Com. v. Shaulis, D.

J-S41034-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DANIEL RAYFORD SHAULIS :
:
Appellant : No. 290 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 25, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-11-CR-0000049-2022
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DANIEL RAYFORD SHAULIS :
:
Appellant : No. 291 WDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 25, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-11-CR-0000050-2022
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: DECEMBER 7, 2023
Appellant, Daniel Rayford Shaulis, appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County following
his guilty plea to one count of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, two
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S41034-23
counts of indecent assault, and two counts of corruption of minors1 at lower
court docket number CP-11-CR-0000049-2022 (“49-2022”), as well as one
count of indecent assault2 at lower court docket number CP-11-CR-0000050-
2022 (“50-2022”). After a careful review, we affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: Appellant, who
was fifty-one years old, was arrested and charged in connection with the
sexual abuse of his eleven-year-old granddaughter (“the victim”). Appellant
proceeded to an arraignment on November 5, 2021, at which time bail was
set at 10% of $75,000.00. Appellant did not post bail and remained
incarcerated; however, he filed a motion seeking a bail reduction.
In response, the Commonwealth filed a motion to increase Appellant’s
bail. Therein, the Commonwealth relevantly indicated:
A review of [Appellant’s] criminal history reveals that he was
charged and convicted between the years of 2001 and 2003 via
the United States Military Criminal Justice System of Indecent
[Acts or] Liberties with a Child[.] [Appellant’s] criminal history
also shows that he served a term of confinement, was
dishonorably discharged, and required to register as a sex
offender after release as a result of these convictions. As a result
of his previous convictions and pursuant to 40 Pa.C.S.A. § 9718.2,
if [Appellant] is convicted of any one of the counts charged in the
present criminal Information, he faces a mandatory minimum
sentence of twenty-five (25) years of total confinement.
Commonwealth’s Motion to Modify Bail, filed 1/20/22, at 2-3.
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3123(b), 3126(a)(7), and 6301(a)(1)(ii), respectively.
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7).
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Thereafter, at the conclusion of Appellant’s preliminary hearing on
January 12, 2022, the magisterial district justice held a hearing on the issue
of bail. During the hearing, Appellant admitted he was charged with a crime
while he was in the military. N.T., 1/12/22, at 38. He specifically testified he
“took a guilty plea to a sex offense regarding a minor family member[.]”3 Id.
at 39.
On March 1, 2022, at lower court docket number 49-2022, the
Commonwealth filed an Information charging Appellant with 319 crimes
related to the sexual abuse of the victim over a four-year period. On that
same date, at lower court docket number 50-2022, the Commonwealth filed
an Information charging Appellant with three crimes related to the sexual
abuse of the same victim at Appellant’s place of employment. The
Commonwealth provided notice of compulsory joinder of the two cases
pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 582(B)(1).
On May 24, 2022, the Commonwealth filed a motion for a protective
order to secure Appellant’s prior criminal military records. Therein, the
Commonwealth noted that, when Appellant was in the United States Army, he
was previously convicted of, inter alia, indecent acts or liberties with a child
by the United States Military criminal justice system. The Commonwealth
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3 Although not pertinent to this appeal, we note the magisterial district justice
denied Appellant’s request to reduce bail, as well as denied the
Commonwealth’s request to increase bail.
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noted it requested the official records related to Appellant’s prior criminal
military court-martial; however, the United States Army responded that it
required a protective order limiting disclosure by a signed judge prior to
releasing the certified criminal records. In its motion, the Commonwealth
specifically averred the “records will have bearing on the sentence imposed
by the trial court in the [instant] cases.” Commonwealth’s Motion For
Protective Order, filed 5/24/22. On May 24, 2022, the trial court signed the
protective order so that the United States Army would release Appellant’s
certified criminal military court-martial records to the Commonwealth.
On May 26, 2022, Appellant, who was represented by counsel,
proceeded to a hearing where he entered a negotiated open guilty plea to the
six charges set forth supra. In exchange, the Commonwealth agreed to nol
pros all remaining charges.4 Relevantly, at the on-the-record guilty plea
hearing, Appellant acknowledged his plea agreement contained no agreement
as to his sentence.5 N.T., 5/26/22, at 2. He acknowledged his right to have
a bench trial or a right to a jury trial, and he confirmed his understanding that
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4 Specifically, the Commonwealth agreed to nol pros all remaining charges
thirty-one days after sentencing unless post-sentence motions or an appeal
was filed in which case the charges would be nol prossed thirty-one days after
the resolution of the matter.
5 Appellant agreed as part of the plea agreement that he would complete a
SORNA assessment with the Sexual Offenders Assessment Board, and he
would be subject to SORNA’s registration requirements.
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he was “giving up” that right by entering a guilty plea. Id. at 3. Appellant
indicated his attorney had been available to consult with him and answered
his questions. Id. He specifically acknowledged he was satisfied with his
attorney’s representation. Id. Appellant confirmed he was entering his guilty
plea voluntarily and of his own free will, and no one made any threats or
promises beyond those in the written plea agreement.6 Id.
On June 23, 2022, the Commonwealth filed notice of its intent to seek
the mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years at each of the six counts to
which Appellant pled guilty. Specifically, the Commonwealth asserted it had
received Appellant’s certified military records, which confirmed that Appellant
has a prior conviction for indecent acts or liberties with a child, dated June 5,
2003, from a United States Army General Court Martial. The acts underlying
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6 We note the oral guilty plea colloquy in this case was brief.
During the oral
colloquy, the trial court noted Appellant completed a written “pleaders
memorandum” with the assistance of his counsel. N.T., 5/26/22, at 2. In the
“pleaders memorandum,” the charges to which Appellant pled guilty are set
forth. The “pleaders memorandum” contains either “n/a” or a handwritten
line next to the area for “mandatory minimum” for each crime.
The written plea agreement, which is signed by the Commonwealth, lists
the charges to which Appellant pled guilty, notes Appellant will be subject to
SORNA, notes the condition precedent for the Commonwealth to nol pros the
remaining charges, and indicates “except as expressly provided otherwise
herein, there is no other agreement as to sentence or any other matter.”
Written Plea Agreement, filed 5/27/23.
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Appellant’s military conviction included Appellant fondling an eleven-year-old
victim’s vaginal area and placing her hand on his penis.7
On July 22, 2022, at both lower court docket numbers, Appellant filed a
counseled pre-sentence motion seeking to withdraw his guilty pleas. Therein,
Appellant relevantly averred that, on June 23, 2022, the Commonwealth
advised that it was seeking a mandatory 25-year sentence on each of the six
individual offenses to which Appellant pled guilty, and Appellant was unaware
of the mandatory minimums that would be associated with his offenses when
he pled guilty. Appellant averred the Commonwealth would not be prejudiced
if his pleas were withdrawn.
On August 1, 2022, the Commonwealth filed a brief in opposition to
Appellant’s pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty pleas. Therein, the
Commonwealth relevantly averred:
Appellant cannot credibly claim that he was unaware of
applicable mandatory minimums. The Commonwealth has
repeatedly represented to [Appellant] through counsel that a
conviction for any Megan’s Law offense in the instant case would
invoke a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years, which the
Commonwealth intended to seek. Pursuant to applicable rules of
criminal procedure, the Commonwealth gave written notice of this
intention after conviction/plea and before sentencing.
Finally, the Commonwealth asserts that it would be
prejudiced if [Appellant] is permitted to withdraw his pleas.
Withdrawal of said pleas will allow [Appellant] to further prolong
trial resulting in the memories and recollection of the minor victim
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7 The certified military records confirmed that Appellant entered a guilty plea
during the military court-martial, and he was sentenced to twenty-one months
in confinement, as well as dishonorably discharged from the military.
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and other witnesses fading. The Commonwealth would be further
prejudiced by said withdrawal as co-defendant, [Appellant’s] son,
Michael Shaulis, has pled and has been sentenced pursuant to a
closed plea.[8] Michael Shaulis had previously indicated a
willingness to cooperate against [Appellant]. However, Michael
Shaulis was sentenced on June 6, 2022, with the understanding
that his cooperation would not be necessary against [Appellant]
since [Appellant] had pled guilty days earlier. Having pled and
been sentenced, Michael Shaulis’s credibility may be called into
question at the trial of his father, and Michael Shaulis may lose
willingness to cooperate since his case has been disposed of and
his sentence rendered. Had [Appellant] not pled guilty, the
Commonwealth would not have pursued the sentencing of Michael
Shaulis prior to the trial of [Appellant].
Commonwealth’s Brief, filed 8/1/22, at 2-3 (footnote added).
On August 22, 2022, the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s pre-
sentence motion to withdraw his guilty pleas. At the hearing, defense counsel
acknowledged that, prior to Appellant entering his guilty pleas, he and the
Assistant District Attorney had “conversations with regard to sentences.”
N.T., 8/22/22, at 3. He confirmed the Assistant District Attorney indicated
“there could possibly be mandatories as a result of a conviction that
[Appellant] had back in the Army many years prior.” Id. However, defense
counsel averred Appellant “was not aware [when he pled guilty] that he was
receiving a mandatory.” Id. at 5. Defense counsel indicated Appellant
entered his guilty plea “on the assumption that there was no agreement…with
regard to any mandatories that the Commonwealth was seeking.” Id.
____________________________________________
8 The record reveals that, with Appellant’s encouragement, Michael Shaulis
also sexually abused the victim. As the trial court noted, Appellant was the
“orchestrator…the scheduler” of the abuse. N.T., 10/25/22, at 17.
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Defense counsel further indicated that, when he informed Appellant of
the Commonwealth’s June 23, 2022, notice, Appellant indicated “it was not
acceptable,” so defense counsel filed a pre-sentence motion to withdraw the
guilty pleas. Id. at 4. Defense counsel informed the trial court that “quite
frankly, [Appellant] does not want to withdraw his plea. He would rather have
the plea stand and have you sentence him without the mandatories that he
was advised of after.” Id.
The Commonwealth, in response, noted Appellant’s argument at the
hearing “centered mostly on the fact that he doesn’t want the court to impose
a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years.” Id. at 6-7. The Commonwealth
noted that, before Appellant entered his plea, the Commonwealth informed
Appellant that it was obtaining Appellant’s criminal military record to
determine the applicability of the mandatory minimum sentencing scheme in
the case sub judice. Id. at 7. The Commonwealth indicated:
There were no representations prior to plea that the
Commonwealth would not seek the mandatory. And as [defense
counsel] told you, there was discussion that the Commonwealth
believed that the mandatory may be applicable here.
The [written] plea agreement, which is part of the record in
this case, indicates that there is no further agreement as to
sentence. There was no agreement that the Commonwealth would
or would not seek mandatories in this case.
Id.
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Additionally, the Commonwealth advised the trial court that it would be
substantially prejudiced if Appellant was permitted to withdraw his guilty
pleas. Specifically, the Commonwealth indicated:
[Appellant] has to prove that the Commonwealth would not
be prejudiced by withdrawal of [his pleas in] this case. The
Commonwealth maintains the opposite. We would, in fact, be
prejudiced if the court were to allow withdrawal here. The co-
defendant, Michael Shaulis, [who is Appellant’s] son and the uncle
of the victim here, had indicated his willingness to cooperate
against [Appellant] to testify against him. [Michael Shaulis] pled
guilty, and we were waiting his sentencing pending [Appellant’s]
decision to plead guilty.
[Michael Shaulis] was sentenced on June 6, 2022[.] [This
was] [a]fter [Appellant] had entered a plea and with the
understanding that [Michael Shaulis’s] cooperation would not be
necessary against [Appellant] because he had entered a plea.
[The appellate courts] have indicated that the [trial] court
properly denied [a] defendant’s motion to withdraw a plea where
a cooperating co-defendant had been pled and sentenced prior to
the [motion to] withdraw and would therefore lack motivation to
cooperate against the defendant at issue. For that reason, [the
Commonwealth] believes that [the Commonwealth] would also be
severely prejudiced should the [trial] court grant [Appellant’s]
motion to withdraw [in the instant case].
Id. at 7-8.
The trial court denied Appellant’s pre-sentence motion orally on the
record.9 In so doing, the trial court noted that, when Appellant pled guilty, he
was aware the Commonwealth was seeking his military records for the
purposes of sentencing with the possibility that the mandatory minimum
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9The trial court also filed a written order denying Appellant’s pre-sentence
motion to withdraw on August 22, 2022.
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sentence would be applicable. Id. at 9. The trial court noted that the written
plea agreement indicated there was no agreement as to the imposition of any
sentence. Id. Thus, the trial court concluded Appellant entered his plea
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Id.
Moreover, the trial court concluded that, if Appellant was permitted to
withdraw his guilty pleas, “the Commonwealth would be significantly
prejudiced since they had already completed their agreement with the co-
defendant.” Id. at 9-10. Further, the trial court noted the emotional trauma
the child victim would likely suffer given that she was told she would not have
to testify at trial against her grandfather. Id. at 10.
On October 25, 2022, Appellant proceeded to a sentencing hearing, at
which the trial court acknowledged it had a pre-sentence investigation report.
The trial court also acknowledged it had the official records from the United
States Army regarding Appellant’s prior military criminal conviction. Appellant
objected to the introduction of the United States Army’s records on the basis
the records were hearsay. N.T., 10/25/22, at 6. Appellant contended the
Commonwealth was “required to bring someone in from the Department of
Army” to testify about the records. Id.
Moreover, during the sentencing hearing, defense counsel requested the
trial court reconsider permitting Appellant to withdraw his guilty pleas.
Defense counsel asserted Appellant was unaware that the Commonwealth was
pursuing the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence and, had Appellant
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known, he would not have entered guilty pleas. Id. at 7. Alternatively,
defense counsel noted Appellant “is willing to stand by the guilty pleas that he
previously entered in this court on May 26, 2022, and asks the court not to
impose the mandatory sentences that the Commonwealth is requesting.” Id.
at 8.
The Commonwealth, on the other hand, argued the mandatory
minimum sentence is applicable based on Appellant’ prior military convictions,
as confirmed by the official United States Army records. Further, the
Commonwealth argued the trial court should impose the sentences
consecutively since, not only did Appellant commit the sex acts against the
young victim, but he encouraged his son, the victim’s uncle, to sexually abuse
the victim, as well. Id. at 13.
Appellant informed the trial court that he was “pushed and forced” into
“taking the deal” while he was in the military. Id. at 14. He noted his current
victim’s mother is an “unfit mother.” Id. He indicated he had remorse for
what happened to the victim. Id.
The trial court concluded the Commonwealth established the existence
of Appellant’s prior military conviction by a preponderance of the evidence.
The trial court further concluded the military conviction qualified as a previous
conviction for purposes of applying the mandatory minimum under 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9718.2. The trial court then sentenced Appellant to an aggregate
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of 75 years to 150 years in prison.10 The trial court gave Appellant credit for
time served.
Appellant filed a timely, counseled post-sentence motion averring the
trial court illegally imposed a mandatory minimum sentence under 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9718 and 9799. Also, Appellant contended the trial court erred
in denying his pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty pleas on the basis
that, when Appellant pled guilty, he was unaware the Commonwealth would
be asking for a mandatory minimum sentence.
By order entered on February 27, 2023, the trial court denied Appellant’s
post-sentence motion. This timely, counseled appeal followed,11 and all
Pa.R.A.P. 1925 requirements have been met.
On appeal, Appellant sets forth the following issues in his “Statement of
the Questions Involved” (verbatim):
1. Did the court err by not permitting your Appellant to withdraw
his plea after he was notified that the Commonwealth would be
seeking the imposition of a mandatory sentence based upon
the prior military history?
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10 Specifically, imposing the mandatory minimum sentence, the trial court
sentenced Appellant to 25 years to 50 years in prison for each charge to which
Appellant pled guilty. The trial court directed that the sentence for each count
of indecent assault at lower court docket number 49-2022 would run
consecutively to the sentence for the sole count of involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse at lower court docket number 49-2022. The sentences for the
remaining convictions at both docket numbers were imposed concurrently.
11Appellant filed separate notices of appeal at each lower court docket
number, and this Court sua sponte consolidated the appeals.
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2. Did the court err by allowing hearsay evidence to establish a
prior military conviction such that a mandatory sentence
became applicable?
Appellant’s Brief at 6 (suggested answers omitted).
Initially, we address Appellant’s second issue. Appellant contends the
trial court unlawfully sentenced him at each count to a mandatory minimum
of 25 years of incarceration under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9718.2(a)(1), where the
Commonwealth failed to prove Appellant had a prior qualifying conviction.
“When reviewing the legality of a sentence, our standard of review is de
novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Summers, 245
A.3d 686, 697 (Pa.Super. 2021) (citation omitted).
Section 9718.2 provides, in relevant part:
Any person who is convicted…of an offense set forth in section
9799.14 (relating to sexual offenses and tier system) shall, if at
the time of the commission of the current offense the person had
previously been convicted of an offense set forth in section
9799.14…or an equivalent crime in another jurisdiction, be
sentenced to a minimum sentence of at least 25 years of total
confinement[.]
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9718.2(a)(1) (bold added).
The Statute further provides the following:
(c) Proof of sentencing.--The provisions of this section shall not
be an element of the crime, and notice thereof to the defendant
shall not be required prior to conviction, but reasonable notice of
the Commonwealth’s intention to proceed under this section shall
be provided after conviction and before sentencing. The
applicability of this section shall be determined at sentencing. The
sentencing court, prior to imposing sentence on an offender under
subsection (a), shall have a complete record of the previous
convictions of the offender, copies of which shall be furnished to
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the offender. If the offender or the attorney for the
Commonwealth contests the accuracy of the record, the court
shall schedule a hearing and direct the offender and the attorney
for the Commonwealth to submit evidence regarding the previous
convictions of the offender. The court shall then determine, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the previous convictions of the
offender and, if this section is applicable, shall impose sentence in
accordance with this section. Should a previous conviction be
vacated and an acquittal or final discharge entered subsequent to
imposition of sentence under this section, the offender shall have
the right to petition the sentencing court for reconsideration of
sentence if this section would not have been applicable except for
the conviction which was vacated.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9718.2(c) (bold in original).
Here, Appellant does not dispute that, if established, a prior military
conviction for the offense of indecent acts or liberties with a child, as set forth
in the United States Courts-Martial 2000 Manual, is a qualifying trigger for the
application of the mandatory minimum sentence under Section 9718(a)(1).
See Commonwealth v. Smith, 528 Pa. 380, 598 A.2d 268 (1991) (holding
military court-martial convictions may qualify as a prior conviction for
purposes of applying mandatory minimum sentencing provisions).12
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12 As the trial court explained, under military law, the elements of the offense
of indecent acts or liberties with a child are: (1) physical contact-the accused
committed a certain act upon or with the body of a certain person; the person
was under 16 years of age and not the spouse of the accused; the act of the
accused was indecent; the accused committed the act with intent to arouse,
appeal to, or gratify the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the accused, the
victim or both; and under the circumstances, the conduct of the accused was
to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces or was a
nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces. (2) No physical contact-
the accused committed a certain act; the act amounted to the taking of
indecent liberties with a certain person; the accused committed the act within
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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However, Appellant contends the Commonwealth did not present
sufficient evidence for the trial court to conclude, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that he had a prior military conviction, so as to trigger the
applicability of Section 9718.2(a)(1). In this vein, Appellant argues the
Commonwealth improperly relied solely upon “a military document,” which
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the presence of this person; this person was under the age of 16 years old
and not the spouse of the accused; the accused committed the act with intent
to arouse, appeal to, or gratify the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the
accused, the victim or both; and under the circumstances, the conduct of the
accused was to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces
or was a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces. See Trial Court
Opinion, filed 2/27/23, at 11 (citing Manual for Courts-Martial, United States,
Part IV, pp. IV-110-11 (2000 ed.)). The military law defines “indecent” as
“that form of immorality relating to sexual impurity, which is not only grossly
vulgar, obscene, and repugnant to common propriety, but tends to excite lust
and deprave the morals with respect to sexual relations.” Id. at IV-110-112
¶¶ 88(3), 90(c).
The trial court concluded the military conviction for indecent acts or
liberties with a child-physical contact, to which Appellant pled guilty, is
equivalent to indecent assault under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126, which provides a
person is guilty of indecent assault “if the person has indecent contact with
the complainant…and the person does so without the complainant’s consent;
the person does so by forcible compulsion; the complainant is less than 13
years of age; or the complainant is less than 16 years of age and the person
is four or more years older…and…not married to each other.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
3126. Further, the trial court concluded the military conviction for indecent
acts or liberties with a child-no physical contact, to which Appellant pled guilty,
is equivalent to Pennsylvania’s crime of corruption of minors under 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(ii), which provides a defendant being 18 years or more,
“by any course of conduct in violation of Chapter 31 (relating to sexual
offenses) corrupts or tends to corrupt the moral of any minor…or who aids,
abets, entices or encourages any such minor in the commission of an offense
under Chapter 31 commits a felony of the third degree.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
6301(a)(ii). Appellant raises no claim of error regarding the trial court’s
analysis in this regard.
.
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was hearsay, to prove the existence of his prior military conviction. Appellant
avers the trial court should have required the Commonwealth to introduce a
qualified United States Army official to testify to the contents of the document.
Initially, we note “a preponderance of the evidence is the lowest burden
of proof in the administration of justice, and it is defined as the greater weight
of the evidence, i.e., to tip a scale slightly in one’s favor.” Commonwealth
v. A.R., 990 A.2d 1, n. 4 (Pa.Super. 2010) (quotation marks, quotation, and
brackets omitted). Stated differently, preponderance of the evidence is
tantamount to a “more likely than not” standard. Commonwealth v. Heater,
899 A.2d 1126, 1133 (Pa.Super. 2006).
Moreover, we observe that the admission of evidence presented at a
sentencing hearing is vested within the sound discretion of the trial court
applying the rules of evidence. Commonwealth v. Hairston, 624 Pa. 143,
84 A.3d 657, 674 (2014). As such, our standard of review of a trial court’s
evidentiary rulings is abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Walter, 625
Pa. 522, 93 A.3d 442, 449 (2014). Thus, we will not disturb an evidentiary
ruling unless “the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised
is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-
will, as shown by evidence of record.” Commonwealth v. Cooper, 596 Pa.
119, 941 A.2d 655, 667 (2007) (citation omitted). This includes rulings on the
admission of hearsay. Id.- 16 -
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Hearsay is a statement that the declarant does not make while testifying
at a trial or hearing that is offered into evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted in the statement. Pa.R.E. 801(c)(1)-(2). Statements that
meet this definition are not admissible unless a hearsay exception applies or
is permitted by other rules prescribed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court or
by statute. Pa.R.E. 802. “The rule against admitting hearsay evidence stems
from its presumed unreliability, because the declarant cannot be challenged
regarding the accuracy of the statement.” Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 585
Pa. 547, 889 A.2d 501, 532 (2005) (citation omitted).
Still, for the purposes of sentencing a defendant, a trial court may admit
evidence as to any matter that it deems relevant and admissible on the
question of the sentence to be imposed, and the evidence shall include matters
relating to any of the aggravating or mitigating circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Young, 536 Pa. 57, 637 A.2d 1313, 1321-22 (1993).
Notably, “a proceeding held to determine [a] sentence is not a trial, and the
court is not bound by the restrictive rules of evidence properly applicable to
trials.” Commonwealth v. Medley, 725 A.2d 1225, 1229 (Pa.Super. 1999).
Hearsay testimony is precisely the type of evidence which is
the right of a court in sentencing to consider even though such
information is obtained outside the courtroom from persons whom
the defendant has not been permitted to confront or cross-
examine. Significantly, the admission of hearsay in sentencing
proceedings, especially those which do not involve a capital crime,
is a common occurrence. In fact, sentencing courts as a matter
of course, consider hearsay in nearly every sentencing case since
pre-sentence investigations are routinely ordered and considered
by the court and a pre-sentence report is the very definition of
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hearsay, i.e., the report is a report by a probation officer reciting
other person’s out-of-court statements offered for their truth.
Medley, 725 A.2d at 1230. Notably, the Victim’s Bill of Rights, the Sentencing
Code, and the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure all permit a trial court
to consider a pre-sentence investigation report and victim impact statement
prior to imposing a sentence, which include statements of hearsay. See 18
P.S. § 11.201(5); 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9721(b) and 9731: Pa.R.Crim.P. 702(A).
However, the consideration of hearsay, even at a sentencing hearing, is
not unfettered. See Pa.R.E. 101 cmt. Instead, a sentencing court may rely
on hearsay evidence in the limited circumstance where the hearsay originated
from a dependable source under reliable circumstances. Medley, 725 A.2d
at 1225. For example, in Medley, the Commonwealth established the
defendant’s prior record based on a detective’s testimony that he had
contacted out of state authorities to verify a prior conviction. Also, the
defendant admitted he had a prior conviction. Although the detective’s
testimony constituted hearsay, it had sufficient indicia of reliability under the
circumstances to be relied upon by the sentencing court. Id. at 1230.
In the case sub judice, the trial court relevantly explained as follows:
[Appellant] argues that the [trial] court erred in relying on
the records of his court-martial at the time of sentencing [in the
instant case] as those records were hearsay. The Commonwealth
argues that the records were certified copies of the [military court-
martial] record as evidence[d] by the Motion for Protective Order.
The Commonwealth argues that even if the records constituted
hearsay, the [trial] court could rely on them in determining if
[Appellant] had a prior qualifying offense as required by Section
9718.2(a) as courts routinely rely on hearsay during sentencing.
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***
Here, the Commonwealth offered into evidence the records
related to [Appellant’s] 2003 court-martial in which he entered
guilty pleas to one specification each of indecent liberties with a
female under the age of 16….and two specifications of an indecent
act with a female under the age of 16. As evidenced by the May
24, 2022, Motion for Protective Order, these records were
provided by the United States Army Crime Records Center (“Crime
Records Center”). [Appellant] has not offered any evidence to
suggest records from the Crime Records Center were not obtained
from a dependable source under reliable circumstances such that
they should not be considered, whether hearsay or not, at
sentencing.
Trial Court Opinion, filed 2/27/23, at 7-9.
We find no abuse of discretion. As the trial court noted, in response to
the trial court signing a protective order, the Commonwealth received a
certified copy of Appellant’s military court-martial records from the Crime
Records Center. Trial courts routinely rely upon certified court records, which
contain hearsay, in determining whether a defendant has a prior conviction
because the hearsay originates from a dependable source under reliable
circumstances. Medley, 725 A.2d at 1225. See Commonwealth v. Norris,
819 A.2d 568, 576 (Pa.Super. 2003) (indicating a trial court considers a
defendant’s written court records in determining whether the defendant has
qualifying prior convictions for purposes of applying mandatory minimum
sentences). We agree with the trial court this reasoning applies to official
military court-martial records, as well.
Further, we note Appellant admitted during the January 12, 2022, bail
hearing, which occurred immediately after his preliminary hearing, that he
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pled guilty before a military tribunal to sex offenses involving a minor victim
in the early 2000s. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding, beyond
a preponderance of the evidence, that Appellant had a prior military
conviction, which triggered the applicability of Section 9718.2(a)(1).
Accordingly, we find no merit to Appellant’s claim the trial court unlawfully
sentenced him to the 25-year mandatory minimum under Section
9718.2(a)(1) since the Commonwealth proved a prior qualifying offense
meeting the requirements of the statute.
Next, we turn to Appellant’s claim the trial court erred in denying his
pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty pleas. Appellant contends that,
when he pled guilty, he was unaware that he would be subject to the
mandatory minimum sentences under Section 9718.2(a)(1). Thus, he
contends he set forth a “fair and just reason” for withdrawing his guilty pleas
prior to sentencing.
We review the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s pre-sentence motion to
withdraw his guilty pleas for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Baez,
169 A.3d 35, 39 (Pa.Super. 2017); Commonwealth v. Islas, 156 A.3d 1185,
1187 (Pa.Super. 2017). “An abuse of discretion is not a mere error in
judgment but, rather, involves bias, ill will, partiality, prejudice, manifest
unreasonableness and/or misapplication of law. By contrast, a proper exercise
of discretion conforms to the law is based on the facts of record.”
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Commonwealth v. Gordy, 73 A.3d 620, 624 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citation
omitted).
We presume “a defendant who entered a guilty plea was aware of what
he was doing, and the defendant bears the burden of proving otherwise.”
Commonwealth v. Hart, 174 A.3d 660, 665 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation
omitted). This Court has recently held:
Where a defendant requests to withdraw his guilty plea before he
is sentenced, the trial court has discretion to grant the withdrawal
and that discretion is to be liberally exercised to permit withdrawal
of the plea if two conditions are present: 1) the defendant
demonstrates a fair and just reason for withdrawing the plea and
2) it is not shown that withdrawal of the plea would cause
substantial prejudice to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v.
Carrasquillo, 631 Pa. 692, 115 A.3d 1284, 1291-92 (2015);
Baez, 169 A.3d at 39; Islas, 156 A.3d at 1188; see also
Pa.R.Crim.P. 591(A) (“At any time before the imposition of
sentence, the court may, in its discretion, permit, upon motion of
the defendant,…the withdrawal of a plea of guilty or nolo
contendere and the substitution of a plea of not guilty”)[.]
Commonwealth v. Jamison, 284 A.3d 501, 505 (Pa.Super. 2022)
(emphasis added).
In the case sub judice, assuming, arguendo, Appellant presented a “fair
and just reason” for withdrawing his plea based on his alleged unawareness
the Commonwealth would be seeking the mandatory minimum sentence
under Section 9718.2(a)(1),13 we find the trial court did not abuse its
____________________________________________
13 To the extent the Commonwealth suggests, and the trial court concludes,
that, as applied to the instant case, Section 9718(c) requires notice of
mandatory minimums after conviction and before sentencing, we note the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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discretion in denying Appellant’s pre-sentence motion since it was “shown that
withdrawal of the plea would cause substantial prejudice to the
Commonwealth.” Jamison, 284 A.3d at 505 (citations omitted).
In the context of a pre-sentence request for plea
withdrawal, the term “prejudice” means that, due to events
occurring after the entry of the plea, the Commonwealth’s
prosecution of its case is in a worse position than it would have
been had the trial taken place as originally scheduled. Thus,
prejudice is about the Commonwealth’s ability to try its case, not
about the personal inconvenience to complainants unless that
inconvenience somehow impairs the Commonwealth’s
prosecution.
Gordy, 73 A.3d at 624 (citations omitted).
Here, in explaining the reasons it would be substantially prejudiced if
Appellant was permitted to withdraw his guilty pleas, the Commonwealth
averred as follows during the pre-sentence motion hearing:
[Appellant] has to prove that the Commonwealth would not
be prejudiced by withdrawal of [his pleas in] this case. The
Commonwealth maintains the opposite. We would, in fact, be
prejudiced if the court were to allow withdrawal here. The co-
defendant, Michael Shaulis, [who is Appellant’s] son and the uncle
of the victim here, had indicated his willingness to cooperate
against [Appellant] to testify against him. [Michael Shaulis] pled
guilty, and we were waiting his sentencing pending [Appellant’s]
decision to plead guilty.
[Michael Shaulis] was sentenced on June 6, 2022[.] [This
was] [a]fter [Appellant] had entered a plea and with the
____________________________________________
appellate courts have construed the statute differently for defendants who
enter guilty pleas. For a defendant who pleads guilty, notice that the
Commonwealth intends to seek application of a mandatory minimum sentence
is required prior to the defendant’s entry of a guilty plea. See
Commonwealth v. Broaden, 980 A.2d 124 (Pa.Super. 2009).
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understanding that [Michael Shaulis’s] cooperation would not be
necessary against [Appellant] because he had entered a plea.
[The appellate courts] have indicated that the [trial] court
properly denied [a] defendant’s motion to withdraw a plea where
a cooperating co-defendant had been pled and sentenced prior to
the [motion to] withdraw and would therefore lack motivation to
cooperate against the defendant at issue. For that reason, [the
Commonwealth] believes that [the Commonwealth] would also be
severely prejudiced should the [trial] court grant [Appellant’s]
motion to withdraw [in the instant case].
N.T., 8/22/22, at 7-8.
The trial court found the Commonwealth’s representation to be credible,
and, in denying Appellant’s pre-sentence motion, specifically found “the
Commonwealth would be significantly prejudiced since they had already
completed their agreement with the co-defendant.” Id. at 9-10. Further, the
trial court noted the emotional trauma the child victim would likely suffer given
that she was told she would not have to testify at trial against her grandfather.
Id. at 10.
Upon review, we find no abuse of discretion. This Court has held that
substantial prejudice exists if a defendant makes a withdrawal request only
after the Commonwealth enters into agreements with the defendant’s co-
defendants. Commonwealth v. Davis, 191 A.3d 883 (Pa.Super. 2018). In
such cases, the co-defendant’s “lack of motivation to cooperate with the
prosecution would severely prejudice the Commonwealth if it sought to try
[the] appellant.” Id. at 891 (citing Commonwealth v. Ross, 498 Pa. 512,
447 A.2d 943 (1982) (finding that the “request to withdraw the plea, which
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had been made after the dismissal of numerous key Commonwealth witnesses
in reliance on the plea, was properly denied”)).
Moreover, this Court has noted that, although a child victim may still
“be available in a technical sense,” the emotional trauma and diminished
memory of a child victim are also appropriate considerations in determining
whether the Commonwealth has been substantially prejudiced by a defendant
seeking to withdraw his guilty pleas. Commonwealth v. Carr, 543 A.2d
1232, 1234 (Pa.Super. 1988). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding that the prosecution would be substantially
prejudiced if Appellant were allowed to withdraw his guilty pleas.
Consequently, the trial court properly denied Appellant’s pre-sentence motion
to withdraw his guilty pleas.14
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
____________________________________________
14We note that:
[A] request to withdraw a guilty plea after sentencing is subject
to higher scrutiny [than a pre-sentence request] since courts
strive to discourage [the] entry of guilty pleas as sentence-testing
devices. Therefore, in order to withdraw a guilty plea after the
imposition of sentence, a defendant must make a showing of
prejudice which resulted in a manifest injustice. A defendant
meets this burden only if he can demonstrate that his guilty plea
was entered involuntarily, unknowingly, or unintelligently.
Commonwealth v. Culsoir, 209 A.3d 433, 437 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citations
and quotation marks omitted). Here, given that we have found no relief is
due regarding the denial of Appellant’s pre-sentence motion to withdraw his
guilty pleas, we also find that, to the extent Appellant contends the trial court
erred in denying his post-sentence motion to withdraw on the same grounds,
he is not entitled to relief. See id.- 24 -
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Affirmed.
DATE: 12/7/2023
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