Com. v. Kennedy, D.

J-A01004-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DANTAY CURTIS KENNEDY :
:
Appellant : No. 3303 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 25, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-23-CR-0007422-2018
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., OLSON, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: APRIL 12, 2021
Appellant, Dantay Curtis Kennedy, appeals from the aggregate
judgment of sentence of 6½ to 15 years’ incarceration, followed by 2 years’
probation, imposed after he was convicted of various offenses, including
carrying a firearm without a license, and possession of a firearm by a person
prohibited. Appellant challenges the sufficiency and weight of the evidence to
sustain his firearm convictions. After careful review, we affirm.
Briefly, Appellant’s convictions stemmed from evidence that he led
police on a high-speed chase, which ended when Appellant’s vehicle collided
with another car. Appellant fled from his crashed vehicle on foot but was
ultimately apprehended. Approximately 10 to 15 feet from where he was
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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arrested, police discovered a firearm. A search of Appellant’s vehicle also
revealed marijuana.
Following a jury trial, Appellant was convicted of various offenses
stemming from his flight from police, the accident he caused, and his
possession of drugs. He was also convicted of carrying a firearm without a
license, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106, and possession of a firearm by a person prohibited,
18 Pa.C.S. § 6105. On October 25, 2019, Appellant was sentenced to the
aggregate term set forth supra. He filed a timely post-sentence motion, which
the court denied. Appellant then filed a timely notice of appeal, and he
complied with the court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal. The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion
on March 11, 2020.
Herein, Appellant states two issues for our review:
[I.] Did not the [trial] court err by denying [A]ppellant’s post-
sentence motion for judgment of acquittal where the evidence was
insufficient to show that he possessed the firearm recovered by
police?
[II.] Did not the [trial] court abuse its discretion by denying
[A]ppellant’s motion for a new trial where the weight of the
evidence favors concluding that he did not possess the firearm
discovered by police?
Appellant’s Brief at 5.
In Appellant’s first issue, he argues that the Commonwealth failed to
present sufficient evidence to prove he constructively possessed the gun found
approximately 10 to 15 feet away from him when he was arrested.
Preliminarily, we recognize:
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We review claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by
considering whether, “viewing all the evidence admitted in the
light most favorable to the verdict winner, there
is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(citation and quotation omitted). Further, a conviction may be
sustained wholly on circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact—
while passing on the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of
the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.
Id. at 40 (citation and quotation omitted). “Because evidentiary
sufficiency is a matter of law, our standard of review is de novo
and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v.
Brooker, 103 A.3d 325, 330 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Commonwealth v. Parrish, 191 A.3d 31, 36 (Pa. Super. 2018).
Here, the two firearm offenses for which Appellant was convicted
obviously require the Commonwealth to prove that he possessed a gun. See
18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a)(1) (providing, in relevant part, that “any person who …
carries a firearm concealed on or about his person, … without a valid and
lawfully issued license under this chapter[,] commits a felony of the third
degree”) (emphasis added); 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1) (stating, in pertinent
part, that “[a] person who has been convicted of an offense enumerated in
subsection (b) … shall not possess … a firearm in this Commonwealth”)
(emphasis added). “The Crimes Code defines the term ‘possession’ as ‘an act,
within the meaning of this section, if the possessor knowingly procured or
received the thing possessed or was aware of his control thereof for a sufficient
period to have been able to terminate his possession.’” Parrish, 191 A.3d at
36 (quoting 18 Pa.C.S. § 301(c)).
This Court has held that “[p]ossession can be found by proving
actual possession, constructive possession, or joint constructive
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possession.” Commonwealth v. Heidler, 741 A.2d 213, 215
(Pa. Super. 1999). Where a defendant is not in actual possession
of the prohibited items, the Commonwealth must establish that
the defendant had constructive possession to support the
conviction. Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (conviction under 18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a) supported
by a finding of constructive possession). See also
Commonwealth v. Parker, 847 A.2d 745 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(same). “Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic
construct to deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement.”
Hopkins, supra at 820 (citation and quotation omitted). “We
have defined constructive possession as conscious dominion,”
meaning that the defendant has “the power to control the
contraband and the intent to exercise that control.” Id. (citation
and quotation omitted). “To aid application, we have held that
constructive possession may be established by the totality of the
circumstances.” Id. (citation and quotation omitted).
It is well established that, “[a]s with any other element of a crime,
constructive possession may be proven by circumstantial
evidence.” Commonwealth v. Haskins, 677 A.2d 328, 330
([Pa. Super.] 1996) (citation omitted). In other words, the
Commonwealth must establish facts from which the trier of fact
can reasonably infer that the defendant exercised dominion and
control over the contraband at issue. See, e.g., Commonwealth
v. Davis, 743 A.2d 946, 953–54 (Pa. Super. 1999) (holding that
evidence was sufficient to prove constructive possession over
drugs found in common areas of an apartment where the
defendant entered the apartment using his own key, and
possessed $800 in cash on his person, and police recovered
defendant’s identification badge, size-appropriate clothing, and
firearms from a bedroom).
Significant to the instant appeal, a defendant’s mere presence at
a place where contraband is found or secreted is insufficient,
standing alone, to prove that he exercised dominion and control
over those items. Commonwealth v. Valette, … 613 A.2d 548,
551 ([Pa.] 1992). Thus, the location and proximity of an actor to
the contraband alone is not conclusive of guilt. Commonwealth
v. Juliano, 490 A.2d 891, 893 ([Pa. Super.] 1985). Rather,
knowledge of the existence and location of the contraband is a
necessary prerequisite to proving the defendant’s intent to
control, and, thus, his constructive possession. Id. [(citing
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 428 A.2d 223, 224 ([Pa. Super.]
1981)[)].
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If the only inference that the fact finder can make from the facts
is a suspicion of possession, the Commonwealth has failed to
prove constructive possession. Valette, supra at 551. “It is well
settled that facts giving rise to mere ‘association,’ ‘suspicion’ or
‘conjecture,’ will not make out a case of constructive possession.”
Id.
Parrish, 191 A.3d at 36-37 (emphasis added).
In this case, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth proved only that
he was present in the location where the gun was discovered. He insists that
the Commonwealth did not demonstrate that he even knew about the gun, let
alone that he exercised dominion or control over it. Appellant contends that,
instead, it was more logical to presume that someone driving on the public
roadway had discarded the gun where it was discovered.
After carefully considering the evidence in this case, we reject
Appellant’s arguments. At trial, the Commonwealth first called to the stand
Tinicum Township Police Officer Sean Ryan. Officer Ryan testified that on
November 29, 2018, he was on routine patrol in a marked police vehicle from
6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. N.T. Trial, 9/24/19, at 200. Id. At approximately
1:00 a.m., he attempted to stop a vehicle, later determined to be driven by
Appellant, for going 10 m.p.h. above the posted speed limit. Id. at 200, 205.
When the officer activated his lights and sirens, Appellant “took off at a very
high rate of speed.” Id. at 205. Appellant’s vehicle ultimately crashed into
another car, at which point Appellant exited his vehicle, “made eye contact”
with the officer, and then “began to run.” Id. at 206-07. As Appellant fled,
Officer Ryan observed that “his right hand was near his right pocket[,]”
although the officer did not see a firearm in Appellant’s hand at any point, and
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he never saw Appellant make a motion or gesture like he was throwing
something. Id. at 207, 241, 248. Appellant ran into a marshy area with very
thick mud and brush, at which point the officer lost sight of him. Id. at 207-
08. Officer Ryan called for backup as he returned to the site of the accident
to check on the driver of the car Appellant hit. Id. at 208-09.
Within minutes, approximately 10 to 15 backup officers arrived and set
up a perimeter around the marshy area into which Appellant had run. Id. at
210, 245. A canine officer and dog also quickly arrived and, within “[o]ne to
two minutes[,]” they located Appellant in the marsh. Id. at 210-11, 246.
Appellant was arrested and brought out of the marsh. Id. at 211. Officer
Ryan testified that Appellant was immediately “walked to [the officer’s] patrol
vehicle,” and “was placed in the rear” of the car. Id. at 212. The windows of
the vehicle were rolled up. Id. at 213.
Officer Ryan was then notified that a firearm had been found in the
“travel lanes” of the highway beside the marsh, approximately 10 to 15 feet
away from where Appellant had been found and apprehended. Id. at 214,
215. The gun had “some gashes” on the “butt end” as if it had been “dropped
at a significant pace or from a significant height….” Id. at 213, 214. Officer
Ryan testified that he “could tell that [the gun] was obviously recently
dropped” because there was “a large gash in it as if it [had been] tossed.” Id.
at 218. “There w[ere] also water spots on the gun itself, and … there was
water splatter around the firearm on the ground.” Id. at 214. Notably, the
weather that night was dry. N.T. Trial, 9/25/19, at 8.
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Officer Ryan also testified that he observed that “there was no magazine
in the firearm.” N.T. Trial, 9/24/19, at 217. The officer was asked if he “ever
[told Appellant] the firearm was found without a magazine[,]” to which he
answered, “No, I did not.” Id. at 233. The Commonwealth’s witness at trial,
Tinicum Township Police Detective James Simpkins, testified that he
encountered Appellant in the holding cell area of the police station later in the
morning on the day Appellant was arrested. N.T. Trial, 9/25/19, at 13.
According to the detective, Appellant was “hollering … towards [the detective]
like he wanted to talk[,]” at which point Appellant said to him, “why would I
have a gun that didn’t have a magazine in it?” Id. Detective Simpkins
testified that he “spoke to Officer Ryan and any other officers that were there
[at the station] and asked them if anybody had ever … said anything to
[Appellant] … about the magazine not being in the firearm.” Id. at 15. The
detective stated that “they all told me no, that [it] was never said to
[Appellant] or … ever said in his presence.” Id. Detective Simpkins
memorialized Appellant’s remark in his incident report. Id.
We conclude that this evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth, was sufficient to sustain Appellant’s firearm convictions.
Contrary to Appellant’s claim, the Commonwealth did not merely prove that
he was present in the location where the gun was discovered. Rather, it
presented sufficient evidence to establish that he knew about the gun, and
that he had thrown the gun from the wet area of the marsh onto the roadway.
Namely, Officer Ryan saw Appellant reaching toward his pocket as he ran; the
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gun was wet, despite the dry weather conditions that night; and Appellant was
approximately 10 to 15 feet from the gun, which had marks indicating that it
had been thrown or tossed onto the road.
Moreover, Appellant’s remark about the gun’s not having a magazine
proved that he knew about the firearm. While Appellant insists that an officer
at the scene could have told him this fact, or he could have overheard it, such
an inference would be unreasonable from the evidence presented at trial.
Namely, Officer Ryan testified that Appellant was placed in the backseat of the
police cruiser immediately after he was discovered and arrested, which was
before the officer had investigated the gun. The windows of the police cruiser
were closed, indicating Appellant could not have overheard comments about
the gun’s missing magazine. In addition, Officer Ryan stated that he never
told Appellant that the gun did not have a magazine, and Detective Simpkins
testified that other officers at the police station told him that they also had
not informed Appellant of this fact. From this testimony, the jury reasonably
inferred that Appellant knew about the missing magazine because the gun
was his.
Given this evidence, we find Appellant’s case distinguishable from the
decisions on which he relies, in which there was no evidence establishing the
defendant’s knowledge of the contraband. See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Fortune, 318 A.2d 327 (Pa. 1974) (finding the evidence insufficient to prove
Fortune constructively possessed drugs found inside her home, where four
other people were in the house, Fortune was upstairs while drugs were found
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downstairs with the other four individuals, there were no other narcotics found
in the residence, and there was no proof Fortune knew about the drugs before
police entered the home); Commonwealth v. Hamm, 447 A.2d 960 (Pa.
Super. 1982) (holding that the Commonwealth did not prove Hamm
constructively possessed a gun found on the passenger side floor of a vehicle
he was driving, which also contained three other individuals, because Hamm
could not have seen the gun and there was no evidence to prove he knew the
gun was there); Commonwealth v. Duffy, 340 A.2d 869 (Pa. Super. 1975)
(holding that the Commonwealth failed to prove Duffy constructively
possessed a gun and contraband found in a car that was not his, and in which
he was just a passenger, where there was no evidence establishing Duffy knew
about the gun and contraband).
Furthermore, the above-cited decisions, and most of the other cases on
which Appellant relies, involved situations where other people were present
with the defendant in the location where the contraband was discovered. We
disagree with Appellant that his case is analogous simply because the gun was
found on a public highway. It strains credulity to think that Appellant just
happened to flee to a location 10 to 15 feet away from a gun that had been
discarded by someone driving on the highway. Moreover, the fact that the
gun was wet, while the weather and road were dry, and Officer Ryan’s
testimony that there were fresh markings on the gun, indicated the gun had
been recently thrown from the marshy area onto the roadway. No one else
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was present in the vicinity of Appellant and the gun. Thus, the cases he cites
are not on point.
In sum, we conclude that the totality of circumstantial evidence
presented by the Commonwealth was sufficient to establish that Appellant
constructively possessed the firearm. Thus, Appellant’s first issue warrants
no relief.
Next, Appellant argues that the jury’s verdict of guilt for the firearm
offenses was contrary to the weight of the evidence.
A claim alleging the verdict was against the weight of the evidence
is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. Accordingly, an
appellate court reviews the exercise of the trial court’s discretion;
it does not answer for itself whether the verdict was against the
weight of the evidence. It is well settled that the jury is free to
believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the
credibility of the witnesses, and a new trial based on a weight of
the evidence claim is only warranted where the jury’s verdict is so
contrary to the evidence that it shocks one’s sense of justice. In
determining whether this standard has been met, appellate review
is limited to whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly
exercised, and relief will only be granted where the facts and
inferences of record disclose a palpable abuse of discretion.
Commonwealth v. Houser, 18 A.3d 1128, 1135-36 (Pa. 2011) (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).
In support of his weight claim, Appellant essentially reiterates his
argument that the evidence failed to demonstrate that he constructively
possessed the gun. For the above-stated reasons, we disagree. Thus, we
discern no abuse of discretion in the court’s conclusion that “[t]here is nothing
in the record to support [Appellant’s] assertion that the verdict is so contrary
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to the evidence that i[t] shocks one’s sense of justice.” Trial Court Opinion,
3/11/20, at 5. Accordingly, Appellant’s second issue is meritless.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judge Strassburger did not participate in the consideration or decision
of this case.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/12/21
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