In the Int. of: O.M., a Minor

J-S44026-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: O.M., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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: No. 760 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Dispositional Order Entered March 16, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-JV-0000257-2021
IN THE INTEREST OF: O.M, A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
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APPEAL OF: O.M., A MINOR :
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: No. 761 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Dispositional Order Entered March 16, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-JV-0000290-2020
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED MARCH 30, 2023
O.M. appeals the dispositional orders entered following his adjudications
of delinquency for rape, sexual assault, and sexual abuse of children – child
pornography.1 He challenges the court’s denial of his motion to recuse, as well
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(a)(1), 3124.1, and 6312(d), respectively.
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as the sufficiency and weight of the evidence to support his adjudication of
delinquency for child pornography. We affirm.
The Commonwealth charged O.M. with the rape and sexual assault of
his juvenile cousin, who had become pregnant and given birth as a result of
sexual intercourse with O.M. Before the delinquency hearing, O.M. filed a
Motion for Recusal/Continuance. O.M. argued the assigned judge should
recuse himself because he had presided over dependency cases regarding
O.M., the victim, and their child.2 He maintained that the court had learned
information during its involvement in the dependency matters that it could not
put aside and “dispense impartial judgment in any of [O.M.]’s Delinquency
Matters.” Mot. to Recuse/Continuance, filed 11/4/21, at ¶ 19. The
Commonwealth responded that recusal was not necessary because “there has
been no appearance of impropriety or anything to show that this Honorable
Court cannot be impartial in deciding the delinquency matters.”
Commonwealth’s Mot. in Opp’n of Def.’s Mot. for Recusal and Continuance,
filed 11/5/21, at ¶ 9. The court denied O.M.’s motion.
Subsequently, the Commonwealth charged O.M. with possessing child
pornography on his cellular phone. The court held a hearing on December 8,
2021, at which the Commonwealth presented the following evidence.3 Officer
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2 At the time of this filing, O.M.’s paternity of the child was contested.
However, it is now uncontested that O.M. is the child’s father.
3This hearing was held after the hearing for O.M.’s crimes against the victim,
which was held on November 10, 2021.
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Jonathan G. Hehnly testified that he confiscated O.M.’s iPhone as part of the
investigation related to the sexual assault of the victim.4 N.T., 12/8/21, at 9.
Officer Hehnly took the phone from O.M.’s person and had his mother fill out
and sign a Consent to Search Warrant for the phone. While searching the
phone, Officer Hehnly found what he characterized as “child pornography.”
Id. at 11. He testified that it was a “22 second video with two young white
children both between the age[s] of approximately seven to ten.” Id. at 12.
He testified that it appeared from the video that “the white male appeared to
be penetrating the female from behind” and that the female could be heard
saying “ow, it hurts.” Id. at 12, 13. Officer Hehnly testified that the video was
dated July 6, 2019, and that it was saved in the imaging videos folder on the
same day. After finding this, he sent the phone to the York County Forensic
Cyber Crime Unit to be analyzed. Id. at 11. Officer Hehnly stated that upon
speaking with O.M., he denied having any knowledge of the video. When
asked whether he asked O.M. if anyone else had access to the phone, Officer
Hehnly replied, “I don’t recall.” Id. at 18.
Detective Timothy R. Utley, a member of the Cyber Crime Team of the
Forensic Unit at the York County District Attorney’s Office, testified that he
analyzed O.M.’s phone. He testified that he located the same pornographic
video that Officer Hehnly discovered. Id. at 26. The video was saved in the
“media folder, which is indicated as saved with the other videos and photos
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4This is referenced in the notes of testimony as “the investigation from
November 2019.” N.T.at 9.
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that are on the phone.” Id. He also testified that in his experience with the
specific iPhone that O.M. had, he was unaware of items being saved to an
iPhone automatically or by themselves. Id. at 27. He testified that he
identified the phone as belonging to O.M. based on messages attached to an
email address containing O.M.’s name. Id. Detective Utley testified that he
completed a report for the cellphone’s analysis and the Commonwealth
introduced and admitted the report into evidence. Id. at 23, 24. The report
noted that the phone was received on November 28, 2019, and that the
analysis for the phone was completed on January 30, 2020.
O.M. testified that he told Officer Hehnly “that I wasn’t aware of [the
video] and I didn’t know where [the video] came from.” Id. at 31. The parties
stipulated that “the video in question is child pornography.” Id. at 13.
At the close of trial, defense counsel argued that the Commonwealth
had failed to prove that O.M. knowingly possessed child pornography. Id. at
33. The Commonwealth countered that it had proved O.M. knowingly
possessed the video by his action of saving the video to his phone, noting that
the video was downloaded in July 2019 and was still on the phone when police
confiscated it in November 2019.
The court held that the Commonwealth met its burden beyond a
reasonable doubt. It noted that the video was saved to the phone, it was never
deleted, and there was “no testimony to indicate that anyone else had access
to the phone.” Id. at 34.
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The court adjudicated O.M. delinquent at both dockets. Relevant to this
appeal, O.M. filed a post-disposition motion challenging the weight of the
evidence for child pornography, which the court denied. This timely appeal
followed.
O.M. presents the following issues:
[1.] Did the trial court err when it failed to recuse itself
where the court also presided both the [victim’s] and
[O.M.’s] dependency cases and would have had knowledge
of the facts of the case gathered outside the trial that could
lead to the appearance of impropriety?
[2.] Was the evidence insufficient to convict [O.M.] of
possession of child pornography where the Commonwealth
failed to prove he knowingly or intentionally viewed any
image or video containing child pornography?
[3.] Was the verdict against the weight of the evidence
where the Commonwealth did not put forth any evidence
[O.M.] was the sole person with access to the device with
the child pornography on it and where of the 306 videos on
the phone only one was deemed child pornography, which
indicates a mistake rather than intentional or knowing
possession?
O.M.’s Br. at 6 (suggested answers omitted).
O.M. first argues that the court erred in denying his motion to recuse
since the court had been involved in his, the victim’s, and their child’s
dependency matters. O.M. points out that as part of his dependency case, the
court “reviewed and relied on psychosexual evaluations to determine
appropriate placement” for him. Id. at 18. He also states that the court
received “updates from [O.M.]’s treatment facilities . . . which placed him in
a bad light and pushed for him to deny his innocence.” Id. at 19. These
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updates and psychosexual evaluations contained information such as “[O.M]
was not adjusting well to his treatment because he was asserting he had not
been found guilty,” “a sexual history that was [at] odds with the testimony
given by [O.M.] at his adjudication hearing,” and “[O.M.]’s troubling sexual
behavior towards the other youths he was in placement with.” Id. at 20, 21,
24. Additionally, O.M. asserts that the court presided over the dependency
matters of the victim and her child. He maintains that since credibility was at
issue for the case involving rape and sexual assault, and the court had
knowledge of facts that “cast doubt on O.M.’s credibility,” it should have
recused itself. Id. at 26. He argues that “[a] judge who has learned intimate
details of the conflicting parties’ lives through dependency hearings should not
preside over the adjudication of guilt or innocence of one of those parties if
the extraneous information may damage the credibility of a party.” Id. at 22-
23. He maintains that in such circumstances, when the judge fails to recuse,
“it leads to the appearance of impropriety.” Id. at 23.
Our review of a court’s decision not to recuse itself is “exceptionally
deferential” and limited to review for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth
v. Postie, 110 A.3d 1034, 1037 (Pa.Super. 2015) (quoting Commonwealth
v. Harris, 979 A.2d 387, 391 (Pa.Super. 2009)). “We recognize that our trial
judges are honorable, fair and competent,” and the judge “is best qualified to
gauge his [or her] ability to preside impartially.” Id. (quoting Harris, 979
A.2d at 391-92). “[A] trial judge should grant the motion to recuse only if a
doubt exists as to his or her ability to preside impartially or if impartiality can
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be reasonably questioned.” In re A.D., 93 A.3d 888, 892 (Pa.Super. 2014).
The proponent for recusal “bears the burden of setting forth specific evidence
of bias, prejudice, or unfairness.” Postie, 110 A.3d at 1037 (quoting Harris,
979 A.2d at 392).
In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the court acknowledged that it had read
evaluations of both O.M. and the victim in their dependency matters. However,
the court stated that it “was able to set aside that information and base its
decision solely on the testimony and the evidence presented in Court.”
1925(a) Opinion, filed 6/13/22, at 2 (unpaginated). It further noted that it
“did not, in any way, rely on information from the dependency matter.” Id.We discern no abuse of discretion. Though the court had information
regarding both the victim and O.M., the trial court was “best qualified to gauge
its ability to preside impartially.” Postie, 110 A.3d at 1037 (citation omitted).
The court determined that despite its knowledge of both parties’ dependency
matters it could set aside this information and preside over the case
impartially. While O.M. has pointed out many reasons to suggest that the court
could have been biased, prejudiced, or unfair towards him, he has failed to
meet his burden to set forth specific evidence of bias, prejudice, or unfairness
on the part of the court. Nor do we think he has shown an abuse of discretion
in the rejection of the claim of an appearance of impropriety. As such, this
claim fails.
Next, O.M. challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his adjudication
of guilt for child pornography. He argues that the Commonwealth failed to
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meet its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that he “knowingly or
intentionally possessed” child pornography. O.M.’s Br. at 29. He maintains
that the Commonwealth “merely established that it was on his phone” but “put
forth no evidence OM actually viewed or accessed the material.” Id. He argues
that neither Officer Hehnly nor Officer Utley testified regarding how the video
was “knowingly downloaded by [O.M.] or subsequently viewed by [O.M.]” Id.
at 31. O.M. asserts that this case is distinguishable from other cases where
the Commonwealth proved knowing or intentional possession of child
pornography. He cites Commonwealth v. Diodoro, 970 A.2d 1100, 1101
(Pa. 2009), where the Commonwealth provided evidence that the defendant
deliberately accessed and viewed images of child pornography on the Internet
that were stored in his computer’s cache files. He also references
Commonwealth v. Colon-Plaza, 136 A.3d 521 (Pa.Super. 2016), and
Commonwealth v. Sauers, 159 A.3d 1 (Pa.Super. 2017). In Colon-Plaza,
the Commonwealth provided evidence that the defendant had used a file-
sharing program to download child pornography. 136 A.3d at 527. In Sauers,
the Commonwealth provided evidence that the defendant accessed and
downloaded child pornography, and later deleted it. 159 A.3d at 12.
When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, with all
reasonable inferences therefrom in the Commonwealth’s favor, and determine
whether the Commonwealth proved each element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Green, 204 A.3d 469, 484 (Pa.Super.
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2019). The Commonwealth may satisfy its burden “by means of wholly
circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 484-85 (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown,
23 A.3d 544, 559 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc)).
The crime of child pornography is established where the Commonwealth
proves that the defendant “intentionally view[ed] or knowingly possesse[d] or
control[led] any book, magazine, pamphlet, slide, photograph, film,
videotape, computer depiction or other material depicting a child under the
age of 18 years engaging in a prohibited sexual act or in the simulation of
such act[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d).
We agree with O.M. that the facts of this case are different from the
facts of the cases he references. However, we nonetheless conclude that the
evidence here was sufficient to prove that O.M. knowingly possessed or
controlled the video.
Police confiscated O.M.’s phone from his person and discovered one
video depicting child pornography. This video was downloaded to the phone
in July 2019 and remained on the phone when officers confiscated it in
November 2019. Detective Utley testified that the video was saved in the
media folder “with the other videos and photos that are on the phone.”
Notably, Detective Utley testified that in his experience, he was unaware of
any way that items could be saved to an iPhone automatically or by
themselves. This testimony, together with the testimony linking O.M. to the
phone, and the absence of anything of record suggesting anyone else had
access to the phone, was enough to carry the prosecution’s burden. Although
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O.M. testified that he had no knowledge of the video or how it came to be on
his phone, the trial court was free to not believe him. See Commonwealth
v. Koehler, 914 A.2d 427, 436 (Pa.Super. 2006). Viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth and drawing all reasonable
inferences therefrom in the Commonwealth’s favor, the Commonwealth met
its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that O.M. knowingly
possessed or controlled child pornography on his iPhone.
O.M.’s final claim addresses the weight of the evidence for this same
charge. He incorporates his arguments in support of his sufficiency challenge
to this charge, and notes that out of numerous items and other “items of
interest” on the phone, there was only one video containing child
pornography. O.M.’s Br. at 33. He also asserts that he denied knowing about
the video and Officer Hehnly could not remember if he asked O.M. if anyone
else had access to the phone. He argues that “[t]hese facts weigh heavily in
favor of mistaken possession, without any actual knowledge of possession.”
Id. at 32.
“When reviewing a challenge to the weight of the evidence, the verdict
may be reversed only if it is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one's
sense of justice.” Commonwealth v. Davidson, 860 A.2d 575, 582
(Pa.Super. 2004). We review the lower court’s rejection of a weight claim for
an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054-55 (Pa.
2013).
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The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in this regard. We are
unpersuaded by O.M.’s argument that he only had one video depiction of child
pornography. The statute does not place a threshold amount of child
pornographic material before it may be considered a crime. Perhaps more to
the point, the fact that one out of many other items on the phone was child
pornography does not make it an abuse of discretion to find the adjudication
is not against the weight of the evidence. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d).
Furthermore, as we stated previously, the court was free to disbelieve O.M.’s
testimony that he did not know about the video. The court did not abuse its
discretion in rejecting O.M.’s weight claim.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/30/2023
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