Com. v. Hancock, T.

J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
TREVONN HANCOCK : No. 1158 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Suppression Order Entered September 2, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-11-CR-0001280-2021
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
ROMEO M. TREXLER : No. 1159 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Suppression Order Entered September 2, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-11-CR-0001117-2021
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
AARON JAMES FINDLEY : No. 1160 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Suppression Order Entered September 2, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-11-CR-0001119-2021
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: June 9, 2023
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the September 2,
2022 order of the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County (trial court)
granting the motions to suppress filed by Trevonn Hancock (Hancock), Romeo
M. Trexler (Trexler) and Aaron James Findley (Findley) (collectively, the
Defendants).1 We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I.
Following a traffic stop during which two firearms were recovered, the
Defendants were each charged with two counts of persons not to possess a
firearm and two counts of carrying a firearm without a license.2 Hancock was
additionally charged with one count of tampering with evidence and Findley
was charged with three counts of drug-related driving under the influence
(DUI).3 The Defendants filed motions to suppress the evidence gleaned from
the vehicle stop, arguing that they had a reasonable expectation of privacy in
the vehicle and were subjected to a prolonged illegal detention for a minor
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1Because the Commonwealth has raised the same issues in each appeal, we
have consolidated these cases sua sponte. Pa. R.A.P. 513.
2 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 6105(a)(1) & 6106(a)(1).
3 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 4910(2), 3802(D)(1)(i), 3802(D)(1)(iii) & 3802(D)(2).
-2-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
vehicle violation. They contended that no valid probable cause, exigent
circumstances, consent or search warrant rendered the search constitutional.
The trial court aptly summarized the facts adduced at the suppression hearing:
On or about August 16, 2021, Officer Dalton K. Geisel of the East
Conemaugh Borough Police Department performed a traffic stop
of a silver Jeep operating without illuminated headlights on
Second Street in East Conemaugh Borough. Officer Geisel
approached the subject vehicle and spoke with the driver, later
identified as Defendant Findley, and requested his driver’s license,
registration, and proof of insurance. Defendant Findley provided
a driver’s license, but failed to provide valid registration or
insurance for the vehicle. Notably, Officer Geisel later reported
that he detected some signs that Defendant Findley may have
been intoxicated while operating the vehicle, including “bloodshot
and glassy eyes.” Officer Geisel also asked the three passengers
in the vehicle to provide identification. None of the passengers
provided physical identification, but a Mr. Jashon Gordon identified
himself accurately and Defendant Hancock claimed that his name
was “Marquis/Marcus Phillips.”
Shortly after the traffic stop began, Defendant Trexler’s mother,
Jacqueline Trexler, arrived on scene and provided Officer Geisel
and Detective Deffenbaugh of the East Taylor Police Department,
who had arrived shortly before, with the vehicle’s insurance
information. Officer Geisel, based on signs which he detected at
the onset of the stop, believed that the driver, Defendant Findley,
might be operating the vehicle under the influence. Officer Geisel
removed Defendant Findley from the vehicle, performed a Terry[4]
frisk, and then handcuffed him and ordered him to sit on the
nearby sidewalk. Officer Geisel also requested that the
passengers exit the vehicle and performed Terry frisks of each of
them, then handcuffed them and ordered them to sit on the
sidewalk. Officer Geisel looked into the vehicle through one of the
open doors and then asked Ms. Trexler several times for her
consent to search it. Ms. Trexler, as the registered owner of the
vehicle, provided Officer Geisel with verbal consent for him to
____________________________________________
4 Terry v. Ohio, 391 U.S. 1 (1968).
-3-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
perform a search of the car’s interior. Officer Geisel retrieved a
loaded AK-47 from the backside passenger seat behind the driver
that was covered by a jacket. Officer Geisel also found a loaded
Taurus 9-millimeter in the trunk of the vehicle, which was
accessible from the passenger compartment.
Officer Geisel then performed field sobriety tests for Defendant
Findley, but did not detect any additional signs of impairment.
Detective Deffenbaugh then transported Defendant Findley to
Conemaugh Hospital for a blood alcohol content (BAC) test while
Ms. Trexler was permitted to retake custody of the vehicle. Before
releasing the vehicle to Ms. Trexler, Officer Geisel secured the
aforementioned weapons and also discovered a THC packet,
leading him to suspect that one or more of the vehicle’s occupants
had been under the influence of THC at the time of the stop. This
was confirmed by the BAC test performed on Defendant Findley,
which showed traces of Delta-9 and Carboxy THC in his system.
Opinion and Order, 9/2/22, at 1-3. The traffic stop was recorded on Officer
Geisel’s body camera and the footage was introduced as an exhibit at the
suppression hearing. The Commonwealth also submitted the transcript of the
joint preliminary hearing for Findley, Gordon and Trexler; the Defendants’
criminal records; and Findley’s toxicology report.
The trial court granted the Defendants’ motions to suppress, concluding
that Officer Geisel lacked probable cause to arrest the passengers based on
Findley’s alleged DUI, and that he lacked probable cause to arrest Findley
based on his performance on the field sobriety tests. Because the Defendants
were improperly detained, the trial court held that Ms. Trexler’s consent to
search the vehicle was invalid and the evidence uncovered during the stop
-4-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. The Commonwealth timely
appealed and it and the trial court complied with Pa. R.A.P. 1925.
II.
The Commonwealth raises two issues5 on appeal: whether the trial
court erred by failing to determine whether the Defendants had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the Jeep, and whether it erred in holding that
____________________________________________
5 As Findley points out in his brief, the Commonwealth refers only to the trial
court’s suppression of the AK-47 rifle and does not at any point reference the
9-milimeter pistol or the blood test performed on Findley. Similarly, the
Commonwealth’s concise statement references the AK-47 in its first statement
of error and the vehicle search generally in its second statement of error.
However, the Defendants were each charged with two counts of persons not
to possess and carrying a firearm without a license, one for each weapon
recovered from the Jeep, and Findley was charged with three counts of DUI
based on the results of his blood test. Because the Commonwealth has not
raised any argument on appeal challenging the suppression of Findley’s blood
test results, we agree that it has waived any claim of error relating to that
portion of the trial court’s order. See Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii);
Commonwealth v. Patterson, 180 A.3d 1217, 1229 (Pa. Super. 2018)
(citation omitted) (“Any claim for which an appellant fails to include citation
to relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful
fashion capable of review is waived.”). However, both firearms were
recovered from the same vehicle search and the legal arguments related to
suppression of the rifle are identical to the arguments related to suppression
of the pistol. Accordingly, the Commonwealth’s claims on appeal regarding
the Defendants’ expectation of privacy in the Jeep and Ms. Trexler’s consent
to search the vehicle encompass the recovery of both firearms, and we decline
to find waiver simply because the Commonwealth did not specifically identify
the pistol in its concise statement and brief as evidence recovered during the
challenged search. See Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(v) (“Each error identified in the
Statement will be deemed to include every subsidiary issue that was raised in
the trial court.”).
-5-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
suppression was proper because the search emanated from an illegal seizure
of its occupants, notwithstanding Ms. Trexler’s consent to search the vehicle.6
Here, the Defendants were detained when Officer Geisel removed them
from the Jeep, placed them in handcuffs and informed them that they were
being detained but were not under arrest. The law governing investigative
detentions is well-settled:
To maintain constitutional validity, an investigative detention
must be supported by a reasonable and articulable suspicion that
the person seized is engaged in criminal activity and may continue
only so long as is necessary to confirm or dispel such suspicion.
The asserted grounds for an investigative detention must be
evaluated under the totality of the circumstances. So long as the
initial detention is lawful, nothing precludes a police officer from
acting upon the fortuitous discovery of evidence suggesting a
____________________________________________
6
When reviewing the propriety of a suppression order, an appellate
court is required to determine whether the record supports the
suppression court’s factual findings and whether the inferences
and legal conclusions drawn by the suppression court from those
findings are appropriate. [Where the defendant] prevailed in the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
defense and so much of the evidence for the Commonwealth as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the record supports the factual findings of the
suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse
only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
However, where the appeal of the determination of the
suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
suppression court’s conclusions of law are not binding on an
appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
court properly applied the law to the facts.
Commonwealth v. Tillery, 249 A.3d 278, 280 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation
omitted).
-6-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
different crime than that initially suspected[.] However, an
unjustified seizure immediately violates the Fourth Amendment
rights of the suspect, taints the evidence recovered thereby, and
subjects that evidence to the exclusionary rule.
Commonwealth v. Brame, 239 A.3d 1119, 1127-28 (Pa. Super. 2020)
(citing Commonwealth v. Hicks, 208 A.3d 916, 927-28 (Pa. 2019)). In
contrast, a custodial detention that is the functional equivalent of arrest must
be supported by probable cause under the totality of the circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. 2009) (citation
omitted). “Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances
which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the arrest, and of
which he has reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a
man of reasonable caution in the belief that the suspect has committed or is
committing a crime.” Id.In the context of a vehicle stop, an officer may conduct “mission related”
inquiries into the vehicle violations that prompted the stop and incidental
matters concerning the safe operation of the vehicle, such as checking the
driver’s licensure status, the vehicle’s registration and insurance status, or
whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver. Commonwealth
v. Malloy, 257 A.3d 142, 150 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citing Rodriguez v. U.S.,
575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015)). An officer may ask whether there are weapons in
the vehicle, order the occupants of the vehicle to exit the vehicle for officer
safety, or, alternatively, to remain in the vehicle until the stop is completed
-7-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
without reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Id.; see also
Commonwealth v. Pratt, 930 A.2d 561, 564 (Pa. Super. 2007).
Importantly, “[t]he authority to carry out these actions do not, in and of
themselves, expand the grounds for detaining or investigating passengers
who are merely present in a lawfully stopped vehicle.” Id. With this
background, we proceed to the Commonwealth’s claims.
A.
In its first argument, the Commonwealth contends that the trial court
erred by failing to determine whether the Defendants had a legitimate
expectation of privacy in the Jeep, as they did not own the vehicle or have Ms.
Trexler’s permission to use the vehicle. It maintains that a reasonable
expectation of privacy is a threshold requirement to seek suppression of the
firearms found in the vehicle, and the Defendants had none. Relying primarily
on Commonwealth v. Shabezz, 166 A.3d 278 (Pa. 2017), the Defendants
respond that they are not required to establish a reasonable expectation of
privacy because they were illegally detained before the search of the vehicle
took place.7 We agree.
____________________________________________
7 In the trial court, the Defendants argued that they had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the Jeep and, in the alternative, even if they did not
have such an expectation, they were entitled to challenge the vehicle search
because it resulted from their illegal detention. In its opinion, the trial court
did not squarely address whether the Defendants had a reasonable
-8-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
It is axiomatic that a defendant seeking suppression of evidence must
have standing8 and a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched
in order to prevail on the merits of his claim. See Commonwealth v. Viall,
890 A.2d 419, 422 (Pa. Super. 2005). “An expectation of privacy will be found
to exist when the individual exhibits an actual or subjective expectation of
privacy and that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as
reasonable.” Id. In Viall, a case in which no party challenged the legitimacy
of the vehicle stop, we held that “an ordinary passenger in an automobile does
not by his mere presence have a legitimate expectation of privacy in the entire
passenger compartment of that vehicle . . . it would be unreasonable to
maintain a subjective expectation of privacy in locations of common access to
all occupants.” Id. at 423; see also Commonwealth v. Burton, 973 A.2d
____________________________________________expectation of privacy in the Jeep. See Trial Court Opinion, 9/2/22, at 5
(stating only that it “agrees with Defendants” and will proceed to the merits
analysis). It went on to conclude that the Defendants were subjected to an
illegal arrest not supported by probable cause, as discussed infra. Based on
our review of the certified record and the parties’ arguments, we find Shabezz
dispositive of this issue. “To the extent our legal reasoning differs from the
trial court’s, we note that as an appellate court, we may affirm on any legal
basis supported by the certified record.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 125
A.3d 425, 433 n.8 (Pa. Super. 2015).
8 There is no dispute that the Defendants had standing to seek suppression,
as they were charged with possessory crimes related to the firearms.
Commonwealth v. Perea, 791 A.2d 427, 429 (Pa. Super. 2002) (“[U]nder
Pennsylvania law, a defendant charged with a possessory offense has standing
to challenge a search.”).
-9-
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
428, 436 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en banc) (finding no reasonable expectation of
privacy when the defendant did not own the vehicle and was not authorized
by the owner to drive it); Commonwealth v. Maldonado, 14 A.3d 907, 911
(Pa. Super. 2011) (same). “Nevertheless, a driver who does not own a vehicle
may still establish an expectation of privacy in the vehicle if he can prove he
has permission or authority from the owner to drive the vehicle.”
Commonwealth v. Peak, 230 A.3d 1220, 1224 (Pa. Super. 2020).
In Shabezz, our Supreme Court held that when a vehicle was stopped
without probable cause or reasonable suspicion, the defendant did not need
to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle in order to seek
suppression of the evidence recovered therein as fruit of the poisonous tree.
Shabezz, supra, at 280. There, officers participating in a narcotics
enforcement operation stopped a red Acura on suspicion that the occupants
had been involved in a drug transaction. When the vehicle stop was initiated,
the defendant fled from the passenger side of the vehicle on foot. He was
quickly apprehended and a search of his person and the Acura revealed
narcotics, drug paraphernalia and a firearm. Id. at 282.
At a suppression hearing, the trial court determined that the police
lacked reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop the vehicle and
suppressed all evidence recovered from the defendant and the Acura. On
appeal, the Commonwealth contended that because the defendant was a mere
- 10 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
passenger, he did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle
and, thus, was not entitled to suppression. Id. at 283.
Our Supreme Court held that “evidence derived from an illegal
automobile search constitutes fruit of the poisonous tree as a result of the
illegal seizure (unless the taint is removed), and that no further demonstration
of a privacy interest in the area from which the evidence was seized is required
by the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 287.
As noted, we accept here that the seizure was without the
requisite level of suspicion. The Commonwealth nonetheless
maintains that the illegal seizure does not lead automatically to
suppression. The Commonwealth argues that Shabezz must also
demonstrate a reasonable expectation of privacy in the areas
within which incriminating evidence was found. The flaw in the
Commonwealth’s argument is that it assigns no constitutional
significance to the illegal seizure, ignoring the fact that the seizure
itself was a constitutional violation. The Commonwealth would
require Shabezz to prove two constitutional violations before
being entitled to suppression on one. The United States Supreme
Court has never endorsed this additional layer of proof as a
constitutional prerequisite to relief following an illegal seizure. Nor
are we prepared to do so.
Id. at 288 (emphasis added). Accordingly, it held that if a seizure is illegal,
the Court is then obliged to determine whether any evidence recovered as a
result of the illegal seizure is fruit of the poisonous tree. Id. at 289. No
- 11 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
further showing of a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle was
required.9
Applying Shabezz, we conclude that the Defendants were not required
to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the Jeep in order to seek
suppression of the evidence therein as fruit of their illegal seizure. At the
outset, it is crucial to distinguish between the multiple seizures and searches
that occurred in this interaction. The first seizure occurred when Officer Geisel
initiated a traffic stop of the Jeep for failure to use headlights, and no party
contends that this seizure was illegitimate. The next seizure occurred when
Officer Geisel ordered the Defendants to exit the vehicle, placed them in
____________________________________________
9 The Shabezz Court opined in dicta that in a case where the initial vehicle
stop was constitutional, a passenger would indeed have to demonstrate a
reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle in accordance with earlier
precedents. Shabezz, supra, at 290. This statement was not an essential
holding of the case. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania courts have repeatedly
recognized that all search and seizure cases are fact-specific and must be
evaluated under the totality of the circumstances presented, and the nature
of a citizen-officer interaction may evolve as the facts develop in any given
situation. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Singletary, 267 A.3d 1267, 1275-
77 (Pa. Super. 2021). In some cases, such as Shabezz, a vehicle stop may
be entirely unsupported by reasonable suspicion or probable cause, resulting
in a different analysis than in a vehicle stop that is well within an officer’s
authority under the Vehicle Code. In others, as here, what begins as a
legitimate vehicle stop may lose that character when the officer steps outside
the bounds of what is constitutionally permissible or extends the stop beyond
what is necessary to address the violation that initiated it. See, e.g., Malloy,
supra.
- 12 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
handcuffs, and ordered them to sit on the curb with their ankles crossed. 10
These seizures coincided with the first searches in the case, in which Officer
Geisel performed Terry frisks of the Defendants that did not yield any
contraband. The final relevant search occurred when Officer Geisel asked Ms.
Trexler for consent to search the Jeep and, on receiving it, uncovered the AK-
47 and pistol from the vehicle. Under this timeline of events, the
Commonwealth’s argument that the Defendants must establish a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the vehicle after being subject to an illegal arrest is
precisely the argument that our Supreme Court rejected in Shabezz.
Shabezz, supra, at 288 (“The Commonwealth would require Shabezz to
prove two constitutional violations before being entitled to suppression on one.
The United States Supreme Court has never endorsed this additional layer of
____________________________________________
10 The trial court first held that Officer Geisel did not have reasonable suspicion
to detain the passengers in this way, even if he had such suspicion to
investigate Findley’s DUI, as Trexler and Hancock were merely passengers not
engaged in any behavior indicative of criminal activity. See Opinion and
Order, 9/2/22, at 6. It further concluded that by handcuffing the Defendants
and ordering them to sit on the curb with their ankles crossed, Officer Geisel
escalated the encounter to the functional equivalent of arrest, which was not
justified with regard to any of the Defendants. Id. at 6-7. The Commonwealth
does not challenge either of these holdings on appeal; it contends only that
the Defendants did not establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in Ms.
Trexler’s vehicle, and that the trial court erred in declining to make an explicit
finding on that issue. Accordingly, for our analysis, we accept the trial court’s
finding that the detentions outside of the vehicle were arrests unsupported by
probable cause.
- 13 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
proof as a constitutional prerequisite to relief following an illegal seizure. Nor
are we prepared to do so.”).
The Commonwealth distinguishes Shabezz with Commonwealth v.
Jackson, 294 MDA 2021 (Pa. Super. Feb. 8, 2022) (unpublished
memorandum).11 There, the defendant was a passenger in a Volvo that was
stopped for a window tint violation. The driver did not have a valid license
and on further investigation, officers learned that there was an active arrest
warrant for one of the other passengers. The driver consented to a search of
the Volvo and officers recovered a firearm and magazine therein. Upon
discovering the firearm, Jackson and the driver were handcuffed and the
officers informed them that they would both be placed under arrest for
conspiracy if no one claimed ownership of the weapon. After receiving
Miranda12 warnings, Jackson told the officers that he had purchased the
firearm, hidden it in the car without the knowledge of the driver and did not
have a license to carry it. Id. at *1-2.
Jackson sought suppression of the firearm, magazine and his
confession, arguing that the traffic stop was illegal and the evidence was fruit
of the poisonous tree. The trial court denied suppression on the basis that the
____________________________________________
11 Non-precedential opinions of this Court filed after May 1, 2019, are not
binding but may be cited for their persuasive value. Pa. R.A.P. 126(b).
12 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
- 14 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
initial traffic stop was legal. Id. at *2. On appeal, this Court agreed that the
stop for the window tint violation was supported by probable cause. Id. at
*6. Jackson argued in the alternative that the officers illegally extended the
stop past the time necessary to address the window tint violation, rendering
the driver’s consent to search the vehicle coerced. Relying on Shabezz, he
argued that this seizure allowed him to seek suppression even though he could
not establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the Volvo.
Upon review, this Court concluded that even though the purpose of the
initial stop had concluded, the interaction had evolved over time and the
officers had the requisite level of suspicion for each detention and search. Id.
at *8 (“For example, what began as an investigative detention may devolve
into a mere encounter. . . . Alternatively, what started as a stop supported
by probable cause may transform into a continued detention buoyed by
reasonable suspicion.”). We held that the basis for detaining the occupants
of the vehicle evolved based on the window tint, then the non-licensure of the
driver and investigation into whether one of the passengers could legally
remove the car, the arrest warrant for the other passenger, and finally the
valid consent to search given by the driver. Id. at *8-9. As a result, Jackson
was not excused from his burden of establishing a reasonable expectation of
privacy in the vehicle under Shabezz.
- 15 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
Again, multiple searches and seizures took place during the instant
interaction between Officer Geisel and the Defendants. Much like the case in
Jackson, the initial vehicle stop here was supported by probable cause.
However, that is where the similarities end—as explained supra, we accept
the trial court’s determination that the Defendants were arrested without
probable cause prior to the vehicle search. Ms. Trexler was already at the
scene of the traffic stop and had provided vehicle insurance and registration
information before Officer Geisel removed the Defendants from the vehicle,
frisked them and detained them in handcuffs. While Officer Geisel detained
the passengers in part to determine Hancock’s true identity, any further
investigation into that matter was not a “mission related inquiry” incident to
the purpose of the traffic stop.13 Malloy, supra, at 150. Officer Geisel offered
____________________________________________
13 Officer Geisel did not merely ask the passengers to exit the vehicle for officer
safety while he investigated Findley’s sobriety. He ordered them out of the
vehicle, frisked them, placed them in handcuffs, informed them that they were
being detained and ordered them to sit on the curb with their ankles crossed
for the remainder of the stop. He repeatedly scolded them for moving their
legs as he searched the vehicle and consulted with Detective Deffenbaugh.
This detention went far beyond simply asking a passenger to wait outside the
vehicle. See Commonwealth v. Boyd, 17 A.3d 1274, 1277 (Pa. Super.
2011) (citation omitted) (explaining that during a legal vehicle stop, an officer
is entitled to ask occupants to exit the vehicle “as a matter of right”).
Commonwealth v. Palmer, 145 A.3d 170 (Pa. Super. 2016), cited by the
Commonwealth, is instructive in this regard. There, following a lawful vehicle
stop, the officer ordered all occupants, including Palmer, to exit the vehicle so
it could be towed. Id. at 171-72. Based on Palmer’s nervous demeanor,
repeated reaching toward his pockets, refusal to comply with directions and
- 16 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
no justification for detaining Trexler, who was merely present for the stop,
and as explained in note 10, supra, the trial court held that Findley was
arrested without probable cause prior to undergoing field sobriety testing. In
contrast, the Jackson Court held that at all times the officers possessed the
requisite level of suspicion to detain the vehicle occupants. As the officers
here lacked probable cause to arrest the Defendants, Jackson is inapposite
and any subsequent search flowing from their illegal arrest falls within the
Shabezz exception if it is fruit of the illegal seizure. The Commonwealth’s
first issue merits no relief.
B.
Next, the Commonwealth contends that the trial court erred in granting
suppression because Ms. Trexler, the registered owner of the vehicle, gave
valid consent for Officer Geisel to search the Jeep. It argues that Ms. Trexler
was not detained at any point or subjected to any coercion or duress before
____________________________________________
history of firearms offenses, the officer performed a Terry frisk for weapons
after Palmer exited the vehicle. Id. The frisk uncovered bundles of heroin
and a firearm. Id. at 172. Palmer sought suppression arguing that the traffic
stop ended prior to when he was ordered to exit the vehicle, and that the frisk
was not supported by reasonable suspicion. We concluded that the traffic stop
was ongoing while the officer was arranging for the vehicle to be towed, and
Palmer had not argued that the totality of his behavior throughout the stop
did not create reasonable suspicion to support the frisk. Id. at 173. Thus,
the frisk was supported by additional facts amounting to reasonable suspicion
and was not performed by rote simply because Palmer was ordered to exit the
vehicle. Here, however, the Commonwealth has not challenged the trial
court’s holding that the Defendants were arrested without probable cause.
- 17 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
consenting to the search. Rather, it contends that Ms. Trexler readily
consented to the search after informing Officer Geisel that nothing he would
find in the vehicle belonged to her. Thus, even if the detentions of the
Defendants were illegal, Ms. Trexler’s consent was sufficiently independent to
remove any taint and the firearms seized from the Jeep were not fruit of the
poisonous tree.
For consent to search to be constitutionally valid, it must be given
intelligently and voluntarily. “For a finding of voluntariness, the
Commonwealth must establish that the consent given by the defendant is the
product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice—not the result of
duress or coercion, express or implied, or a will overborne—under the totality
of the circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Valdivia, 195 A.3d 855, 862 (Pa.
2018) (quotations & citation omitted). In assessing the voluntariness of
consent to search, we consider the following factors:
(1) the presence or absence of police excesses; 2) whether there
was physical contact; 3) whether police directed the citizen’s
movements; 4) police demeanor and manner of expression;
5) the location of the interdiction; 6) the content of the questions
and statements; 7) the existence and character of the initial
investigative detention, including its degree of coerciveness;
8) whether the person has been told that he is free to leave; and
9) whether the citizen has been informed that he is not required
to consent to the search.
Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 257 A.3d 1, 10 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation
omitted).
- 18 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
Additionally, we note that “[e]vidence constitutes fruit of the poisonous
tree, and must be suppressed, if it was obtained by ‘exploitation’ of the
illegality [of the police’s conduct] and so long as the taint of that illegality has
not been purged.” Shabezz, supra, at 290 (quoting Wong Sun v. U.S., 371
U.S. 471, 486 (1963)). Taint can be removed from an illegal seizure through
circumstances such as attenuation, inevitable discovery, independent source
or intervening acts and events. Id. “The question of whether evidence is the
‘fruit’ of illegal police conduct is resolved by determining whether, assuming
the primary illegality has been established, the challenged evidence has been
obtained by exploitation of that illegality, or instead, by means sufficiently
distinguishable to be purged of the taint of the primary illegality.”
Commonwealth v. Santiago, 209 A.3d 912, 924 (Pa. 2019).
In holding that Ms. Trexler’s consent was not voluntary, the trial court
relied on Commonwealth v. Helm, 690 A.2d 739 (Pa. Super. 1997), and
Commonwealth v. Pless, 679 A.2d 232 (Pa. Super. 1996), for the
proposition that once an individual has been detained without reasonable
suspicion or probable cause, their consent to search is involuntary. Thus, it
held that the firearms were the fruit of the poisonous tree emanating from the
unlawful arrest of the Defendants. While the trial court acknowledged that it
was not Ms. Trexler who was detained without cause but rather the
Defendants, it found this distinction to be inconsequential. See Opinion and
- 19 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
Order, 9/2/22, at 7 (“While those cases are distinguishable in that they involve
consent given by the individual being improperly detained, as opposed to a
third party with authority to provide consent to search a vehicle, their holdings
are still applicable here because their primary concern is not the voluntariness
of the consent given, but the taint on the evidence gathered due to the illegal
detention.”). Similarly, the Defendants rely principally on Commonwealth
v. McClease, 750 A.2 320 (Pa. Super. 2000), and Commonwealth v.
Newton, 943 A.2d 278 (Pa. Super. 2007), to emphasize that consent to
search obtained after a person has been unlawfully detained cannot be
considered voluntary and uncoerced.
We disagree, as the difference between Ms. Trexler’s position as an
observer of the stop and the Defendants’ as detainees has a material effect
on the voluntariness of her consent to the search. Ms. Trexler was simply not
subjected to the coercive power of an illegal arrest prior to giving consent to
the search. The cases cited by the trial court and the Defendants do not
compel the conclusion that any individual who witnesses an illegal arrest is
unable to give voluntary consent to a search.
The video of the traffic stop reveals the following. After he detained the
Defendants in handcuffs, Officer Geisel confirmed that Detective Deffenbaugh,
who was on scene assisting, had smelled marijuana in the vehicle and opened
the Jeep’s passenger-side doors and looked into their interior pockets. Before
- 20 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
continuing to search the interior, Officer Geisel said, “well, I’m gonna ask the
owner of the vehicle. Do you mind if I search your vehicle?” Commonwealth
Exhibit 2, 4:16:15-32. As he asked the question, he walked toward Ms.
Trexler, who was seated next to Detective Deffenbaugh’s vehicle
approximately 15 feet down the sidewalk and apart from the defendants.14
She asked, “Do I have to?” and before he could respond, went on to state, “I
mean, nothing in there is mine.” Id., 4:16:32-37. Officer Geisel said that he
was asking for verbal consent to search and Ms. Trexler reiterated that nothing
in the vehicle belonged to her. Officer Geisel said, “well, you’re the owner of
the vehicle, you weren’t in operation of it and you weren’t in control of it so
I’m not going to blame you for what they’ve possibly put in your vehicle,
okay.” Id., 4:16:42-51. He again asked for verbal consent to search, and
Ms. Trexler assented. Officer Geisel then searched the vehicle and uncovered
the firearms.15 He did not tell Ms. Trexler that she was free to refuse the
search or ask her to sign a written consent form explaining her rights.
The Defendants’ argument, in essence, overrides Ms. Trexler’s
autonomy. There is no dispute that the lawful, registered owner of a vehicle
can consent to its search, and no party has argued that Ms. Trexler was
____________________________________________
14At this point, Ms. Trexler had been on the scene for approximately 15
minutes.
15 Ms. Trexler did not testify at the suppression hearing.
- 21 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
subject to an investigative detention at the time she gave consent to the
search. In the cases cited by the trial court and the Defendants, consent was
determined to be coerced because of the inherent pressure associated with
the illegal detention of the defendants—in other words, someone who is
subject to illegal detention is far less likely to feel empowered to decline
consent to search. Here, however, Ms. Trexler was not detained. She
voluntarily appeared at the scene of the traffic stop after Trexler called her on
the phone, brought insurance information for the Jeep, and explained that she
had recently purchased the vehicle and had registered it at the time of
purchase. She spoke freely with Officer Geisel before the Defendants were
placed under arrest. While she could view Officer Geisel and Detective
Deffenbaugh as they removed the Defendants from the Jeep and placed them
under arrest, she was by no means similarly situated to the Defendants. To
the contrary, she provided consent only after being assured by Officer Geisel
that she would not be held responsible for anything uncovered in the vehicle.
Turning to the factors set forth in Hawkins, supra, Ms. Trexler was not
subject to any police excesses or physical contact, and Officer Geisel and
Detective Deffenbaugh’s demeanors when interacting with her on the scene
were respectful as they attempted to resolve the registration and insurance
questions. They directed her movement to a minimal extent, asking her to
stay away from the Defendants and the vehicle while they continued to
- 22 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
investigate. She arrived freely at the scene and was not placed in handcuffs,
frisked or physically restrained. While Officer Geisel did not directly inform
her that she could refuse the search, he did assure her that she would not be
criminally charged for anything found in the Jeep.16 She did not express any
reservations after being assured that she would not be held responsible for
the Jeep’s contents. Based on the totality of these circumstances, we conclude
that Ms. Trexler freely and voluntarily consented to the search of the vehicle
and her consent was sufficiently independent of the Defendants’ illegal arrests
to remove any associated taint from the evidence. Accordingly, we reverse
the order of the trial court and remand for further proceedings.
Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
____________________________________________
16Even though Ms. Trexler asked if she had to give consent to search, she
immediately went on to say that nothing in the vehicle belonged to her. It
appears from the video that Officer Geisel did not respond to the question
merely because Ms. Trexler did not give him the opportunity. Commonwealth
Exhibit 2, 4:16:32-37.
- 23 -
J-A11037-23
J-A11038-23
J-A11039-23
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/9/2023
- 24 -