Com. v. Grayson, P.

J-A26004-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
PHILLIP GRAYSON,
Appellant No. 1711 WDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 19, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0003163-2015
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., SHOGAN, J., and MURRAY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 31, 2018
Appellant, Phillip Grayson, appeals nunc pro tunc from the judgment of
sentence of an aggregate term of 12 years’ probation, imposed after he pled
guilty to several sexual offenses committed against his step-granddaughter.
Appellant contends the trial court erred when it rejected his request to
withdraw his guilty plea, as he ostensibly did not anticipate the nature of the
conditions of his probation. Appellant also contends the trial court erred by
imposing a condition of probation that barred him from having contact with
his teenage biological children. After careful review, we affirm.
At his guilty plea hearing, Appellant admitted to the following facts as
set forth in the affidavit of probable cause:
Your affiant, Detective Teresa Gongaware, has been a police
officer for approximately 13 years. I have been employed with the
J-A26004-18
Penn Hills Police Department for 9 years and assigned to the
Investigative unit for 3½ years. The information within this
affidavit was reported to or observed by your affiant. The victim
is a juvenile female, 4 years of age, and will be referred to as JANE
DOE. The identity of the victim is known to your affiant and will
be made available for any and all court proceedings.
On 9-29-14 at 0900 hours I, Det. Teresa Gongaware,
attended the forensic interview of JANE DOE located at the Child
Advocacy Center (Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh).
DOE was interviewed by manager Jamie Mesar and
observed by myself and Josette Pickens of Allegheny County CYF.
Prior to speaking with DOE, we spoke with [JANE DOE’s mother,
hereinafter, “CF”]. [CF] stated that she dropped DOE off to be
watched, on or about Sept. 14th 2014, while she went to work.
She identified the residence as the paternal grandparents[’]
house…. She stated approximately one week after the incident,
DOE disclosed that “Pap pap” touched her. [CF] identified “Pap
pap” as [Appellant, DOE’s step-grandfather]. …
Ms. Mesar then spoke with DOE. When asked, DOE
identified why she was present at the interview. DOE stated that
she was watched by two other juvenile females, but they no longer
take care of her. When asked, DOE stated they no longer take
care of her, because their father touched her. When asked, she
identifies the actor as “MR. PHIL.”
When asked, DOE stated she was playing on a tablet inside
the home. [Appellant] told DOE to put the tablet down. DOE did
not comply at first, … then [Appellant] said it louder. DOE asked
why he wanted her to put it down, he replied “because I want to
touch your Coo Coo.” When asked, DOE stated she told him no.
When asked, DOE pointed to her genital area and identified
it as her “Coo Coo.” When asked, DOE stated that it was used to
go to the bathroom. When asked, DOE stated [Appellant] touched
her under her panties with “his finger.” When asked, DOE stated
[Appellant] moved his finger around and stuck it “in the Coo Coo
hole.” When asked, DOE stated she told him to stop and he did.
When asked, DOE stated [Appellant] told her not tell anyone.
When asked, DOE stated [Appellant] would “kill her family” if she
did.
Affidavit of Probable Cause, 10/23/14, at 2.
-2-
J-A26004-18
The Commonwealth charged Appellant with 1) aggravated indecent
assault of a child, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(b); 2) unlawful contact with minors, 18
Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(i); 3) corruption of minors, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(i); 4)
indecent assault of a person less than 13 years of age, 18 Pa.C.S. §
3126(a)(7); and 5) endangering the welfare of children, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a).
On September 19, 2016, Appellant entered a negotiated guilty plea to counts
3, 4, and 5. Pursuant to a plea agreement, the Commonwealth agreed to
withdraw counts 1 and 2, and the trial court imposed an aggregate sentence
of 12 years’ probation.1 The court also imposed special conditions of
probation. Inter alia, the court ordered Appellant to have no contact with
minors, including his own biological children, and no access to the internet.
Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion seeking to withdraw his
plea on the bases that: 1) “his guilty plea was not knowing[,] voluntary[,] and
intelligently entered”; and 2) “defense counsel failed to advise [him] that he
would not be able to live with his children, ages 17, 15[,] and 14 after the
guilty plea….” Appellant’s Post-Sentence Motion, 9/27/16, at 1 ¶3(a)-(b). The
trial court denied the motion on December 7, 2016, after a hearing. On
____________________________________________
1 At counts 3, 4, and 5, the trial court sentenced Appellant to consecutive
terms of 5, 2, and 5 years’ probation, respectively.
-3-
J-A26004-18
December 16, 2016, Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration.2 That
motion was denied by order dated January 6, 2017.
Appellant filed an untimely notice of appeal on January 20, 2017. He
filed a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on April 7, 2017,
and the court issued a Rule 1925(a) opinion on May 5, 2017. On October 20,
2017, this Court issued a memorandum opinion quashing Appellant’s appeal
as untimely filed. Appellant filed a motion to reinstate his appeal rights nunc
pro tunc on October 27, 2017, which the trial court granted on November 2,
2017. Appellant then filed notice of the instant nunc pro tunc appeal on
November 15, 2017. Appellant filed another, court-ordered Rule 1925(b)
statement on December 18, 2017, and the trial court issued a new Rule
1925(a) opinion on April 26, 2018.
Appellant now presents the following questions for our review:
1. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in rejecting Appellant’s request to
withdraw his guilty plea where Appellant’s plea was entered
without the [t]rial [c]ourt giving an adequate explanation of the
probation conditions that could be imposed, and where prior trial
____________________________________________
2 Although titled a motion for reconsideration, implying reconsideration of the
motion to withdraw his plea, the reconsideration motion actually concerned
the court’s offer, made at the post-sentence motion hearing held on December
7, 2016, to permit Appellant to have supervised visits with his minor children
if he withdrew his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. See N.T., 12/7/16, at
2 (the court’s stating it “would have no objection to [Appellant’s] seeing his
natural children if supervised” and then asking if that would affect Appellant’s
motion to withdraw his plea); but see id. at 9 (the court’s appearing to have
retracted the supervised-visits offer, when it stated that Appellant was “not
allowed to live in the residence with your children or be in touch with any
child under the age of 18”) (emphasis added).
-4-
J-A26004-18
counsel provided ineffective assistance in, inter alia, failing to
inform Appellant of the potential conditions of probation?
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in ordering that Appellant have no
contact with his biological children as a condition of his probation?
Appellant’s Brief at 5.
Appellant’s first claim concerns the denial of his motion to withdraw his
guilty plea.
The decision to grant or deny a motion to withdraw a guilty
plea rests within the trial court’s discretion, and we will not disturb
the court’s decision on such motion unless the court abused that
discretion. An abuse of discretion is not a mere error in judgment
but, rather, involves bias, ill will, partiality, prejudice, manifest
unreasonableness, and/or misapplication of law. By contrast, a
proper exercise of discretion conforms to the law and is based on
the facts of record.
Commonwealth v. Gordy, 73 A.3d 620, 624 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations
omitted).
A trial court should grant pre-sentence motions to withdraw a guilty plea
for any fair and just reason, unless they cause substantial prejudice to the
Commonwealth. See Commonwealth v. Broaden, 980 A.2d 124, 128 (Pa.
Super. 2009). “Conversely, post-sentence motions for withdrawal are subject
to higher scrutiny since courts strive to discourage entry of guilty pleas as
sentence-testing devices. Therefore, a showing of manifest injustice is
required to withdraw guilty pleas after imposition of sentence.”
Commonwealth v. Flick, 802 A.2d 620, 623 (Pa. Super. 2002). Hence, the
applicable standard here is whether Appellant can demonstrate that the trial
court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea was an abuse of
discretion because it was manifestly unjust.
-5-
J-A26004-18
Appellant contends that
[n]ot only did the [t]rial [c]ourt fail to ensure that Appellant
knowingly entered into the plea, but his previous trial counsel
offered wholly ineffective assistance, most notably in failing to
apprise Appellant as to the significant probation conditions which
were likely to accompany his sentence. These conditions—a bar
on his use of the internet and [a] bar on contact[ing] his four
children—constitute incredibly severe restrictions on Appellant’s
ability to maintain employment and his family. That he was not
informed of the possibility of such harsh conditions rendered his
guilty plea unknowing and involuntary, thus serving as a
legitimate basis for his request to withdraw that guilty plea, which
was erroneously denied by the [t]rial [c]court.
Appellant’s Brief at 10. Appellant later asserts that he “entered into his guilty
plea unknowingly and unintelligently as he had not been adequately informed
by trial counsel or the [t]rial [c]ourt about the scope and severity of probation
conditions which could accompany his sentence.” Id. at 13 (emphasis added).
Thus, we assume it is Appellant’s intent to assert two claims, despite
having failed to raise them as separate issues in his brief. Regarding the
ineffective assistance of counsel aspect of Appellant’s argument, this claim
must be deferred until Appellant seeks collateral review. In Commonwealth
v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562 (Pa. 2013), our Supreme Court reaffirmed its prior
holding in Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002), that, absent
certain circumstances, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel should be
deferred until collateral review under the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA),
42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. Holmes, 79 A.3d at 576. The specific
circumstances under which ineffectiveness claims may be addressed on direct
appeal are not present in the instant case. See id. at 577-78 (holding that
-6-
J-A26004-18
the trial court may address claim(s) of ineffectiveness where they are “both
meritorious and apparent from the record so that immediate consideration
and relief is warranted,” or where the appellant’s request for review of “prolix”
ineffectiveness claims is “accompanied by a knowing, voluntary, and express
waiver of PCRA review”).
Thus, we only review Appellant’s claim insofar as he asserts that the
trial court failed to sufficiently inform him of the consequences of his plea.
In order for a guilty plea to be constitutionally valid, the
guilty plea colloquy must affirmatively show that the defendant
understood what the plea connoted and its consequences. This
determination is to be made by examining the totality of the
circumstances surrounding the entry of the plea. Thus, even
though there is an omission or defect in the guilty plea colloquy,
a plea of guilty will not be deemed invalid if the circumstances
surrounding the entry of the plea disclose that the defendant had
a full understanding of the nature and consequences of his plea
and that he knowingly and voluntarily decided to enter the plea.
Commonwealth v. Fluharty, 632 A.2d 312, 314–15 (Pa. Super. 1993)
(citations and quotation marks omitted). However, the “desire of an accused
to benefit from a plea bargain is a strong indicator of the voluntariness of his
plea. Our law does not require that a defendant be totally pleased with the
outcome of his decision to plead guilty, only that his decision be voluntary,
knowing and intelligent.” Commonwealth v. Pollard, 832 A.2d 517, 524
(Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted).
When conducting a plea colloquy, the trial court must determine:
(1) Does the defendant understand the nature of the charges to
which he or she is pleading guilty or nolo contendere?
(2) Is there a factual basis for the plea?
-7-
J-A26004-18
(3) Does the defendant understand that he or she has the right to
trial by jury?
(4) Does the defendant understand that he or she is presumed
innocent until found guilty?
(5) Is the defendant aware of the permissible range of sentences
and/or fines for the offenses charged?
(6) Is the defendant aware that the judge is not bound by the
terms of any plea agreement tendered unless the judge accepts
such agreement?
Pa.R.Crim.P. 590 (comment).
Notably, none of the at-issue conditions of probation concern these
formal plea colloquy requirements. Appellant does not claim to have
misunderstood at the time of his guilty plea: the nature of the charges, his
right to a jury trial, the presumption of innocence, the permissible range of
sentences and/or fines, or the court’s ability to reject a plea agreement.
Rather, Appellant’s claim concerns whether he understood the nature of the
conditions of probation that were to be imposed, specifically, the restriction
on his internet usage and his ability to have contact with his own minor
children. See Appellant’s Brief at 13 (“Appellant entered into his guilty plea
unknowingly and unintelligently as he had not been adequately informed by
… the [t]rial [c]ourt about the scope and severity of probation conditions which
could accompany his sentence.”).
The trial court states, and the Commonwealth agrees, that Appellant
was aware of these conditions of probation at the time he entered his guilty
plea. However, as a threshold matter, we note that Appellant fails to cite any
relevant case law indicating that a defendant must be specifically made aware
-8-
J-A26004-18
of the conditions of probation by the court in order to consider the guilty plea
valid in terms of whether it was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
entered. Appellant does cite to Commonwealth v. Persinger, 615 A.2d
1305 (Pa. 1992), which was a case concerning the ineffectiveness of trial
counsel, not a direct challenge to the validity of a guilty plea. Nonetheless, in
that case, our Supreme Court determined that the trial court had failed to
inform the defendant of the maximum term he was facing if his sentences
were imposed consecutively, even though the defendant had been informed
of the possible maximum term for each sentence individually. As a result, the
Court determined that Persinger’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea “based on the fact that the defendant’s
guilty plea colloquy was defective because he was not informed that the
consequences of his guilty plea included the possibility of consecutive
sentences.” Id. at 1309.
We do not find Persinger to be analogous to the instant case. While it
is clear that a trial court must inform a defendant of the permissible range of
sentences, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 590 (comment) (“Is the defendant aware of the
permissible range of sentences and/or fines for the offenses charged?”), no
such inquiry is required into whether a defendant understand the full scope
and severity of the conditions of probation that could be imposed. In this
sense, at least, probation is not the equivalent of a sentence, as there is no
analogous ‘range’ of probation conditions. Most importantly, our research fails
to uncover any case law remotely supporting such a claim; we see no evidence
-9-
J-A26004-18
that a trial court must advise a defendant during a guilty plea of the specific
terms of probation it intends to impose at a subsequent sentencing hearing,
in order to deem the plea to have been intelligently, knowingly, and voluntarily
entered by that defendant.3 Instead, we find persuasive the Supreme Court
of Arizona’s decision to the contrary in State v. Muldoon, 767 P.2d 16 (Ariz.
1988). In that case, the Arizona Supreme Court held that:
Although the acts required to be performed as conditions of
probation may be onerous, they are not criminal sanctions or
sentences. They are opportunities to avoid criminal sentencing.
Therefore, the terms of probation and the potential results of
violations of any terms of the probation need not be included
within the warnings required to be given [at a guilty plea hearing].
Id. at 19.
We agree with this reasoning. Appellant’s probation conditions,
however onerous, do not amount to criminal penalties. Rather, they are
____________________________________________
3 We caution that this does not preclude a claim that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to inform Appellant of relevant conditions of probation
that may have affected his decision to enter a guilty plea. The requirements
imposed on attorneys and judges in this regard are not coextensive. To
illustrate this point, in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010), the
Supreme Court of the United States held that defense counsel’s failure to
advise a defendant of the immigration consequences of his decision to enter
a guilty plea fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, where
reasonableness “is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the
legal community.” Id. at 366. Yet, no appellate court, to our knowledge, has
imposed a requirement on trial courts to inform defendants of the immigration
consequences of their guilty pleas. This is not surprising, since the obligations
imposed on judges and attorneys involve different constitutional rights and
issues.
- 10 -
J-A26004-18
conditions that, if satisfied, permit Appellant to avoid the more onerous
sanction of incarceration. The range of potential probation conditions,
therefore, is not analogous to the range of permissible sentences for a given
crime. Accordingly, we ascertain no requirement that a trial court inform a
defendant of conditions of probation at a guilty plea hearing and,
simultaneously, that no manifest injustice resulted from Appellant’s plea.4 As
such, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to have
no contact with his children. Before we address the merit of this claim, we
must consider the Commonwealth’s assertion that this claim has been waived.
The Commonwealth’s argument is premised on its characterization of
Appellant’s claim as a challenge to the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
In this regard, Appellant’s claim is ostensibly waived for two reasons: 1)
Appellant entered a negotiated plea agreement, therefore he cannot challenge
any non-jurisdictional defects beyond the legality of his sentence and the
validity of his plea, and 2) Appellant failed to include a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f)
statement in his brief. Appellant argues in his reply brief that the probation
condition constitutes an illegal sentence. After careful review, we agree with
the Commonwealth.
____________________________________________
4 By this statement, we do not imply that the trial court should refrain from
inquiring whether a defendant is aware of probation conditions, as explicitly
as possible, at a guilty plea hearing.
- 11 -
J-A26004-18
While it is true that “a challenge to the legality of the sentence can never
be waived[,]” Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800, 801 (Pa. Super.
2014), this Court has previously treated claims regarding no-contact
provisions of probation orders as challenges to the discretionary aspects of
sentencing, see Commonwealth v. Koren, 646 A.2d 1205 (Pa. Super. 1994)
(applying discretionary aspects of sentencing analysis to the defendant’s claim
that the condition of probation ordering him to have no contact with the victim
was unreasonable).5 Moreover,
The phrase ‘illegal sentence’ is a term of art in Pennsylvania Courts
that is applied to three narrow categories of cases. Those
categories are: (1) claims that the sentence fell outside of the
legal parameters prescribed by the applicable statute; (2) claims
involving merger/double jeopardy; and (3) claims implicating the
rule in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466… (2000).
____________________________________________
5 See also Commonwealth v. Yockey, 158 A.3d 1246 (Pa. Super. 2017)
(rejecting defendant’s assertion that the trial court imposed an illegal sentence
where, as a condition of probation, he was prohibited from accessing the
internet). This Court held that Yockey’s claim was “a challenge to the
discretionary aspects of [his] sentence—not to the legality.” Id. at 1259;
accord Commonwealth v. Houtz, 982 A.2d 537, 539–540 (Pa. Super.
2009); Commonwealth v. Hartman, 908 A.2d 316, 319 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Nevertheless, there are some probation conditions—not at issue here—that
may constitute an illegal sentence. See generally Commonwealth v.
Wilson, 67 A.3d 736 (Pa. 2013) (vacating a probation condition authorizing
the warrantless, suspicionless searches of the probationer’s home, thereby
reversing the Superior Court’s decision construing the claim as a discretionary
aspects of sentencing issue that had been waived).
- 12 -
J-A26004-18
Commonwealth v. Munday, 78 A.3d 661, 664 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations
and quotation marks omitted).6
Here, the probation condition at issue does not involve any of the three
categories of illegal sentencing claims, nor does it implicate our Supreme
Court’s decision in Wilson. Thus, we are constrained to agree with the
Commonwealth that Appellant asserts a challenge to the discretionary aspects
of his sentence, not its legality.
Having reached that conclusion, we are bound by the following
standards:
Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
entitle an appellant to review as of right. Commonwealth v.
Sierra, 752 A.2d 910, 912 (Pa. Super. 2000). An appellant
challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke
this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether
[the] appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and
modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether [the]
appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and
(4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence
appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing
Code, 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 9781(b).
Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa. Super. 2006),
appeal denied, 589 Pa. 727, 909 A.2d 303 (2006) (internal
citations omitted). Objections to the discretionary aspects of a
sentence are generally waived if they are not raised at the
sentencing hearing or in a motion to modify the sentence imposed.
____________________________________________
6 The third category includes claims made pursuant to Alleyne v. United
States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013). See Munday, 78 A.3d at 664.
- 13 -
J-A26004-18
Commonwealth v. Mann, 820 A.2d 788, 794 (Pa. Super. 2003),
appeal denied, 574 Pa. 759, 831 A.2d 599 (2003).
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Here, Appellant did not raise this claim in his initial post-sentence
motion. Instead, he claimed that counsel was ineffective for failing to advise
him that “he would not be able to live with his children, ages 17, 15 and 14
after the guilty plea because the SOC conditions.” Appellant’s Post-Sentence
Motion, 9/27/16, at 1 ¶ 3(b). Appellant also did not raise any claim that this
probation condition was unreasonable or overbroad in his motion for
reconsideration. See Appellant’s Motion for Reconsideration, 12/16/16, at 2-
3. Moreover, our review of the record demonstrates that Appellant did not
raise any such claim at his plea/sentencing hearing, nor during his post-
sentence motion hearing. Accordingly, we are compelled to conclude that
Appellant has waived this issue. Mann, supra.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/31/2018
- 14 -