Adoption of: S.A.M.S. Appeal of: J.S.

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37
IN RE: ADOPTION OF: S.A.M.S., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: J.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 248 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered January 23, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Orphans' Court at
No(s): 42-22-0176
IN RE: ADOPTION OF B.J.S., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: J.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 249 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered January 23, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Orphans' Court at
No(s): 42-22-0247
BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED: July 21, 2023
Appellant, J.S., Jr., (“Father”) appeals from the January 23, 2023
orders1 entered in the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County that
terminated his parental rights to his dependent children, S.A.M.S., a female
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1 On April 11, 2023, this Court sua sponte consolidated the two appeals
docketed with this Court at 248 WDA 2023 and 249 WDA 2023. See Per
Curiam Order, 4/11/23.
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child born March 2010, and B.J.S., a male child born November 2007,
(collectively, “the children”) pursuant to Section 2511 of the Adoption Act, 23
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2101-2938.2 Counsel for Father, Christopher J. Martini, Esquire
(“Attorney Martini”) filed an Anders brief3 and a petition to withdraw as
counsel. We vacate the January 23, 2023 orders and remand in accordance
with this memorandum. Attorney Martini’s petition to withdraw as counsel for
Father is denied.
The trial court summarized the factual history as follows:
Father’s involvement with [McKean County Children and Youth
Services (“CYS”)] and dependency proceedings goes back more
than a decade. There was a previous finding of dependency
against [Father and Mother] in 2009. The [trial] court found that
[Father, Mother,] and [their six] children were homeless and
“living a nomadic lifestyle.” In 2011[, Father and Mother] faced
criminal charges for abusing the [six] children. It was asserted
that, in April [] 2011, [Father, Mother,] and [six] children,
including [S.A.M.S. and B.J.S.], were residing in a [house] with
feces and urine from animals throughout the home, including on
the floors and walls. There was also rotten food on the counters
and throughout the home. The [house] was declared a health
hazard. [S.A.M.S.] was found to have a filthy diaper and a
[methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (“MRSA”)] infection.
The [six] children were removed by CYS. Father was convicted []
of endangering the welfare of a child, with the listed victims being
[the six] children[,] including [S.A.M.S. and B.J.S.] He was
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2 The biological mother of the children (“Mother”) is deceased.
3Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967); see also Commonwealth v.
Santiago, 978 A.2d 349 (Pa. 2009); Commonwealth v. McClendon, 434
A.2d 1185 (Pa. 1981). The Anders principles and process have been
extended to appeals involving termination of parental rights. In re X.J., 105
A.3d 1, 3 (Pa. Super. 2014).
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sentenced on November 17, 2011[,] to [] 30 days to 12 months[’
incarceration].
After Father’s conviction, Mother and Father separated. On April
12, 2013, the [trial] court issued an order terminating the
dependency action and CYS supervision. The [trial] court
indicated in that order[,] “Although there have been some
concerns, overall there has been substantial progress regarding
the reunification plan with Mother. All six of the children have
returned to Mother’s physical care. She has provided for their
needs and reached out for assistance and support when she
needed [it.] Physical and legal custody is returned to Mother.”
The [trial] court repeatedly found in the prior review hearings that
Father had not made progress [regarding his reunification plan].
He did not attend many of the scheduled visits[,] and he did not
follow through with his medication management and mental
health treatment. Therefore, there is a history of CYS and the
[trial] court working with Father in the past for over 12 years and
[Father] making no progress regarding his ability to safely parent
the children.
Sadly, after custody was returned to Mother, Mother passed.
Since Mother passed and there was no ongoing dependency case,
Father took custody of the children. Father resided at a hotel in
downtown Bradford, Pennsylvania[.] There were serious concerns
regarding this housing. The facility has multiple rooms and
short- and longer-term occupants who reside above a bar area
[located] on the first floor [of the building]. There [were]
increased incidents of crime in the area and the complex. Father
resided there with his paramour[.] There were only a couple of
rooms [in Father’s apartment] with the children’s area being
separated, at times, with a sheet. Richard Fry[ (“Fry”), a CYS]
caseworker for the family in 2021, testified that [S.A.M.S and
B.J.S.] were sleeping on the floor of the hotel room at one point.
Father [] resided at the [hotel] for years. There was concern for
the children from school staff. CYS staff was monitoring the family
in 2021[,] before a dependency action was initiated. Father was
encouraged to obtain different housing but did not do so. [] Fry
testified that he advised Father that he could relocate the family
to the “CYS Safe House” while he [awaited] more permanent
housing, but Father refused and did not make any efforts to obtain
housing assistance, despite being encouraged to do so. [] Fry
testified that “I worked with him for close to 3 years to get him to
more suitable housing.”
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Julie Speaker[ (“Speaker”),] a counselor at School Street
Elementary in Bradford, [] where [S.A.M.S.] and her siblings
attended, testified at the 2021 initial dependency hearing that she
had extensive contact with [the children, including S.A.M.S,
B.J.S., and their brother, who is not a party to a termination action
currently before this Court,] and[ the children] have been in
Father’s custody for at least the last 3 years. She explained that
Father initially had a [house] and the family resided there. For
some reason they vacated that [house] and moved into the
[hotel]. She explained that the [hotel] is not an appropriate place
for children to reside. [] Speaker is clearly a very dedicated
counselor and looked out for these children, beyond her standard
duties as a counselor. She has been worried about the welfare of
the children the entire time that she has known them. She would
take school meals to the [hotel] for the children. [W]orking with
others at the school, [Speaker] provided the children with shoes,
jackets[,] and clothing. She has taken Christmas gifts for the
children to their room at the [hotel]. She explained that the rooms
there are typically occupied, on a temporary basis, by individuals
[residing] in the City of Bradford who have no other housing
options. She described the heavy smoke in the hallways (“like
smoking a pack of cigarettes when you walk through there”)[,]
and[ there was a] frequent smell of burnt marijuana in the
hallways. She explained that the children often sit in the hallway
as the space in [their hotel] room was limited. [Speaker] bought
[the children] chairs once for Christmas so [] they would not have
to sit [] in the hall[way] on the floor. She indicated that there
were reports of physical abuse by Father [against] the children.
However, when these allegations were reported[,] the children
would recant []or the other children would not verify the reports.
She explained that [both S.A.M.S. and B.J.S.] had a good
relationship with her and school staff.
On January 13, 2021, when [S.A.M.S.] got off the bus [at] school,
she immediately approached [] Speaker and indicated that she
wanted to talk because she “had a really bad night.” [S.A.M.S.]
explained to [Speaker] that her Father had made the children
clean the apartment and, when he was not happy with how it
looked, he “trashed the room.” [S.A.M.S.] explained how Father
physically assaulted the children. [] Speaker then reported the
allegations and called the [administrative offices] at the Fretz
Middle School, where [B.J.S. and his brother] were students, to
let [school officials] know that someone needed to speak to [B.J.S.
and his brother]. Assistant Principal Nicholas LaBella [(“Principal
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LaBella”) met with the two boys. Initially the boys thought that
the meeting was about their school assigned computers and “that
they were in trouble.” Principal LaBella [] talked to the boys the
day before about their computers. [Students] are required to take
their computers home in order to complete assignments[.] For a
bizarre reason[,] Father prohibited the children from having the
computers in the hotel room. When they did bring [the computers
to the hotel room, Father] would take [the computers] into his
custody and keep them in his and his paramour's bedroom. One
of the children had to “sneak into” the bedroom and get the
computer without Father knowing to complete his [homework]
assignment. Principal LaBella explained to the boys that he was
not meeting with them about their computers, and[] that he had
heard [] they [] had a rough night the night before. [B.J.S.’s
brother] told Principal LaBella that he had been physically
assaulted by Father, including being thrown against a wall and
punched and kicked. Initially [B.J.S.] “looked down” and did not
provide any information. However, when [his brother] said “he
[choked] you too,” [B.J.S.] also provided details regarding
physical abuse. The [three] children were then interviewed at the
McKean County Children’s Advocacy Center by trained examiners.
All [three children] described a pattern of physical abuse by
Father, including [choking], punching, kicking[,] and throwing the
children. Some of the incidents of [choking] involved the
child/victim passing out and losing consciousness.
A new dependency petition was filed in January [] 2021. The
[trial] court found that all [three] children were extensively[,]
physically[,] and emotionally abused by Father. Criminal charges
were filed against Father and his paramour[] regarding their
physical abuse of the children. On December 10, 2021[,] Father
[pled] guilty to three counts of simple assault and one count of
endangering the welfare of children. Father agreed that he []
assaulted [S.A.M.S., B.J.S., and their brother] and failed to
protect their welfare. On December 10, 2021[, Father] was
sentenced to an aggregate [term] of [] 1 year to 2 years[’]
incarceration plus 3 years of concurrent probation. Father’s
paramour[] proceeded to a jury trial on October 19, 2021[,] to
address the allegations that she abused and assaulted the
children. She was found guilty by a jury of 4 counts of simple
assault, 2 counts of strangulation[,] and 1 count of endangering
the welfare of children. She was sentenced on December 14,
2021[,] to an aggregate [term] of 1 [] to 2 years[’] incarceration
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plus 2 years of consecutive probation. Founded reports of child
abuse [were] issued against both Father and [his paramour].
In the initial disposition for dependency in January [] 2021, Father
was ordered to
Father shall obtain an updated mental health evaluation.
The evaluator shall be provided a copy of the [trial] court’s
[dependency] findings regarding the abuse of the children.
Father shall demonstrate that he recognizes the abuse that
he [] caused [] the children and [that he] is productively
working to address [the abuse] and his anger management
control issues in treatment. He shall sign all releases
requested by CYS for his mental health records. Father shall
also obtain an updated drug and alcohol evaluation[] and
follow his recommended treatment plan, if any. Father shall
demonstrate that he has an appropriate home that is clean
and safe and appropriate for the return of the children.
Father attended an initial evaluation at “The Guidance Center” in
Bradford on April 15, 2021. Despite the [trial] court having
specifically ordered that “Father shall demonstrate that he
recognizes the abuse that he [] caused [] the children and [that
he] is productively working to address it and his anger
management control issues in treatment[,” Father’s evaluator
noted “Father] stated that on [January 21, 2021, his] three
children made allegations that he choked [S.A.M.S.] to the point
of black out, along with assaulting [B.J.S. and his brother. Father]
stated that he never touched [the children].” Of course, this
statement directly contradicts his later plea of guilty to criminal
charges for assaulting the children.
After his initial evaluation, [in] which he provided false facts[,]
Father did not follow through with treatment. Kiersten Schlowder
[(“Schlowder”)], an employee at [T]he Guidance Center, testified
that Father was referred to the Nurturing Parents Program shortly
after the finding of dependency in 2021[,] but he never followed
through. On April 20, 2021[, Father] was recommended for
further mental health counseling, but he never followed through.
Father testified at the termination hearing and, when asked why
he didn’t follow through with mental health and anger
management treatment, he stated that he “didn’t know where to
go to get help[”] and[] “I was never found that I had any
problems.” The assertion that he didn’t know where to go is
contradicted by the testimony from [] Schlowder that he was
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evaluated at [T]he Guidance Center and advised to make contact
to schedule further counseling, but he never made contact with
them. Father then [asserted] that everyone has difficult days like
he had[,] but[] he should not have done what he did.
Father has not made any progress regarding housing. Despite the
[trial] court specifically indicating at prior dependency hearings
that the [hotel] was not an appropriate place for housing, Father
testified[,] “The [hotel] does not bother me. It was okay when I
was living there with my parents.” Father has been offered
assistance with [obtaining] housing but [] repeatedly refused to
pursue it. Father has not had appropriate housing since the
finding of dependency, he has made no efforts to obtain
appropriate housing[,] and he has not and does not recognize the
need to [obtain appropriate housing].
[S.A.M.S.] is residing with her foster mother[ in] McKean County[.
The] residence is about a mile away from [the house, where
B.J.S.] resides[.] The [foster families] have a very close
relationship[,] and [S.A.M.S.] has frequent contact with [B.J.S.]
The families are involved in many activities together. [S.A.M.S.]
has been in [her foster mother’s] care since August [] 2021. She
is very bonded with [her foster mother] and her extended family.
Despite the extensive trauma that she [] endured, including but
not limited to[,] 1) living in a filthy home as an infant, 2) having
a [MRSA] infection as an infant due to lack of care and cleanliness,
3) having her Mother pass after being in placement for years and
finally being returned to her care, 4) having to reside in a
questionable hotel, sleeping on the floor[,] and being separated
by her Father and his paramour by only a sheet, 5) being [choked]
and physically assaulted by her Father and his paramour, 6)
having a school official provide her[,] and her siblings[,] chairs so
they didn’t have to sit on the floor [in] a cigarette and marijuana
smoke filled hallway [] of a questionable hotel, 7) being removed
(again) from her Father’s care and having to be a witness against
her Father and his paramour because they initially, and for months
[after], denied abusing her before Father agreed that he [did
abuse the children], and[] 8) being in several different foster
homes during her life, [S.A.M.S.] is thriving in [her foster
mother’s] care. She attends school regularly, is bright and obtains
good grades, is involved in many extracurricular activities at
school including choir and band[,] and has many friends.
[S.A.M.S.] does not want to have any contact with her Father.
When she was initially placed, she would read letters that he sent.
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However, she then indicated that she did not want to receive
them. She has a very negative bond with her Father. She very
much wants to be adopted by [her foster mother] and for her
Father’s parental rights to be terminated.
Trial Court Opinion (S.A.M.S.), 1/23/23, at 1-8 (record citations, footnote, and
extraneous capitalization omitted).
[B.J.S.] is residing with his foster parents[,] about a mile away
from [S.A.M.S. s foster home. S.A.M.S.’s foster mother is the
daughter of B.J.S.’s foster parents. The two foster families] have
a very close relationship[,] and [B.J.S.] has frequent contact with
[S.A.M.S.] The families are involved in many activities together.
[B.J.S.] has been in [his foster parents’] care since August []
2021. He is very bonded with [his foster parents] and their
extended family. Despite the extensive trauma that [B.J.S.] has
endured, including but not limited to[,] 1) living in a filthy home
and being placed [in foster care] as a young child in 2009, 2)
having his Mother pass after being in placement for years and
finally being returned to her care, 3) having to reside in a
questionable hotel, sleeping on the floor and being separated by
[his] Father and his [Father’s] paramour by only a sheet, 5) being
[choked] and physically assaulted by [his] Father and his
[Father’s] paramour, 6) having a school official provide him, and
his siblings[,] chairs so they didn’t have to sit on the floor [in] a
cigarette and marijuana smoke filled hallway [] of a questionable
hotel, 7) being removed (again) from his Father’s care and having
to be a witness against his Father and his [Father’s] paramour
because they initially, and for months [after], denied abusing him
and his siblings before Father agreed that he [did abuse the
children], and, 8) being in several different foster homes during
his life, [B.J.S.] is doing very well at [his current foster home].
He struggles with some classes but attends school regularly[,]
and[] [his foster parents] motivate him to improve his grades. He
plays sports and has friends. He enjoys family events with [his
foster parents] and their extended family.
[B.J.S.] does not want to have any contact with his Father. He
has a very negative bond with his Father. He very much wants to
be adopted by [his current foster parents] and make the stability
that he has with [his foster parents] permanent.
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Trial Court Opinion (B.J.S.), 1/23/23, at 7-8.
The record demonstrates that, on June 15, 2022, CYS filed a petition for
involuntary termination of Father’s parental rights to S.A.M.S. pursuant to
Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and (a)(8). See Petition for Involuntary
Termination of Parental Rights of Father (S.A.M.S.), 6/15/22, at ¶9. On
August 24, 2022, CYS filed a petition for involuntary termination of Father’s
parental rights to B.J.S. pursuant to Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and
(a)(8).4 See Petition for Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights of Father
(B.J.S.), 8/24/22, at ¶9. CYS was represented by Michele D. Alfieri-Causer,
Esquire (“Attorney Alfieri-Causer”). Attorney Martini was appointed to
represent Father, and Casey Graffius, Esquire (“Attorney Graffius”)
represented the legal and best interests of the children as their guardian ad
litem.
On January 23, 2023, the trial court found that, with respect to both
petitions, CYS met its burden of proof under Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2),
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4 Conspicuously absent from both the June 2022 and August 2022 termination
petitions is an allegation that Father’s parental rights to the children should
be terminated pursuant to Section 2511(b). A petition for involuntary
termination of parental rights should contain such an allegation with citation
to Section 2511(b). See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2512(b)(1) (stating, “[t]he petition
should set forth specifically those grounds and facts alleged as the basis for
terminating parental rights”).
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(a)(5), and (a)(8) of the Adoption Act, and subsequently terminated Father’s
parental rights to the children.5 This appeal followed.6
Preliminarily, we must address Attorney Martini’s petition to withdraw
and the accompanying Anders brief, both alleging this appeal is frivolous.7
“When presented with an Anders brief, this Court may not review the merits
of the underlying issues without first passing on the request to withdraw.”
Commonwealth v. Daniels, 999 A.2d 590, 593 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation
omitted). In order to withdraw pursuant to Anders, “counsel must file a brief
that meets the requirements established by our Supreme Court in [Santiago,
supra].” Commonwealth v. Harden, 103 A.3d 107, 110 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(parallel citation omitted). Specifically, counsel’s Anders brief must comply
with the following requisites:
(1) provide a summary of the procedural history and facts, with
citations to the record;
(2) refer to anything in the record that counsel believes arguably
supports the appeal;
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5The trial court made no determination as to whether CYS met its burden
under Section 2511(b).
6 Father filed concise statements of errors complained of on appeal pursuant
to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a)(2)(i), along with his
notices of appeal, on February 22, 2023. The trial court filed its Rule 1925(a)
opinions on March 7, 2023.
7 In his Anders Brief, Attorney Martini raised the following issue for our
review: “Whether the issues raised in the instant appeal are frivolous?”
Anders Brief at 7.
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(3) set forth counsel’s conclusion that the appeal is frivolous; and
(4) state counsel’s reasons for concluding that the appeal is
frivolous. Counsel should articulate the relevant facts of record,
controlling case law, and/or statutes on point that have led to the
conclusion that the appeal is frivolous.
Id. (citation omitted).
Pursuant to Commonwealth v. Millisock, 873 A.2d 748 (Pa. Super.
2005), and its progeny, “[c]ounsel also must provide a copy of the Anders
brief to his [or her] client.” Commonwealth v. Orellana, 86 A.3d 877, 880
(Pa. Super. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The brief
must be accompanied by a letter that advises the client of the option to “(1)
retain new counsel to pursue the appeal; (2) proceed pro se on appeal; or (3)
raise any points that the appellant deems worthy of the court[’]s attention in
addition to the points raised by counsel in the Anders brief.” Id. “Once
counsel has satisfied the above requirements, it is then this Court’s duty to
conduct its own review of the trial court’s proceedings and render an
independent judgment as to whether the appeal is, in fact, wholly frivolous.”
Commonwealth v. Goodwin, 928 A.2d 287, 291 (Pa. Super. 2007) (en
banc) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Instantly, Attorney Martini satisfied the technical requirements of
Anders and Santiago. In his Anders brief, counsel identified the pertinent
factual and procedural history and made citation to the record. Counsel raises
one claim challenging the trial court’s involuntary termination of Father’s
parental rights to the children under Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and
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(a)(8) that could arguably support an appeal, but ultimately, counsel
concludes the appeal is frivolous.8 See Anders Brief at 19 (stating, “the only
arguable issue of merit is whether the trial court abused its discretion in
finding that [CYS] presented clear and convincing evidence to terminate
[Father’s] parental rights, pursuant to [] Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5),
and (a)(8)”). Counsel also attached to his petition a letter to Father that fulfills
the notice requirements of Millisock. Father has not filed a response to
counsel’s letter, the Anders brief, or the petition to withdraw. Accordingly,
we proceed to conduct an independent review of the record to determine
whether the appeal is wholly frivolous.
In his Rule 1925(b) statement, Father raised the following issues:
1. [Whether] he trial court erred by finding that there was clear
and convincing evidence presented by [CYS] to involuntarily
terminate [Father’s] parental rights pursuant to [] Sections
2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and (a)(8)[?]
2. [Whether] the trial court erred by finding that involuntary
termination of [Father’s] parental rights was in the best
interest of the [children pursuant to Section 2511(b)?]
Father’s Rule 1925(b) Statement, 2/22/23.
In matters involving involuntary termination of parental rights, our
standard of review is well-settled.
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts “to accept the findings of fact and
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8The Anders brief makes no mention of the trial court’s failure to address
whether CYS met its burden under Section 2511(b).
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credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record.” In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826 (Pa.
2012). “If the factual findings are supported, appellate courts
review to determine if the trial court made an error of law or
abused its discretion.” Id. “A decision may be reversed for an
abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill[-]will.” Id.The trial court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely
because the record would support a different result. Id. at 827.
We have previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that
often have first-hand observations of the parties spanning
multiple hearings. See In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d [1179, 1190 (Pa.
2010)].
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (original brackets omitted). “[T]he
trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented, and
is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in
the evidence.” In re Q.R.D., 214 A.3d 233, 239 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation
omitted). “If competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will
affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In re B.J.Z.,
207 A.3d 914, 921 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted).9
The termination of parental rights is guided by Section 2511 of the
Adoption Act, which requires a bifurcated analysis of the grounds for
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9 As we stated supra, our disposition vacates the trial court’s January 23, 2023
orders, denies counsel’s petition to withdraw, and remands this matter for
further proceedings. We reached this disposition because the trial court failed
to determine whether CYS met its burden under Section 2511(b) and because
counsel did not challenge this omission on appeal. To move matters along on
remand, we have undertaken appellate review of the trial court’s assessment
under Section 2511(a)(5) and concluded that the trial court correctly
determined that CYS met its burden under this provision. On remand, then,
the trial court may concentrate its efforts on determining whether CYS met its
burden under Section 2511(b), using the factors we identify infra.
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termination followed by an assessment of the needs and welfare of the child.
In re Adoption of C.M., 255 A.3d 343, 358 (Pa. 2021) (stating, “[t]he
time-tested law of the Commonwealth requires that we balance this intrinsic
parental interest within the context of a child's essential needs for a parent's
care, protection, and support”).
If the trial court finds clear and convincing evidence supporting
the existence of one of the grounds for termination set forth in
[Section] 2511(a), the [trial] court must then consider whether
termination would best serve the developmental, physical[,] and
emotional needs and welfare of the child under [Section] 2511(b).
Id. at 359 (citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Interest of
K.T., ___ A.3d ___, 2023 WL 4092986, at *13 (Pa. filed June 21, 2023) (slip
opinion) (stating, “the party seeking termination must prove by clear and
convincing evidence the existence of the statutory grounds for doing so,
including that termination would best serve the child's needs and welfare
pursuant Section 2511(b), in addition to termination grounds under [Section
2511(a)]” (citation and original quotation marks omitted)). “Clear and
convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty,
and convincing as to enable the trier[-]of[-]fact to come to a clear conviction,
without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” C.M., 255 A.3d
at 358 (citation, original quotation marks, and original brackets omitted). In
weighing the factors in consideration of a termination petition, “courts must
keep the ticking clock of childhood ever in mind[, as c]hildren are young for a
scant number of years, and [courts] have an obligation to see to their healthy
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development quickly.” T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 269; see also In re I.J., 972 A.2d
5, 9 (Pa. Super. 2009) (stating, a child has a right to a stable, safe, and
healthy environment in which to grow, and the “child's life simply cannot be
put on hold in the hope that the parent will summon the ability to handle the
responsibilities of parenting”).
Here, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights to S.A.M.S. and
B.J.S. pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), and (a)(8). Section
2511(a) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
(a) General rule. - The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least
six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition
either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform
parental duties.
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect[,] or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be
without essential parental care, control[,] or subsistence
necessary for his physical or mental well-being and the
conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect[,] or
refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent.
...
(5) The child has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency
for a period of at least six months, the conditions which led
to the removal or placement of the child continue to exist,
the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions within
a reasonable period of time, the services or assistance
reasonably available to the parent are not likely to remedy
the conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
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child within a reasonable period of time[,] and termination
of the parental rights would best serve the needs and
welfare of the child.
...
(8) The child has been removed from the care of the parent
by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an
agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date of
removal or placement, the conditions which led to the
removal or placement of the child continue to exist[,] and
termination of parental rights would best serve the needs
and welfare of the child.
23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5) and (a)(8).
Once the trial court determines that involuntary termination of parental
rights is warranted under Section 2511(a), the trial court is required to
engage in an analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b) to determine
whether termination would best serve the developmental, physical,
and emotional needs and welfare of the child. Section 2511(b) states,
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
...
(b) Other considerations. - The court in terminating the
rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical[,] and emotional needs and welfare of
the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
furnishings, income, clothing[,] and medical care if found to be
beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the giving
of notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b).
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Our Supreme Court, in K.T., supra, recently explained that “[t]he plain
language of Section 2511(b) clearly mandates that, in assessing the petition
to terminate parental rights, the ‘primary consideration’ must be the child's
‘developmental, physical[,] and emotional needs and welfare[,’ thus, requiring
the trial] court to focus on the child and consider all three categories of needs
and welfare.” K.T., ___ A.3d ___, 2013 WL 4092986, at *13. “[T]he
determination of [a] child’s particular developmental, physical, and emotional
needs and welfare must be made on a case-by-case basis.” Id. at *14.
It is well-established that this Court need only agree with the trial court
as to any one section of Section 2511(a), as well as Section 2511(b), in order
to affirm an order or decree involuntarily terminating parental rights. In re
B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc), appeal denied, 863
A.2d 1141 (Pa. 2004). Our review of the certified record confirms that CYS
introduced clear and convincing evidence in support of termination pursuant
to Section 2511(a)(5).
Termination of parental rights under Section 2511(a)(5) requires
that: (1) the child has been removed from parental care for at
least six months; (2) the conditions which led to removal and
placement of the child continue to exist; and (3) termination of
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the
child.
In re C.B., 230 A.3d 341, 348 (Pa. Super. 2020), appeal denied, 234 A.3d
410 (Pa. 2020). In considering whether the conditions which led to removal
and placement of the child continue to exist, courts should consider whether
the parent cannot or will not remedy the conditions within a reasonable period
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of time and whether the services reasonably available to the parent are
unlikely to remedy the conditions within a reasonable period of time. In re
Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1273 (Pa. Super. 2003).
In finding that CYS presented clear and convincing evidence in support
of termination under Section 2511(a)(5), the trial court explained,
[The children] have been in foster care since January [] 2021. The
conditions that led to placement, Father’s mental health and anger
control issues, his failure to obtain safe and appropriate housing[,]
and his lack of parenting skills and techniques, are very unlikely
to be remedied. Even with the offer of services and assistance,
Father continues to fail to remedy the conditions that necessitated
placement of the children[,] and [the children] will face substantial
risk of being abused again if returned to his care. It will be
emotionally devasting to [both S.A.M.S. and B.J.S.] if [the
children are] removed from [their respective foster care homes.]
[Each set of foster parents] will adopt the [respective child in their
care and custody] if that is an option. [The children have] a
negative bond with Father. [The children do] not want to have
contact with [Father] and very much want[] to be adopted by
[their respective foster parents] and for Father’s parental rights
to be terminated. Therefore, there will be no detriment, and great
benefit, to [the children] if [Father’s] parental rights are
terminated.
Trial Court Opinion (S.A.M.S.), 1/23/23, at 16; see also Trial Court Opinion
(B.J.S.), 1/23/23, at 16.
The record demonstrates that the children were removed from Father’s
care and custody on January 13, 2021, due to allegations Father caused, inter
alia, bodily injury to the children. N.T., 10/28/22, at 27-29, 33-34; see also
CYS Exhibit 7; CYS Exhibit 8; CYS Exhibit 11. Specifically, Father “appl[ied]
force to the neck of [S.A.M.S.], causing her to lose consciousness,” and Father
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struck B.J.S., “using his hands, fists, and feet.” N.T., 1/9/23, at 5-6; see
also CYS Exhibit 16, at 6. On December 10, 2021, Father pleaded guilty to 3
counts of simple assault (1 count each against S.A.M.S., B.J.S., and their
brother), as well as 1 court of endangering the welfare of the children as a
result of the events that lead to the removal of the children.10 See CYS Exhibit
5. That same day, Father was sentenced to 1 to 2 years’ incarceration and 3
years’ probation, which was set to run concurrent to Father’s term of
incarceration.11 Id. Father was incarcerated from December 10, 2021, to
August 22, 2022.12 Id.; see also N.T., 1/9/23, at 8-9.
After the children were declared dependent, the trial court ordered that
Father complete the following requirements as part of his child permanency
plan, which was developed to reunite the children with Father.
Father shall obtain an updated mental health evaluation. The
evaluator shall be provided a copy of the [trial] court’s
[dependency] findings regarding the abuse of the children. Father
shall demonstrate that he recognizes the abuse that he [] caused
to the children and [that he] is productively working to address
[the abuse] and his anger management control issues in
____________________________________________
10 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701(a)(1) and 4304(a)(1), respectively.
11As part of his sentence, Father was given credit of 50 days for time served.
See CYS Exhibit 5.
12Due to criminal charges lodged against Father as a result of his acts of
physical and mental harm against the children, Father remained in police
custody from sometime in February 2021, to sometime in March 2021,
whereupon Father was released after posting bail. N.T., 1/9/23, at 9. This
period of incarceration accounts for the 50 days of credit for time served that
Father received towards his overall sentence.
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treatment. He shall sign all releases requested by CYS for his
mental health records. Father shall also obtain an updated drug
and alcohol evaluation[] and follow his recommended treatment
plan, if any. Father shall demonstrate that he has an appropriate
home that is clean and safe and appropriate for the return of the
children.
CYS Exhibit 1-A, at Order of Adjudication and Disposition (2/26/21); see also
N.T., 1/9/23, at 10 (stating that, Father’s child permanency plan included his
obligation “to maintain[ and] obtain stable, safe, appropriate housing[ and]
follow through with mental health treatment”). As part of his parole
conditions, Father was ordered to have no direct contact with the children.13
N.T., 1/9/23, at 9.
Since the removal of the children from Father’s care and custody in
January 2021, three CYS caseworkers have been involved with Father and the
children.14 Fry was the primary caseworker assigned to Father and the
children from January 2021, to August 2021.15 Erica Solorio (“Solorio”) was
____________________________________________
13 Father was permitted to write letters to the children. N.T., 1/9/23, at 9.
14The children have been under the care and custody of CYS as far back as
2009, due to Father’s acts of endangering the welfare of the children, anger
management issues, and assault towards other family members. N.T.,
1/9/23, at 13; see also CYS Exhibit 1-A.
15Fry testified that, because of his service with the Pennsylvania National
Guard, there were times where the dependency case was handled by other
caseworkers. N.T., 10/28/22, at 46.
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the primary caseworker from August 2021, to April 2022,16 and Sarah Glover
(“Glover”) was the primary caseworker from April 2022, through the January
9, 2023 termination hearing.
Fry testified that he kept Father “up to date with the children” both
before and after Father’s 50-day period of post-arrest, pre-conviction
incarceration in February and March 2021, due to Father’s restriction that he
have no direct contact with the children during the on-going criminal case.
N.T., 10/28/22, at 44. Fry stated that, upon Father’s release from jail (March
2021), he lived in a one bedroom apartment. Id. The medical records
pertaining to Father’s mental health evaluation on April 15, 2021, reveal
notations from the evaluator that Father denied physically abusing the
children and stated that “he would like to work on his anger issues.” CYS
Exhibit 13.
Solorio testified that, when she took over the dependency case in August
2021, Father lived in an apartment and that when she resigned as the primary
caseworker in April 2022, Father resided with his parents. N.T., 10/28/22, at
69, 75. Solorio stated that Father, because he was unable to have direct
contact with the children, would write the children letters, which she delivered
to the children, and that he gave the children gifts via his parents. Id. at 71.
Solorio stated that, as part of Father’s child permanency plan, Father
____________________________________________
16Solorio testified that she handled the dependency case for Fry “in the spring
of 2021[,] while [Fry] was on military leave” before taking over the case as
the primary caseworker in August 2021. N.T., 10/28/22, at 68.
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underwent a drug and alcohol evaluation and, based upon that evaluation, no
further treatment was recommended. Id. at 72. During Solorio’s tenure as
the primary caseworker, Father participated in mental health treatment,
including treatment to address his anger management issues.17 Id. at 72,
77-78.
Glover testified that, upon Father’s release from jail, he lived in a one
bedroom apartment, which she described as an efficiency apartment
comprised of a single bedroom, a living room, a bathroom, and a kitchen.
N.T., 1/9/23, 10-11. Glover stated that these living arrangements were not
appropriate for the return of the children to Father and that there was no
evidence, i.e. the presence of separate beds for the children, indicating that
Father was prepared for the return of the children. Id. at 11. Glover stated
that, during her tenure as the primary caseworker, she twice offered Father a
housing case management referral for McKean County housing because of his
current living situation, and in both instances, Father refused the referral,
stating that “he’s waiting to see if he gets the children back or not.” Id. at
10, 19. Glover also testified that she has not received any medical records
indicating that Father continued to engage in mental health treatment upon
____________________________________________
17 Solorio mistakenly testified that at the time she left her employment with
CYS in March 2022, Father was no longer incarcerated and “was still working
on getting housing.” N.T., 10/28/22, at 68, 72. Father was not released from
jail until August 2022. Solorio’s testimony establishes that Father, after
vacating his apartment, lived with his parents and worked to obtain adequate
housing prior to his incarceration in December 2021.
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his release from jail (August 2022). Id. at 11, 16. When asked what Father
would need to achieve in order to reunite with the children, if the trial court
were to grant Father additional time to overcome his obstacles, Glover
responded that Father would need to, inter alia, “follow through with his
mental health services,” and “obtain[] housing that was appropriate for him
and the children[.]” Id. at 13. Glover testified that, in her opinion, providing
Father with additional time was not going to change anything because,
ultimately, “[t]he children do not want to have contact with [Father].” Id. at
15-16. Glover stated that Father has not taken any proactive stance to
address his mental health requirements and locate safe, stable, and
appropriate housing for the children. Id. at 19, 27-28.
Finally, Father testified that he is not currently enrolled in a mental
health treatment program, and stated that his last mental health evaluation
was April 4, 2022. Id. at 31, 34. When asked about obtaining suitable
housing, Father confirmed that Glover offered him housing case management
services, but that he declined the assistance because “[he is] doing it all on
[his] own.” Id. at 32. Father explained that he has not obtained suitable
housing, currently, but “if the [children] were given back to [him, he] would
immediately find a place [that is] big enough for the [children and him.”] Id.
Father testified that if the trial court permitted him additional time, he would
“reengage mental health” treatment and would be willing to accept assistance
in locating suitable housing. Id. at 35. When asked about his prior anger
management issues and the need to address those issues, Father responded,
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“I never was found that I had any problems.” Id. at 41, 43 (acknowledging
that, he never received any anger management treatment).
Upon review, we concur with the trial court, and the record supports,
that the conditions which led to the removal and placement of the children
continue to exist, that Father cannot or will not remedy those conditions, and
the services offered by CYS are not likely to remedy the conditions within a
reasonable time period. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(5). Father was required to
participate in a mental health treatment program, specifically addressing his
anger management issues, and obtain safe, stable, and suitable housing for
the children. As of the January 9, 2023 termination hearing, Father is not
currently enrolled in a mental health treatment program, is not addressing his
anger management issues (nor does he believe such issues exist), and has
not obtained appropriate housing. Rather, Father testified that he is waiting
to see if he is granted custody of the children before working to obtain
appropriate housing and to participate in a mental health treatment program.
We also concur with the trial court, and the record supports, that
termination of Father’s parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare
of the children, as analyzed under Section 2511(a)(5). Both children currently
live in safe, stable environments with foster parents who are able to provide
parental care. Father continues to reside in housing that is not appropriate
for the children, and he has not addressed his anger management issues,
which have plagued this family for more than a decade. Because Father
continues to forgo any mental health treatment addressing his anger
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management issues, we concur with the trial court, and the record supports,
that the children “face [a] substantial risk of being abused again if returned
to [Father’s] care.” The children’s lives, and the need for love, comfort,
security, and stability, should not be held in abeyance while Father summons
the ability and desire to overcome the obstacles which prevent reunification,
nor would additional time aid Father in achieving his reunification
requirements. On remand, the trial court need not revisit CYS’ termination
petitions to consider whether the agency met its burden under Section
2511(a).
Turning to our review of the second part of the trial court’s two-part
analysis under Section 2511, we find that the trial court failed to determine,
pursuant to Section 2511(b), whether CYS presented clear and convincing
evidence that termination of Father’s parental rights would best serve the
developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the children.
See Trial Court Opinion (S.A.M.S.), 1/23/23; see also Trial Court Order,
1/23/23 (S.A.M.S.); Trial Court Opinion (B.J.S.), 1/23/23; see also Trial
Court Order, 1/23/23 (B.J.S.); K.T., ___ A.3d ___, 2023 WL 4092986, at *13.
Although the trial court cites to Section 2511(b), as well as some case law,
(see Trial Court Opinion (S.A.M.S.), 1/23/23, at 10-11; see also Trial Court
Opinion (B.J.S.), 1/23/23, at 10-11), the trial court’s orders terminating
Father’s parental rights to the children, and accompanying opinions, are
devoid of a meaningful and analytical discussion of Section 2511(b) as applied
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to the facts of the case sub judice.18 K.T., ___ A.3d ___, 2023 WL 4092986,
at *14 (stating, “where there has not been adequate consideration of the
emotional needs of the [child], a termination of parental rights cannot be
sustained” (citation, original brackets, and original quotation marks omitted)).
As discussed supra, an analysis of Section 2511(b) and whether
termination would best serve a child’s needs and welfare must be made on a
case-by-case basis. Id. A trial court, in analyzing the facts of a particular
case pursuant to Section 2511(b), must focus on the child and consider that
child’s developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare, from the
child’s perspective and above concerns for the parent. Id. at *13. The trial
court must examine whether a bond exists between the child and the biological
parent, who is the subject of the termination action. Id. at 14. If the trial
court finds that such a bond exists, the trial court must then analyze that
bond. Id. Emphasizing the importance of permanency and stability, the trial
court “must determine whether the trauma caused by breaking the
parent-child bond is outweighed by the benefit of moving the child toward a
permanent home.” Id. at *15 (citation and brackets omitted). A trial court,
in the context of a child’s need for permanency, stability, and intangibles, such
as love, comfort, and security, must consider whether the parent-child bond
____________________________________________
18 Where the trial court declares, without substantial elaboration, that the
termination of Father’s parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare
of the children, the trial court does so in the context of considering termination
under Sections 2511(a)(5) and 2511(a)(8).
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is “necessary and beneficial” to the child. Id. at *16 (stating, “[i]t is only a
necessary and beneficial bond, after all, that should be maintained when
Section 2511(b) mandates the child’s needs and welfare are of ‘primary’
importance”).
Severance of a “necessary and beneficial” bond would predictably
cause more than the “adverse” impact that, unfortunately, may
occur whenever a bond is present. By contrast, severance of a
necessary and beneficial relationship is the kind of loss that would
predictably cause “extreme emotional consequences” or
significant, irreparable harm.
Id. (footnote omitted). When a parent-child bond is found to exist, “there
must be clear and convincing evidence that the [parent-child] bond is not
necessary and beneficial.” Id. at 19.
In addition to considering the child’s bond with the biological parent, if
such a bond is found to exist, the trial court must “also examine the intangibles
such as the love, comfort, security, and stability the child might have with the
foster parent.” Id. at *17 (original quotation marks omitted, emphasis in
original). The trial court must consider “the child's need for permanency and
length of time in foster care[;] whether the child is in a pre[-]adoptive home
and bonded with [the] foster parents; and whether the foster home meets the
child's developmental, physical, and emotional needs, including [the]
intangible needs of love, comfort, security, safety, and stability.” Id. at *18
(citations and footnote omitted).
Thus, the K.T. Court set forth 4 essential and absolute factors a trial
court must consider as part of its Section 2511(b) analysis, as follows: (1)
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whether the child is in a pre-adoptive home; (2) whether the child bonded
with his or her foster parent; (3) whether the child has a bond with his or her
biological parent; and (4) if a biological parent-child bond exists, whether
maintaining that bond is “necessary and beneficial” to the child in the context
of permanency, stability, and intangibles needs (love, comfort, and security).
This list of mandatory factors that a trial court must consider, if present in the
record, is not exhaustive, and the trial court is free to consider additional
information that is relevant to its inquiry. Id. at *18, n.28. As always, the
trial court has “the discretion to place appropriate weight on each factor
present in the record before making a decision regarding termination that best
serves the child’s specific needs.” Id. at *18.
Instantly, we are constrained to remand the case sub judice so the trial
court may perform a Section 2511(b) analysis, keeping in mind the guidance
recently provided by our Supreme Court in K.T., supra. As such, we deny
Attorney Martini’s petition to withdraw as counsel for Father.
Orders vacated. Petition denied. Case remanded. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/21/2023
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