Com. v. Vincent, D.

J-A27036-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DARRIN VINCENT :
:
Appellant : No. 782 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 30, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0010191-2016
BEFORE: STABILE, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED DECEMBER 09, 2020
Appellant, Darrin Vincent, appeals from the judgment of sentence of
131/2 to 27 years’ incarceration, imposed after he was convicted by jury of
first-degree felony robbery, possession of an instrument of crime, false
imprisonment, and simple assault.1 After careful review, we affirm.
This case arose out of the robbery of Norris Brown (Victim) at the bar
that he owned, Brownie’s Par Four Lounge, at 7173 Ogontz Avenue in
Philadelphia on December 15, 2014. The robbery was recorded on the bar’s
video surveillance system. On June 20, 2016, Appellant was charged with the
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), 907(a), 2903(a), and 2701(a)(1) and (3),
respectively.
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above offenses and other theft and assault offenses. The case was tried to a
jury in September 2018.
During jury selection, one prospective juror, Juror No. 15, testified that
he was a security guard and had previously been a bar owner for 20 years
and had been robbed and shot at. N.T. Trial, 9/17/18, at 70-71. Juror No.
15 was examined by the trial court concerning whether these experiences
would affect his ability to be fair if selected as a juror. Id. at 70-73.
Appellant’s trial counsel moved to strike Juror No. 15 for cause, and the trial
court denied the motion. Id. at 74-75. Appellant’s counsel used one of his
peremptory challenges to strike Juror No. 15 and exhausted all of his
peremptory challenges before the last juror was selected. Id. at 75, 147-48.
At trial, the Commonwealth played to the jury and introduced in
evidence the videotape of the robbery. N.T. Trial, 9/18/18, at 81-82, 84-88,
91-100; N.T. Trial, 9/19/18, at 14-20; N.T. Trial, 9/20/18, at 19-20;
Commonwealth Ex. 9B. The videotape showed the perpetrator hitting Victim
in the head and knocking him down, pointing a sharp object that appears to
be a knife at Victim when Victim resisted, and taking things from Victim and
putting them in his pocket. Commonwealth Ex. 9B. Appellant was identified
as the perpetrator by a witness who knew him and recognized him on the
videotape. N.T. Trial, 9/19/18, at 69-70. In addition, Appellant’s DNA was
on a Styrofoam cup found at the scene that the videotape showed the
perpetrator drinking from. N.T. Trial, 9/18/18, at 88-91, 96; N.T. Trial,
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9/19/18, at 57-59, 74-79; N.T. Trial, 9/20/18, at 17-19; Commonwealth Ex.
9B. Victim, who was 83 years old at the time of the robbery, passed away of
causes unrelated to the case prior to trial. N.T. Trial, 9/19/18, at 84-85. One
of the police officers who first arrived on the scene, however, testified, over
Appellant’s objection, to statements made by Victim concerning the robbery.
N.T. Trial, 9/18/18, at 56-62, 66-70.
On September 21, 2018, the jury convicted Appellant of first-degree
felony robbery, possession of an instrument of crime, false imprisonment, and
two counts of simple assault and acquitted him of the other charges that had
not been nolle prossed by the Commonwealth. N.T. Trial, 9/21/18, at 25-27.
On November 30, 2018, the trial court sentenced Appellant to consecutive
terms of 10-20 years’ incarceration for the robbery conviction, 21/2 to 5 years
for possession of an instrument of crime, 1 to 2 years for false imprisonment,
and no further penalty for the two simple assault convictions, resulting in an
aggregate sentence of 131/2 to 27 years’ incarceration. Appellant timely filed
a post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied on March 4, 2019. This
timely appeal followed.
Appellant presents the following issues for our review:
1. Did not the trial court err in denying the defense challenge for
cause of a prospective juror who had been the victim of crimes
similar to the one at issue, forcing the defense to use a
peremptory challenge?
2. Did not the trial court err in allowing hearsay testimony
concerning the deceased complainant’s out-of-court statements to
police, thus violating Appellant’s Federal and Commonwealth
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constitutional rights to confront the witnesses against him, where
the trial court had prior to trial granted Appellant's motion in
limine to exclude those statements, and, by later admitting those
statements, the court abused its discretion and violated its own
ruling?
Appellant’s Brief at 4.
In his first issue Appellant argues that the trial court’s denial of his
motion to strike Juror No. 15 for cause was reversible error. A trial court’s
decision whether to disqualify a prospective juror for cause is within its sound
discretion and will not be reversed in the absence of a palpable abuse of
discretion. Commonwealth v. Clemat, 218 A.3d 944, 951 (Pa. Super.
2019); Commonwealth v. Penn, 132 A.3d 498, 502 (Pa. Super. 2016).
The test for determining whether a prospective juror should be
disqualified is whether he [or she] is willing and able to eliminate
the influence of any scruples and render a verdict according to
the evidence, and this is to be determined on the basis of answers
to questions and demeanor. It must be determined whether any
biases or prejudices can be put aside on proper instruction of the
court. A challenge for cause should be granted when the
prospective juror has such a close relationship, familial, financial,
or situational, with the parties, counsel, victims, or witnesses that
the court will presume a likelihood of prejudice or demonstrates
a likelihood of prejudice by his or her conduct or answers to
questions.
Clemat, 218 A.3d at 951 (ellipses omitted, brackets in original) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Briggs, 12 A.3d 291 (Pa. 2011)).2
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2While Appellant used a peremptory challenge to strike Juror No. 15 and Juror
No. 15 therefore did not serve on the jury, that has no effect on our analysis.
Where a defendant is forced to use one of his peremptory challenges to strike
a juror who should have been excused for cause and exhausts his peremptory
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Juror No. 15, like Victim, had been a bar owner and while he was a bar
owner had been a victim of the same type of crime, robbery. N.T. Trial,
9/17/18, at 70-71. The fact that a juror was a victim of the same type of
crime or has a close relationship with a person who was a victim of the same
type of crime, however, does not require that the juror be stricken for cause
if the juror’s testimony demonstrates that he can be fair and impartial
notwithstanding that experience. Commonwealth v. Cox, 983 A.2d 666,
682-83 (Pa. 2009) (no abuse of discretion in denial of motion to strike juror
in capital murder case whose son had been murdered where juror “assured
the trial court that she could render a fair and impartial verdict and that her
personal tragedy would play no role in her assessment of the case”); Clemat,
218 A.3d at 951-52 (no abuse of discretion in denial of motion to strike juror
in drug case whose close friend died two weeks earlier from a drug overdose
where juror testified without hesitation that it would not affect her ability to
be fair and impartial).
Here, Juror No. 15 testified without hesitation or equivocation that the
robberies and his past bar ownership would not affect his ability to be fair and
impartial and he showed no sign that these experiences affected him
emotionally. N.T. Trial, 9/17/18, at 70-73. Juror No. 15 testified:
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challenges before the jury is seated, the failure to strike that juror for cause
cannot be affirmed as harmless error. Penn, 132 A.3d at 505. Here,
Appellant exhausted his peremptory challenges before all the jurors were
selected.
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THE COURT: And you work now as a security guard?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: Now, yes.
THE COURT: Is there anything about that occupation that might
interfere with your ability to serve fairly and impartially in this
case?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: Nothing what I do now. I was in the
bar business for 20 years.
* * *
THE COURT: What did you do in the bar business?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: I owned a bar.
THE COURT: You owned a bar. Okay. Is there anything about that
fact that you owned a bar for 20 years that might interfere with
your ability to serve fairly and impartially in this case where it’s
alleged, among other things, that this defendant assaulted and
robbed a bar owner?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: I’m just -- I just put that out there
so nobody will say later on you didn’t tell me, because I was
robbed a couple times, been shot at, the whole nine yards. I was
in the business for 20 years, you know. I’ve been through
everything that goes with the bar business. But, I mean, I can still
decide right or wrong or whatnot.
THE COURT: There you go. So in other words, that part of your
life experience informs you just like ours informs us, but it
wouldn’t create a bias in you for or against the defendant; is that
correct?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: Right. Right.
THE COURT: All right. And when you indicated that you or
someone close to you has been the victim of a crime, I guess you
were thinking at least in part about some of those situations you
just mentioned?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: Right. Right. Yeah.
THE COURT: Is there anything about any other situation that we
haven’t discussed that might interfere with your ability to serve
fairly and impartially in this case with regard to being the victim
of a crime, you or someone close to you?
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PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: No.
* * *
THE COURT: And you indicated that you or someone close to you
has been eyewitness to a crime.
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: Right.
THE COURT: Is there anything about any of those experiences or
your relationship with anyone involved that might interfere with
your ability to serve fairly and impartially in this case?
PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 15: No.
Id.The trial court concluded, based on Juror No. 15’s answers and its
observation of his demeanor, that Juror No. 15 would be able to be fair and
impartial despite his experiences. Trial Court Opinion at 5.3 Moreover, the
risk that a juror would be affected merely because he identified with Victim
was attenuated in this case because the evidence of the crime was a video
recording, not testimony from Victim, and Appellant’s identity as the
perpetrator was proved solely by a witness other than Victim and by DNA
evidence. The trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion to strike Juror No. 15
for cause was therefore not an abuse of discretion and does not constitute
grounds for reversal. Cox, 983 A.2d at 682-83; Clemat, 218 A.3d at 951-
52.
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3 In contrast, the trial court excused for cause two other prospective jurors
who had been robbery victims because their answers on voir dire showed that
they were emotionally affected by the crime. N.T. Trial, 9/17/18, at 112; N.T.
Trial, 9/18/18, at 13-18.
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In his second issue, Appellant argues that the police officer’s testimony
concerning what Victim told him about the robbery violated his right to cross-
examine the witnesses against him under the Confrontation Clause of the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See U.S. Const. amend.
VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be
confronted with the witnesses against him”).4 Although a trial court’s
evidentiary rulings are ordinarily reversible only for abuse of discretion,
whether admission of evidence violated Appellant’s rights under the
Confrontation Clause is a question of law subject to our plenary, de novo
review. In re N.C., 105 A.3d 1199, 1210 (Pa. 2014); Commonwealth v.
Cheng Jie Lu, 223 A.3d 260, 264 (Pa. Super. 2019); Commonwealth v.
Williams, 103 A.3d 354, 358 (Pa. Super. 2014).
The Confrontation Clause prohibits admission of out-of-court testimonial
statements of an unavailable witness that the defendant has not had the
opportunity to cross-examine. Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 354
(2011); Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006); Commonwealth
v. Allshouse, 36 A.3d 163, 171 (Pa. 2012); Cheng Jie Lu, 223 A.3d at 264.
The Confrontation Clause, however, applies only to testimonial statements
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4 While Appellant in his second question also references violation of a
Pennsylvania state constitutional confrontation right, he does not assert any
violation of any Pennsylvania constitutional right in the argument section of
his brief. The only issue before us is therefore whether the admission of this
evidence violated his federal constitutional Confrontation Clause rights.
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and does not prohibit admission of out-of-court statements that are
nontestimonial. Bryant, 562 U.S. at 354; Davis, 547 U.S. at 821;
Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 173. Not all statements to police are testimonial;
informal statements made by an unavailable witness to police or other first-
responders to enable them to deal with an ongoing emergency are
nontestimonial and their admission does not violate the Confrontation Clause.
Bryant, 562 U.S. at 354-56; Davis, 547 U.S. at 822; Allshouse, 36 A.3d at
172; Williams, 103 A.3d at 359-63.
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police
interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the
primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance
to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the
circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing
emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is
to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
criminal prosecution.
Davis, 547 U.S. at 822; Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 172 (quoting Davis).
Here, Victim’s statements to the police officer that he had been
attacked, describing the assailant, and reporting that the assailant pointed a
knife at him, N.T. Trial, 9/18/18, at 59-62, were informal statements for the
primary purpose of enabling police to address an ongoing emergency. These
statements were made at the scene to the officers who arrived in response to
a report of a robbery in progress. Id. at 56-57. Although Victim was not
seriously injured, he was in a disheveled state and under emotional impact
from the crime. Id. at 58-59. The officers to whom Victim made the
statements that were admitted at trial were the officers responding to the
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emergency, not the detectives investigating the scene and assembling
evidence. Id. at 56, 59, 64.5
The fact that the robbery was over and the perpetrator had fled before
the officers arrived does not negate the primary purpose of these statements
to enable the police to deal with an ongoing emergency. Where a threat to
the public still exists even though the crime in question is complete, a victim’s
informal statements to police or other first-responders are properly held to be
nontestimonial statements to enable the police or other first-responders to
deal with the emergency. Bryant, 562 U.S. at 363, 371-78; Williams, 103
A.3d at 360-63.
An assessment of whether an emergency that threatens the police
and public is ongoing cannot narrowly focus on whether the threat
solely to the first victim has been neutralized because the threat
to the first responders and public may continue.
Bryant, 562 U.S. at 363; see also Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 174 (quoting
Bryant). Where, as here, there is an armed assailant whose criminal
intentions are not obviously limited to the one particular victim, informal
statements immediately after the crime concerning the nature of the attack,
the perpetrator and how he is armed, enable the police to deal with an ongoing
emergency and are nontestimonial. Bryant, 562 U.S. at 363, 371-78
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5 The trial court granted Appellant’s motion to exclude Victim’s later formal
written statement to the police and that testimonial statement was not
admitted or referred to at trial. N.T. Trial, 9/17/18, at 7-9; N.T. Trial, 9/18/18,
at 70; N.T. Trial, 9/19/18, at 11-12.
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(statements by shooting victim when he was found by the police identifying
the person who shot him and describing where and how shooting happened
were nontestimonial and their admission did not violate the Confrontation
Clause). Because Victim’s statements to the responding officers immediately
after the robbery that described how he was attacked, described the attacker,
and reported that the attacker pointed a knife at him were informal statements
for the primary purpose of enabling police to address an ongoing emergency,
they were nontestimonial and their admission did not violate the Confrontation
Clause. Bryant, 562 U.S. at 354, 361-63, 371-78; Williams, 103 A.3d at
359-63.
The officer also testified to Victim’s statements that the robber stole
money, a phone and a ring from him and to the officer’s valuation of these
items at $4,800. N.T. Trial, 9/18/18, at 61-64. Portions of statements that
go beyond information needed to respond to the emergency may be
testimonial, even if other portions are nontestimonial. Davis, 547 U.S. at
828-29. Because the items stolen and their value do not clearly relate to an
ongoing threat of harm, the primary purpose of the statements concerning
the stolen items constitutes the obtaining of information concerning past
events for a later criminal prosecution, and they are therefore testimonial. Id.
at 822; Cheng Jie Lu, 223 A.3d at 265-66.
Admission of Victim’s statements concerning the items stolen from him,
however, was harmless error. An error is harmless and does not constitute
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grounds for reversal if it could not have contributed to the verdict.
Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697, 716 (Pa. 2015);
Commonwealth v. Radecki, 180 A.3d 441, 461 (Pa. Super. 2018). None of
the charges of which Appellant was convicted required proof of the value or
nature of property taken in the robbery. The robbery charge required proof
only of some theft or attempted theft from Victim, not the value or nature of
what was taken, and its grading as a first-degree felony was unaffected by
the value of the property in question. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(ii), (a)(2),
(b)(1); N.T., 9/20/18, at 71-73. The videotape clearly showed Appellant
taking objects from Victim after he struck Victim and threatened Victim with
a weapon. Commonwealth Ex. 9B. The remaining charges of which Appellant
was convicted, possession of an instrument of crime, false imprisonment, and
simple assault, did not require any proof that Appellant stole anything from
Victim.6
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6 Victim’s description of how he was hit and knocked down and the description
of the attacker, although properly admitted, were also harmless. The assault
was shown on the videotape and the description Victim gave of assault was
cumulative of what the jury saw on the videotape. Admission of testimonial
statements that are merely cumulative of other, admissible evidence that is
before the jury is harmless error. Allshouse, 36 A.3d at 182-883; Williams,
103 A.3d at 363-64; see also Radecki, 180 A.3d at 461. Victim’s description
of the attacker was harmless because it did not identify Appellant at all;
rather, Appellant was identified by someone other than Victim and by DNA
evidence. In contrast, we cannot agree with the Commonwealth that Victim’s
statement that the weapon was a knife had no effect on the jury’s verdict on
the possession of an instrument of crime charge. The videotape does not
show the weapon close up. The jury’s questions during its deliberations
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For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion to strike a prospective juror for
cause and that it did not commit reversible error in admitting testimony
concerning Victim’s statements to a responding police officer. Accordingly, we
affirm the trial court’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/9/20
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indicated that it was having difficulty with the issue of whether the
Commonwealth met its burden of proving on the possession of an instrument
of crime charge that the weapon was a knife. N.T., 9/21/18, at 6-24; Jury
Questions Nos. 4-12. Indeed, during its deliberations on that issue, the jury
requested to see the police report containing Victim’s statement, a request
that the trial court, with Appellant’s consent, denied. N.T., 9/21/18, at 6-7,
9-13; Jury Questions Nos. 6-8.
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