Williams, J. v. Williams, C.

J-A01001-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
JAMES R. WILLIAMS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHELSEA WILLIAMS :
:
: No. 1182 MDA 2021
APPEAL OF: JAMES AND CHARLENE :
WILLIAMS, :
:
Intervenors :
Appeal from the Order Entered August 6, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
2013-FC-001306-03
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and KING, J.
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MARCH 09, 2022
James and Charlene Williams (collectively, Grandparents)1 appeal from
the order, entered in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, denying their
petition seeking to intervene and grant them standing to seek partial custody
of their grandson, J.R.W. After careful review, we affirm.
The facts do not seem to be in great dispute. J.W. (Father) and C.W.
(Mother) (collectively, Parents) married in May 2011. In June 2011, J.R.W.
was born. At the time of J.R.W.’s birth, while Parents waited for their home
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1 Grandparents are J.R.W.’s paternal grandparents.
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to be move-in-ready, Parents and Child resided with Grandparents for one
month.
Parents separated in October 2012 and, ultimately, divorced in 2013.
From June 2013 through September 2016, J.R.W. lived with Grandparents “on
a full[-]time basis.” N.T. Standing Hearing, 4/23/21, at 18. On July 19, 2013,
Father filed a custody complaint against Mother. On August 26, 2013, the
court entered an interim custody order, pending trial, granting Parents joint
legal and shared physical custody. On March 4, 2016, Mother filed a petition
to modify custody,2 seeking primary physical custody of J.R.W. after she
decided to relocate to Maryland. On April 12, 2016, the court entered another
interim custody order awarding Parents shared legal and physical custody of
J.R.W. on a two-week rotation.
Following a custody trial held on September 6, 2016, the Honorable
Kathleen J. Pendergast entered a final order awarding Parents joint legal
custody, Father primary physical custody, and Mother partial physical custody.
At trial Mother “raised concerns that Father was relying heavily on
[G]randparents to help him in his duties.” Trial Court Custody Opinion,
9/12/16, at 6. As a result of Mother’s concern, the trial court specifically
questioned Father about his involvement in J.R.W.’s life, particularly Father’s
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2 Parents allegedly disagreed on where J.R.W. “would attend school and
necessary modifications based upon J.R.W.’s school schedule.” Father’s and
Mother’s Joint Memorandum of Law, 7/30/21, at 2.
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decisions regarding J.R.W.’s doctor and dentist appointments and Father’s
attendance at J.R.W.’s preschool activities. See id. In deciding to award
Father primary physical custody, the trial judge concluded that Father has
clearly been involved in medical decisions for J.R.W. and that Father “took the
initiative in arranging” for J.R.W. to attend preschool and other activities. Id.
The trial court ultimately found that “[b]oth parents seem to be accepting their
primary responsibilities for meeting the needs of [J.R.W.] with appropriate
assistance from family.” Id. The court also found that J.R.W. “has always
lived at the marital residence,” that the house is in Father’s name only, and
that “stability in [J.R.W.’s] education is more likely [if J.R.W. were to live] at
. . . Father’s [residence.]” Id. at 7. Finally, the court determined that
Grandmother, who does not work outside of the home, “has been the stable
daycare resource for both Father and Mother.” Id. at 12.
Since resolution of the custody matter, Parents’ relationship with
Grandparents has declined. On April 1, 2021, Grandparents initiated the
instant custody action, seeking partial physical custody of J.R.W., by filing a
petition for standing and a request to intervene based on the in loco parentis
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doctrine, see 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(2),3 as well as pursuant to section 5325(2)4
of the Child Custody Act (Act).5 Parents filed preliminary objections to
Grandparents’ petition, as well as a joint brief opposing granting
Grandparents’ standing6 and permission to intervene. The court held hearings
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3Pursuant to section 5324(2), “[a] person who stands in loco parentis to the
child . . . may file an action for any form of physical custody or legal custody.”
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(2) (italics added).
4Pursuant to section 5325(2), grandparents and great-grandparents may file
an action for partial physical or supervised physical custody
* * *
(2) where the relationship with the child began either with the
consent of a parent of the child or under a court order and where
the parents of the child:
(i) have commenced a proceeding for custody; and
(ii) do not agree as to whether the grandparents or great
grandparents should have custody under this section[.]
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5325(2).
5 See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5321, et seq.
6 In D.P. v. G J.P., 146 A.3d 204 (Pa. 2016), our Supreme Court stated:
It is notable that the redrafted 23 Pa.C.S.[A.] ch. 53, more
expressly than its predecessor, segregates grandparent standing
requirements (23 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 5325) from merits considerations
(23 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 5328). Therefore, as illustrated presently,
whenever there are contested issues relating to standing, the
chapter gives parents the ability to bifurcate the proceedings by
seeking dismissal for lack of standing, thereby requiring that any
such preliminary questions be resolved before the complaint’s
merits are reached. The potential for such bifurcation serves an
important screening function in terms of protecting parental
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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on April 23, 2021 and August 2, 2021. On August 6, 2021, the trial court
dismissed Grandparents’ petition, heavily relying on the following reasons
established at the 2016 custody trial:
(1) At the time of the custody hearing in 2016, Parents were
found to accept their primary responsibilities for meeting the
needs of J.R.W. with appropriate assistance from extended
family (“Father was primarily doing the duties when [J.R.W.]
was with him and Mother was primarily meeting her duties
when [J.R.W.] was with her”);
(2) Grandmother testified that, at most, J.R.W. spent time
overnight at her house two nights per week when [F]ather
was working long shifts as a firefighter with emergency
services;
(3) Grandparents have not had legal custody of J.R.W. or
provided anything other than daycare to him during the
recent years (since 2016);
(4) Grandparents have never had standing throughout the
entirety of the underlying custody matter between Parents,
nor have they been a party to such proceeding;
(5) Parents object to Grandparents obtaining standing; and
(6) Due to Parents’ objection to standing, if the court were to
grant Grandparents standing[,] it “would be contrary to the
constitutional rights of the parents as well as current case
law.”
Order, 8/6/21, at 2-4.
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rights. As suggested, it facilitates early dismissal of complaints,
thereby relieving families of the burden of litigating their merits
where a sufficient basis for standing is absent.
Id. at 213.
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Grandparents filed a timely notice of appeal from the court’s order, as
well as a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal. Grandparents present the following issues for our
review:
(1) Did the trial court err as a matter of law in conflating
standing for grandparents pursuant to the in loco parentis
doctrine and standing pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5325?
(2) Did the trial court err as a matter of law in dismissing
grandparents’ petition for partial custody based on a lack of
standing?
(3) Did the trial court err as a matter of law in denying
grandparents’ standing pursuant to the recently decided
case of E.A., III v. E.C., [259 A.3d 497 (Pa. Super. 2021)]?
(4) Did the trial court err as a matter of law in denying
grandparents’ standing pursuant to the in loco parentis
doctrine by determining that their claim for standing was
“stale[?]”
Grandparents’ Brief, at 6.
Threshold issues of standing are questions of law; thus, our standard of
review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. K.W. v. S.L., 157 A.3d
498, 504 (Pa. Super. 2017). The concept of standing is vital in ensuring that
cases are presented to the court by an individual who has a genuine, and not
merely a theoretical, interest in the matter. Thus, “the traditional test for
standing is that the proponent of the action must have a direct, substantial
and immediate interest in the matter at hand.” D.G. v. D.B., 91 A.3d 706,
708 (Pa. Super. 2014); see also Ken R. v. Arthur Z., 682 A.2d 1267, 1270
(Pa. 1996) (determination of standing simply implies party has substantial
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interest in subject matter of litigation and interest is direct and immediate,
and not remote consequence). In M.W. v. S.T., 196 A.3d 1065 (Pa. Super.
2018), our Court emphasized:
In the area of child custody, principles of standing have been
applied with particular scrupulousness because they serve a dual
purpose: not only to protect the interest of the court system by
assuring that actions are litigated by appropriate parties, but also
to prevent intrusion into the protected domain of the family by
those who are merely strangers, however well-meaning.
Id. at 1069 (citation omitted).
“Generally, the Child Custody Act does not permit third parties to seek
custody of a child contrary to the wishes of that child’s parents. The Act
provides several exceptions to this rule, which apply primarily to grandparents
and great-grandparents.” Id., citing K.W., 157 A.3d at 504. “[Traditionally,
unless] a person seeking custody [wa]s a parent, grandparent, or great-
grandparent of the child, the Act allow[ed] for standing only if that “person []
st[ood] in loco parentis to the child.” K.W., supra at 504, citing 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 5324(2). See also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(3); Id. at §§ 5325(1-3).7
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7 In 2018, section 5324 was amended to add that an individual—other than a
parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent—may file an action for any form of
physical or legal custody, where that person “establishes by clear and
convincing evidence all of the following: (i) The individual has assumed or is
willing to assume responsibility for the child[;] (ii) The individual has a
sustained, substantial and sincere interest in the welfare of the child. In
determining whether the individual meets the requirements of this
subparagraph, the court may consider, among other factors, the nature,
quality, extent and length of the involvement by the individual in the child’s
life[; and] (iii) Neither parent has any form of care and control of the child.”
See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(4) (i-iii). This amendment, however, is inapplicable
to facts of this case.
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Each of Grandparents’ issues on appeal concerns the trial court’s
determination that they do not stand in loco parentis to Child and, thus, do
not have standing to seek partial custody of J.W.R. Essentially, Grandparents
argue that E.A. “has no applicability to the instant proceedings” where the
facts of E.A. are not only strikingly different than those in the instant case,
but where E.A. also “did not purport to rule on a question of standing involving
in loco parentis or a grandparent litigant’s standing pursuant to [section]
5324.” Grandparents’ Brief, at 29. Finally, Grandparents claim that the trial
court “misapplied the ‘timeliness’ doctrine enunciated in . . . E.A.[,] which was
limited to a question as to whether a grandparent had standing pursuant to
[section] 5325 [and] should be evaluated and ‘determined based upon the
facts when the issue is decided.’” Id. at 12, quoting E.A., 259 A.3d at 502,
citing M.W., supra at 1071.
The common law “phrase ‘in loco parentis’ refers to a person who puts
oneself in the situation of a lawful parent by assuming the obligations incident
to the parental relationship without going through the formality of a legal
adoption.” C.G. v. J.H., 193 A.3d 891, 907 (Pa. 2018) (citation omitted).
“The status of ‘in loco parentis’ embodies two ideas: first, the assumption of
a parental status, and second, the discharge of parental duties.” T.B. v.
L.R.M., 786 A.2d 913, 917 (Pa. 2001) (citation omitted). “The third party in
this type of relationship, however, can[]not place himself in loco parentis in
defiance of the parents' wishes and the parent/child relationship.” Id. “[I]n
loco parentis status cannot be achieved without the consent and knowledge
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of, and in disregard of[,] the wishes of a parent.” E.W. v. T.S., 916 A.2d
1197, 1205 (Pa. 2007) (citation omitted). Moreover,
[t]he in loco parentis basis for standing recognizes that the need
to guard the family from intrusions by third[-]parties and to
protect the rights of the natural parent must be tempered by the
paramount need to protect the child’s best interest. Thus, while
it is presumed that a child’s best interest is served by maintaining
the family’s privacy and autonomy, that presumption must give
way where the child has established strong psychological bonds
with a person who, although not a biological parent, has lived with
the child and provided care, nurture, and affection, assuming in
the child’s eye a stature like that of a parent. Where such a
relationship is shown, our courts recognize that the child’s best
interest requires that the third[-]party be granted standing so as
to have the opportunity to litigate fully the issue of whether that
relationship should be maintained even over a natural parent’s
objections.
Id. at 917 (quoting J.A.L. v. E.P.H., 682 A.2d 1314, 1319-20 (Pa. Super.
1996)).
Instantly, Grandparents claim that they “presented unrebutted
testimony of their assumption of parental status and discharge of parental
duties when [J.R.W.] resided with them during his formative years from 2013-
2016.” Grandparents’ Brief, at 13. Grandparents acknowledge that after
Parents’ custody trial in 2016, Grandparents “continued to [perform] ongoing
weekly responsibilities for [J.R.W.] while father would work consecutive days
as a firefighter,” Grandparents’ Brief, at 13, but it was not until “the
relationship between [F]ather and [Grandparents] abruptly turned adversarial
in the latter part of 2020” that Grandparents felt “compel[ed] . . . to initiate
the instant litigation.” Id.-9-
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The evidence of record shows that J.R.W. and Parents lived with
Grandparents for the first few weeks after J.R.W. was born. During that time,
Grandparents watched Child “three nights per week,” id. at 18, and they
provided childcare at Parents’ request. See N.T. Standing Hearing, 4/23/21,
at 16 (Grandmother testifying during the first year of J.R.W.’s life, “whenever
[Parents] were working, [she] would get [J.R.W.] overnight . . . at least three
nights a week.”). Moreover, Grandmother had J.R.W. overnight
approximately four times per week after Parents separated. Id. at 17
(Grandmother testifying that post-separation, J.R.W. would stay overnight at
her house approximately four times a week from October 2012 through June
2013). In addition, Grandparents cared for J.R.W., after Father moved in with
Stepmother in the fall of 2016. Id. at 25 (Grandmother testifying after J.R.W.
moved in with Father and Stepmother8 in fall of 2016 and until December 31,
2019, Grandmother “had [J.R.W.]” when Father and Stepmother were
working).
Notably, from June 2013 through September 2016, J.R.W. lived with
Grandparents “on a full[-]time basis.” Id. at 18. At that time, Father resided
in and maintained the marital residence; Father took classes in Prince
George’s County, Maryland, and Mother took classes in Virginia. Id. at 18-
19. Father and Mother would visit and play with J.R.W. at Grandparents’
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8 Father remarried in 2019 and he and Stepmother have a child together, who
lives with them and J.R.W.
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house, id. at 19, and “once in a[]while” Mother would “keep [J.R.W.]
overnight.” Id. Grandmother testified that during those three years she
“played with” J.R.W., “taught him [his] ABC’s, read together[,] watched
movies together[,] bought everything [J.R.W.] needed [like] his clothes, his
shoes, diapers, baby food[, and] formula[,] took him to and paid for
preschool[,] accompanied Father to J.R.W.’s medical appointments[, and]
fixed him [all of his meals daily].” Id. at 19-23. During that time period,
Grandmother testified that neither Father nor Mother “ever complain[ed]
about the care [Grandparents] were giving to J[.R.W.].” Id. at 24.
However, it is undisputed that since J.R.W. moved out of Grandparents’
home in 2016, he has been living with Father and Stepmother.9 After J.R.W.
moved into Father’s home, Grandmother testified that she “continue[d] her]
involvement with [J.R.W.] on a frequent basis” by “taking [J.R.W.] off the bus
and bring[ing] him to [her] house” when Father was working. Id. at 25.
When both Father and Stepmother were working, which occurred “no more
than two times a week,” Grandmother testified that she would get J.R.W. off
the bus, “bring him to her house and feed him dinner and he would spend the
night [a]nd then she would get [J.R.W.] ready and take him to school the next
morning.” Id. at 25-26.
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9 Throughout his entire life Parents have had sole physical and legal custody
of J.R.W.
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In Markham v. Wolf, 136 A.3d 134 (Pa. 2016), our Supreme Court
explained the foundation for determining standing:
Standing in Pennsylvania is a jurisprudential matter. City of
Philadelphia v. Commonwealth, [] 838 A.2d 566, 577 ([Pa.]
2003). In our Court’s landmark decision on standing, we
explained that a person who is not adversely impacted by the
matter he or she is litigating does not enjoy standing to initiate
the court’s dispute resolution machinery. William Penn Parking
Garage v. City of Pittsburgh, [] 346 A.2d 269, 280-81 (Pa.
1975) (plurality). This is consistent with our jurisprudential
approach that eschews advisory or abstract opinions, but, rather,
requires the resolution of real and concrete issues. As we
explained in In re Hickson, 821 A.2d [1238,] 1243 [(Pa. 2003)],
the party to the legal action must be “aggrieved.”
In determining whether a party is aggrieved, courts
consider whether the litigant has a substantial, direct, and
immediate interest in the matter. To have a substantial
interest, the concern in the outcome of the challenge must surpass
“the common interest of all citizens in procuring obedience to the
law.” Id. An interest is direct if . . . the matter “caused harm to
the party’s interest.” Id. Finally, the concern is immediate
“if that causal connection is not remote or speculative.”
City of Philadelphia, 838 A.2d [566,] 577 [(Pa. 2003)]. The
“keystone to standing in these terms is that the person must be
negatively impacted in some real and direct fashion.” Pittsburgh
Palisades Park, LLC v. Commonwealth, []888 A.2d 655, 660
(Pa. 2005).
Id. at 140. “An ‘immediate’ interest involves the nature of the causal
connection between the action complained of and the injury to the party
challenging it[; it] is shown where the interest the party seeks to protect is
within the zone of interests sought to be protected by the statute or
constitutional guarantee in question.” South Whitehall Township Police
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Service v. South Whitehall Township, 555 A.2d 793, 795 (Pa. 1989)
(citations omitted).
Thus, the question as to whether Grandparents are truly aggrieved—the
touchstone of standing—is the heart of the matter on appeal. Simply put, do
Grandparents currently have an immediate interest in the matter where, since
2016, their discharge of duties for J.R.W. has significantly changed?
Instantly, at the time Grandparents filed their custody complaint in April
2021, J.R.W. had been living with Father for almost five years and had not
resided with Grandparents since September 2016, when he moved in with
Father and started kindergarten. From September 2016 until the end of 2019,
Grandparents provided after-school care for J.R.W. and occasionally kept him
overnight. At that time, Parents had resolved their custody matter and were
the sole legal and physical custodians of J.R.W. Since 2016, Parents have
been amicably co-parenting J.R.W. See N.T. Standing Hearing, 4/23/21, at
37 (Grandmother agreeing that since 2016 Parents have repaired their
relationship, co-parent very well together, and have “got[ten] better at
working together.”); see also M.W., supra at 1072 (efforts to usurp
presumptively fit parent’s rights to upbringing of his or her children subject to
constitutional limitations).
In analyzing issues of third-party custody matters, courts of this
Commonwealth have focused on a change in circumstances that occurs
between the time a party has allegedly established standing to intervene/seek
custody and when the party ultimately seeks to intervene. In M.W., supra,
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our Court was tasked with reviewing whether a trial court properly found a
grandparent no longer had standing in a custody matter, under section 5324,
where her grandchildren’s dependency status had changed since the time
grandparent flied her custody complaint. Focusing on the facts at the time
of the custody conference, the trial court dismissed the grandparent’s
complaint because “[c]hildren were no longer dependent and were residing
with Parents.” Id. at 1068. On appeal, the grandparent argued that the trial
court should have “looked back to the time she filed her complaint[, which
was one year10 before the custody conference,] to evaluate standing.” Id. at
1071. In analyzing the issue and ultimately affirming the trial court, our
Court recognized that “custody cases must be fluid under some
circumstances.” Id. 196 A.3d at 1071. Significantly, the panel noted that
“this Court has ‘reevaluated a party’s standing following a factual change in
circumstances, i.e., the termination of parental rights or adoption.’” Id.
In J.A.L., our court found that where the petitioner, who had lived with
child’s custodial parent, the petitioner’s partner, as a “nontraditional family,
for many years before the birth of the child[,] and[,] thereafter[,] the parties
acted together to make arrangements for []artificial inseminations[,] . . . the
child was to be a member of their nontraditional family, the child of both of
them and not merely the offspring of [the custodial parent] as a single parent.”
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10In M.W., grandparent filed her first petition to intervene in the dependency
proceedings in September 2016. Grandparent later filed a complaint for
custody in March 2017. The custody conference was held in April 2018.
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J.A.L., supra at 1321. In concluding that petitioner had standing to seek
custody of child, our Court highlighted the fact that the petitioner’s early
contact with child
was reinforced by visits after the parties’ separation, visits which
occurred with a frequency and regularity similar to that of post-
separation visits by many noncustodial natural parents and[,]
thus[,] must be considered adequate to maintain any bond
previously created. The evidence at trial clearly established that
[petitioner] ha[d] shown a constant, sincere interest in the child,
and that the child recognize[d petitioner] as a significant person
in her life.
Id. at 1322.
It is evident that in custody matters, courts evaluate the concept of
standing on a fluid basis, which necessarily implicates the immediacy prong
of a standing analysis—i.e., whether the interest the third-party seeks to
protect is within the “zone of interests sought to be protected by our [custody]
statute[s],” South Whitehall Township, supra at 795, and the
constitutional right “to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and
control of one’s children [that] is one of the oldest fundamental rights
protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” K.W.,
supra at 502-03. See also C.G., supra at 898 (“The liberty interest . . . of
parents in the care, custody and control of their children [] is perhaps the
oldest fundamental liberty interest recognized by the Court”).11
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11Similarly, in C.G. v. J.H., 193 A.3d 891 (Pa. 2018), our Supreme Court
acknowledged that it
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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As in M.W., the circumstances pre-and-post 2016, with regard to
Grandparents’ discharge of duties for J.R.W., have significantly changed.
Arguably, Grandparents stood in loco parentis during the time that they took
care of J.L.W. on a daily basis from 2013-2016, a time when the child also
lived exclusively with Grandparents at the acquiescence of parents. See
M.J.S. v. B.B., 172 A.3d 651 (Pa. Super. 2021) (in loco parentis status
established where grandmother fed, bathed, and entertained child daily,
attended doctors’ appointments, and took child to class); see also C.G.,
supra (recognizing relevant time frame to determine whether party stands in
loco parentis is when party developed relationship with child with
acquiescence or encouragement of natural parent). However, since the fall of
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would be incongruous to ignore all post-separation conduct
between a third-party and a child for the purpose of assessing
whether the party stood in loco parentis, when the Adoption Act
provides that a petition seeking involuntary termination of a
natural or adoptive parent’s rights may be filed if the parent has
“evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a
child and has refused or failed to perform parental duties” for a
period of at least six months preceding the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 2511(a)(1). To render all post-separation
conduct irrelevant would be to afford a person seeking in
loco parentis standing, at any time, a greater advantage to
a natural or adoptive parent even in the event the third
party had demonstrated his or her relinquishment of
parental claims to a child.
Id. at 911 n.17 (emphasis added).
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2016, Grandparents have not maintained that same “bond previously
created.” J.A.L., supra at 1322.12
Under such circumstances, Grandparents simply do not have the
requisite “immediate” interest necessary to establish standing.13 Accordingly,
we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Grandparents standing
where, at the time they filed their petition to intervene, Grandparents’ duties
were akin to those of occasional childcare providers. See Argenio v. Fenton,
703 A.2d 1042, 1044 (Pa Super. 2017) (court properly denied in loco parentis
status to grandparent who provided daily childcare to grandchild where
evidence did not show grandparent “intended to be bound to the legal duties
and obligations of a parent”), but see Liebner v. Simcox, 834 A.2d 606 (Pa.
Super. 2002) (where record supported finding that stepfather-petitioner
maintained regular contact with child for three years following his separation
from mother and, during that time, had custody of child when he had physical
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12At the 2016 custody trial between Father and Mother, the trial court resolved
any question regarding whether Father abdicated his parental duties to
Grandparents in Father’s favor. See Trial Court Opinion, 9/12/16, at 2-7
(noting issues of credibility and weight of evidence decided by trial court in
custody matters and finding Father fit and capable of making reasonable child
rearing decisions and willing and able to provide for care of J.R.W.).
13 As our Supreme Court noted in C.G., supra, “[i]n loco parentis analyses
are necessarily fact-intensive and case-specific inquiries[.]” Id. at 911. Here,
we carefully craft our holding to apply to the specific timeline and facts of this
case—where grandparents had not assumed parental status or discharged
parental duties for J.R.W., for purposes of establishing in loco parentis status,
for almost five years by the time they filed their petition to intervene.
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custody of child’s half-sister on alternating weekends and some holidays and
vacations, petitioner established in loco parentis status).
Because the record supports the trial court’s finding that Grandparents
have not assumed parental status or discharged parental duties with regard
to J.R.W.,14 the court correctly determined that Grandparents did not stand in
loco parentis to Child and, thus, properly denied their petition to intervene
and grant standing.15 T.B., supra at 916 (“An appellate court may not
interfere with a trial court’s factual conclusions unless they are unreasonable
in view of the trial court’s factual findings and[,] thus[,] represent an abuse
of discretion.”).
Order affirmed.16
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14 Our holding today does not speak to a situation where a grandparent seeks
to establish standing for custody purposes when it is alleged that a child is at
risk due to parental abuse, neglect, drug or alcohol abuse or incapacity. Under
such circumstances, a grandparent need not stand in loco parentis to the child
to file a custody action. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5324(3)(i-iii)(B).
15 Although not the focus of their argument on appeal, Grandparents are also
unable to establish standing where Parents did not disagree as to whether
Grandparents “should have custody,” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5325(2)((ii), and where
Grandparents failed to offer evidence showing that, within six months after
J.R.W. lived with them continuously for at least 12 months and was removed
from their home by Father, they filed an action. Id. at §§ 5324(3)(iii)(C);
5325(3).
16 We need not address Grandparents’ claim that the trial court improperly
interpreted E.A., especially where any such analysis would amount to a mere
advisory opinion. See Blumenstock v. Gibson, 811 A.2d 1029, 1033 (Pa.
Super. 2002) (we are not limited by trial court’s rationale and may affirm its
decision on any basis).
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J-A01001-22
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/09/2022
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