced in March 2018. A court clerk, not the trial
judge, conducted the voir dire. The voir dire proceeding before the court clerk
was not transcribed. Smith made motions to challenge for cause Jurors No.
25, 37, and 45. The parties appeared before the trial judge for a hearing on
the motions. The hearing before the trial judge as to the challenges was
transcribed.
The motions to challenge for cause related to the jurors’ affirmative
answers to two questions:
[1.] Do you have any feelings or opinions about whether
medical malpractice lawsuits affect the cost, availability and
other medical services[?]
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...
[2.] Do you have any feelings or opinions as to whether
there should be a minimum or maximum amount of money
that can be awarded to an injured party?
N.T., 3/26/18-4/3/18, at 4-5. Counsel explained to the court the responses
and reaction of the jurors.
The trial judge noted his options, which included conducting a voir dire
of the jurors:
THE COURT: So I got a couple choices. I could deny all the
motion[s]. You want them all stricken for cause. I could
grant them all or if I think that it’s somewhere in the middle,
I could actually voir dire them myself and with you guys
there and then make a decision. I’m basically going to ask
the same questions . . . , except it’s the Judge come down
to my office and I’m not have my robe on and I will be asking
them these questions.
Id. at 12. The trial judge did not conduct a voir dire, and neither party
requested that he do so.
The trial court granted the motion as to Juror No. 37, but denied it as
to Jurors No. 25 and 45:
If I heard you guys correctly, for me I don’t seem to have a
problem with denying -- and again, this is the story that you
guys told me -- your motion Counsel, for number 25 and
45, I will deny those.
I have more of a problem with 37 so I’m inclined to strike
that. So I will allow the other two and sounds like I’ve heard
enough of number 37, so I would strike her. Grant your
motion on 37 and I will deny your motions on 25 and 45.
Id. at 13. Smith used a peremptory strike for one of the jurors and the other
juror was an alternate. Smith used all peremptory strikes.
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Smith filed a motion in limine to preclude the expert testimony of Harold
Brem, M.D., claiming, among other things, that Dr. Brem failed to set forth
any factual basis or a summary of the grounds for multiple opinions on the
issues of standard of care and causation.
Dr. Brem’s report included the following opinions:
1. Dr. Cordero provided excellent care. He properly
diagnosed Mr. Smith and treated his leg ulcer at or above
the standard of care. Seeing patients with leg ulcers and
diabetes every two weeks is a common and acceptable
practice.
2. Mr. Smith’s leg ulcers were by all criteria to be considered
venous ulcers. There is no suggestion that they are arterial.
3. The use of Medihoney gel, has excellent data and is a
commonly used topical for patients with diabetes and non-
healing wounds. There is no data or rational to think Santyl
would be more helpful. The use of the compression device
(Tubigrip) was a reasonable and prudent measure for the
care and treatment of venous ulcers.
4. No event could have prevented Mr. Smith’s amputations.
It is a direct consequence of the combination of age,
uncontrolled diabetes, End-Stage Renal Disease, and
Peripheral Vascular Disease. My opinion is heavily supported
by the literature and the multiple mechanisms for impaired
healing. In Mr. Smith’s particular case, his high risk for
infection was diagnosed and he was successfully treated. He
lost his right limb because of an exceptionally rare organism
termed Group A Streptococcus. It occurred because of Mr.
Smith's diabetes that made him prone to this organism. This
bacteria or organism is known to cause necrotizing
infections like Mr. Smith had.
5. There is no evidence that Mr. Smith had arterial disease
that could have been corrected and his limb preserved.
6. Dr. Dreyfuss’ report that these were arterial ulcers is not
predicated in medical fact. The accusations that this ulcer
was arterial based in part on the photographs as well that
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the right leg limb loss was preventable are inaccurate and
frivolous. Mr. Smith had a very natural outcome from type
2 diabetes. He lost his left limb unfortunately. Clearly his
body suffered multiple organ problems from a consequence
of his multiple co-morbidities. Dr. Dreyfuss’ assertions are
scientifically unfounded and not substantiated by the
literature.
7. The reason the four wounds became one is the natural
sequence of the underlying pathology. Simply stated, the
wounds were treated correctly and not just skin deep.
8. Dr. Diamond, Mr. Smith’s primary MD was involved. He
was made aware of the results of the wound culture on
December 23, 2013, and prescribed oral Vancomycin at that
time. Dr. Cordero appropriately requested that Dr. Diamond
manage Mr. Smith’s antibiotics due to his End-Stage Renal
Disease, chronic Cirrhosis, and prior reaction to a prescribed
antibiotic. This was highly prudent and demonstrates
another example of excellent comprehensive care and
expertise by Dr. Cordero and his wound center team.
9. Dr. Cordero and his team were clearly well trained, as
manifested by the knowledge shown in their notes and
attention to detail. Their care was well within the standard
of care.
10. Mr. Smith met or exceeded his life expectancy. His loss
of both limbs was a tragic and unfortunate consequence of
type 2 diabetes. For not the extraordinary care of his wife
and the exceptional care of his clinicians, his natural course
of living would not have been this long. Simply stated, he
lived a full life expectancy with quality until his last year in
life. His demise was a consequence of type 2 diabetes
coupled with multiple other morbidities (i.e., hypertension,
renal disease and heart disease).
11. There is no correlation between Mr. Smith's amputations
and the care provided by Dr. Cordero and the UPMC
McKeesport Wound Center.
12. My opinions in this report have been done so with a
reasonable degree of medical certainty.
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Letter from Harold Brem to UPMC’s Counsel dated February 19, 2018. The
court denied the motion in limine.
During Dr. Brem’s testimony, Smith objected, arguing the court should
preclude the opinion that the wounds were not misdiagnosed because the
report did not provide a basis:
[Smith’s Counsel]: Well, he can’t come in here and [say] it’s
venous with nothing more. He did not give a basis. He can’t
come in and testify that it’s venous versus arterial. There is
no bases in his reports and just testify on the stand that it’s
just his evaluation. He does go onto say that it’s based on
many, many factors to justify venous versus arterial.
Nowhere whatsoever does he give a basis for venous versus
arterial.
N.T., 3/26/18-4/3/18, at 668, 678. The court overruled the objection.
Dr. Brem testified about his opinions, and the basis for them, including
the factors for determining whether a wound is venous or arterial. On cross-
examination, Smith’s counsel questioned him about the application of those
factors. Dr. Brem further testified as to the reasons to perform a debridement
and that the procedure in this case was within the standard of care. Id. at
686-88. This testimony contradicted Smith’s expert, who had testified that
debridement was not proper here. Id. at 427.
Further, during Dr. Brem’s testimony, he made an unspecific reference
to “literature,” at which point Smith objected. The trial court overruled the
objection:
[Dr. Brem:] He developed what they call necrotizing fasciitis
or otherwise known as a man-eating flesh. It’s when you
have a rapid progressing infection classically. And someone
of his age with diabetes -- it could happen to anybody – it’s
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happened to children; but it’s very classical in diabetes. The
literature shows that --
[Smith’s counsel]: Objection.
THE COURT: We can do it in one word and if not, let’s go up
there.
[Smith’s counsel]: The reference is to the literature.
THE COURT: Overruled.
Id. at 705.
The jury found in favor of UPMC. Smith filed post-trial motions, which
were denied, and Smith timely appealed. She raises the following issues:
1. Whether the trial court erred in violation of Shinal v.
Toms, 162 A.3d 429 (Pa. 2017) by denying two of
Appellant’s jury challenges for cause without personally
witnessing the voir dire process and failing to evaluate the
demeanor of the challenged jurors?
2. Whether the trial court erred in permitting testimony
from Appellee’s expert, Dr. Harold Brem, where Dr. Brem’s
expert report failed to set forth the grounds upon which his
opinions were based in direct violation of Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5,
and where his testimony went well beyond the four corners
of the report?
Smith’s Br. at 5.
Smith maintains the trial judge erred in denying the motions to strike
the potential jurors, noting the judge did not witness voir dire and therefore
did not see the jurors’ conduct and demeanor. We previously issued an opinion
vacating the judgment in reliance on our decision in Trigg v. Children’s
Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 187 A.3d 1013 (Pa.Super. 2018), vacated,
229 A.3d 260 (Pa. 2020). UPMC sought further review, and the Pennsylvania
Supreme remanded this case for further proceedings consistent with its
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decision in Trigg. See Smith v. Cordero, 223 A.3d 268 (Pa.Super. 2019),
vacated, No. 262 WAL 2019, 2020 WL 2537060 (Pa. May 19, 2020).
In Trigg, the plaintiffs alleged that the “Allegheny County Civil Division’s
jury selection process deprived them of their right to a fair trial.” 187 A.3d at
1015. They alleged the failure to strike three prospective jurors for cause was
error and that the error was prejudicial. Id. at 1016. This Court described the
voir dire practice for civil cases in Allegheny County, as used in that case.
According to the Trigg court, the court clerk and parties’ attorneys met with
the potential jurors. Id. If an attorney sought to challenge a potential juror
for cause, the clerk noted the challenge and, after interviewing all jurors, the
clerk and attorney returned to the courtroom of the calendar judge. Id. The
judge would then read the transcript and rule on the challenges for cause. Id.
In Trigg, after the above process, the trial judge denied a motion to strike
three jurors for cause. Id. The plaintiffs then used three of their four
peremptory strikes to remove the jurors. Id.
This Court in Trigg first addressed the deference we owe to the trial
court where the trial judge was not present for the juror questioning during
voir dire. Stating that the trial judge “possess[ed] no greater skill at
interpreting a transcript than an appellate court,” the Court applied a de novo
standard of review to rulings on motions to strike jurors for cause where the
trial judge was not present during juror questioning. Id. at 1018. The Court
then concluded that failing to strike one juror due to her predisposition was
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error and that the error was not harmless, as the plaintiffs were forced to use
their peremptory challenges. Id. at 1019.
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court granted review in Trigg, and, in April
2020, it vacated the judgment of this Court and remanded for further
proceedings. The Court concluded the plaintiffs had waived the argument that
the trial court erred by not observing the demeanor and tenor of the
prospective juror. Trigg v. Children’s Hosp. of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 229
A.3d 260, 269 (Pa. 2020). The court noted that the plaintiffs had not made
any “objection in pretrial motions to the trial judge’s absence from the Jury
Assignment Room during voir dire.” Id. Further, “when [the plaintiffs] made
their challenge for-cause to the seating of prospective juror 29, they did not
contemporaneously object to the trial judge’s absence from the room during
voir dire.” Id. Also, the plaintiffs’ challenge during voir dire “was predicated
on the substance of the answers which [the juror] gave.” Id. The Court
concluded that the “record [did] not support [the plaintiffs’] claim that, as part
of their challenge for-cause, they implicitly raised issues concerning the
inability of the trial judge to assess the demeanor of prospective juror 29 as
she gave her answers.” Id. at 270. The Court further concluded that arguing
in post-trial motions that the judge erred in failing to strike the juror because
the judge did not have an opportunity to observe the juror did not preserve
the issue. Id. Rather, in the Court’s view, the failure “to raise with the trial
judge any issue relating to his lack of observation of this juror’s demeanor in
answering voir dire questions,” and to “request that he personally interview
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the juror,” “the trial judge was deprived of any opportunity to address and
resolve the issue before the jury was finally empaneled.” Id.
Here, as in Trigg, Smith failed to raise in any pre-trial motions, or in
her for-cause challenges during voir dire proceedings, any claim that error
occurred because the trial judge did not observe the questioning of the jurors
or their demeanor. The first time she made such a challenge was in post-trial
motions. Further, although the trial judge noted that he could conduct a voir
dire of the jurors, Smith did not ask him to do so. Accordingly, in accordance
with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Trigg, we conclude that
Smith waived her challenge to the voir dire process.
Smith next claims the trial court erred by denying her motion in limine
to preclude the expert report of Harold Brem, M.D., and by permitting Dr.
Brem to testify to unsupported and conclusory expert opinions that were
outside the scope of his report. She claims that whether the wounds were
venous or arterial required a multi-factorial analysis, but Dr. Brem’s report
failed to support his conclusion that the wounds were venous with any
discussion of the factors. The court then permitted him to testify extensively
about it. Smith also stated that Dr. Brem testified as to why debridement was
an appropriate treatment, even though his report did not mention this. Smith
claims that “[c]ontrasting Dr. Brem’s bare bones expert report with his lengthy
and detailed trial testimony . . . , [Smith] was ambushed at trial and could not
possibly prepare an informed line of questioning to cross-examine the
witness.” Smith’s Br. at 51. Smith further argued that Dr. Brem should not
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have been allowed to testify that his opinions were supported by “the
literature.” Id. at 52 (citing Aldridge v. Edmunds, 750 A.2d 292 (Pa. 2000)).
UPMC counters that Dr. Brem’s expert report provided adequate notice
of his expert opinions, and his trial testimony was within the fair scope of the
report. UPMC asserts that his report discussed multiple factors for determining
whether a wound is venous or arterial. According to UPMC, he “analyze[d] the
impact of decedent’s age, uncontrolled diabetes, end-stage renal disease and
peripheral vascular disease on decedent’s leg amputations and ultimate death
by explaining how the consequences of these conditions bear on circulation,
temperature, granulation, drainage and pressure of blood leakage.” UPMC’s
Br. at 32-33. UPMC claims Dr. Brem discussed the location of the wounds and
some appropriate measures to treat the wounds, and that he “opined that
decedent’s comorbidities caused multiple organ problems and prevented the
healing of his wounds or preservation of his legs.” Id. at 33.
UPMC argues that Dr. Brem’s trial testimony was within the “fair scope”
of his report because in his testimony, he discussed and explained the same
factors. Id. It further argues that the testimony did not surprise Smith, and
“at most, expanded upon his expert report and thus did not hinder [Smith’s]
counsel from being able to prepare a meaningful response.” Id. at 34. UPMC
points out that Smith “extensively cross-examined Dr. Brem . . . regarding
the diagnosis of wounds as venous versus arterial.” Id. It also contends the
trial testimony was “appropriate . . . to rebut the expert testimony put forth
by [Smith] at trial.” Id. at 35.
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The “admission of expert testimony is a matter within the sound
discretion of the trial court, whose rulings thereon will not be disturbed absent
a manifest abuse of discretion.” Woodard v. Chatterjee, 827 A.2d 433, 440
(Pa.Super. 2003) (quoting Walsh v. Kubiak, 661 A.2d 416, 419 (Pa.Super.
1995) (en banc)).
“[E]xpert[] testimony on direct examination is to be limited to the fair
scope of the expert’s pre-trial report.” Whitaker v. Frankford Hosp. of City
of Phila., 984 A.2d 512, 522 (Pa.Super. 2009) (quoting Coffey v. Minwax
Co., Inc., 764 A.2d 616, 620 (Pa.Super. 2000)). See also Pa.R.C.P.
4003.5(c) (providing “[t]o the extent that the facts known or opinions held by
an expert have been developed in discovery proceedings . . . , the direct
testimony of the expert at the trial may not be inconsistent with or go beyond
the fair scope of his or her testimony in the discovery proceedings . . .”).
“In applying the fair scope rule, we focus on the word ‘fair.’” Whitaker,
984 A.2d at 522 (quoting Coffey, 764 A.2d at 620-21). “Departure from the
expert’s report becomes a concern if the trial testimony ‘would prevent the
adversary from preparing a meaningful response, or which would mislead the
adversary as to the nature of the response.’” Id. (quoting Coffey, 764 A.2d
at 621). We will find reversible error only if the opposing party is prejudiced
as a result of the testimony going beyond the fair scope of the expert’s report.
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The trial court found the admission of the testimony proper, reasoning
that the report contained a sufficient summary of the grounds for his opinion
and the testimony was not an unfair surprise:
Dr. Brem’s report satisfied Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5 in that the
report sufficiently stated the facts and opinions on which
Brem eventually testified and likewise contained a sufficient
summary of the grounds for his opinions. Additionally,
Brem’s testimony was consistent with, and was within the
fair scope of, his report. Daddona v. Thind, 891 A.2d 786,
805 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2006); Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5. Nothing about
Dr. Brem’s testimony constituted unfair surprise or other
error. See Daddona, 891 A.2d at 805 (indicating purpose
of Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5 is to avoid unfair surprise). Admission
of his testimony was proper.
Trial Court Opinion, filed Aug. 9, 2018, at 2.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Dr. Brem’s
testimony. Although Dr. Brem’s expert report did not detail all the factors
considered to determine that the wound was venous, he noted that it was a
multi-factorial test. Indeed, he explicitly said that the ulcers were by “all
criteria” – i.e., more than one criterion – venous ulcers. The report further
discusses, among other things, the location of the wound, and Smith’s various
illnesses, including diabetes and kidney disease, which he noted contributed
to the healing issues and infections. At trial, Dr. Brem provided more
discussion and explanation of the factors for determining whether wounds are
venous or arterial. Smith was readily able to cross-examine Dr. Brem about
those factors. She was not surprised by or unprepared to respond to the
testimony.
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In her brief, Smith also challenges Dr. Brem’s discussion of
debridement. Smith did not object to that testimony at the trial, and therefore
waived the claim. Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“Issues not raised in the lower court are
waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”). Moreover, even if
she had not waived it, we would find no error. Dr. Brem’s discussion of
debridement followed the testimony of Smith’s expert, as well as that of Dr.
Cordero, regarding debridement, and the discussion caused no surprise to
Smith.
Smith also challenges Dr. Brem’s reference to “literature.” Although, Dr.
Brem referenced “literature” during his testimony, no textbooks or other
materials were admitted into evidence. Further, the single, vague reference
to “literature” in the abstract, in the context of the extensive expert testimony
in this case, did not prejudice Smith. See Aldridge v. Edmunds, 750 A.2d
292, 297-98 (Pa. 2000) (concluding that “judicious use of learned treatises
may be made on direct examination of an expert witness in appropriate
circumstances for the limited purpose of explaining the basis for the opinion,”
but finding error where excerpts were enlarged on poster board and the expert
was guided through a series of leading questions regarding the texts).
Judgment affirmed.
President Judge Panella joins the memorandum.
Judge Stabile concurs in the result.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/8/2021
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