Michael F. Rose, Jr. v. Stephen M. Brusini

Supreme Court
No. 2015-298-Appeal.
(PC 11-7329)
Michael F. Rose, Jr. et al. :
v. :
Stephen M. Brusini et al. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst,
Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island
02903, at Tel. 222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2015-298-Appeal.
(PC 11-7329)
Michael F. Rose, Jr. et al. :
v. :
Stephen M. Brusini et al. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
OPINION
Justice Flaherty, for the Court. This case came before the Supreme Court on appeal by
the plaintiffs, Michael F. Rose, Jr. and RC&D, Inc. (collectively plaintiffs), from a decision of
the Superior Court granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment in favor of Attorney
Stephen M. Brusini and the law firm Orson & Brusini Ltd. (collectively defendants). The
plaintiffs argue that the hearing justice erred when he concluded that there was no evidence of
proximate cause linking the defendants’ alleged negligence and any damages the plaintiffs may
have suffered, and that Rose’s own conduct was the proximate cause of his damages. The matter
came before this Court for oral argument on November 2, 2016, pursuant to an order directing
the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised by this appeal should not summarily
be decided. After considering the oral and written arguments of the parties, and after a thorough
review of the record, we are of the opinion that cause has not been shown and that this case
should be decided at this time without further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth in
this opinion, we vacate the judgment of the Superior Court.
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I
Facts and Travel
On January 7, 2004, Rose and David Egan formed a closely held corporation, RC&D,
Inc. RC&D provided specialized construction services, equipment, and personnel for
environmental restoration and related land development in the New England region. At first,
Rose and Egan were equal owners of the corporation. The ownership percentages later changed,
however, and Egan acquired 51 percent of the issued shares of RC&D stock and Rose held the
remaining 49 percent. Egan was responsible for office administration and keeping and
maintaining the financial records while Rose supervised field construction operations. Rose had
very little personal involvement in managing or overseeing RC&D’s finances and he did not
have access to the company’s books and records, which Egan kept password-protected through a
software program called Quickbooks. In 2007 the two began discussing Rose’s buyout of
Egan’s 51 percent interest in RC&D. In August 2008, after negotiations became contentious,
Rose engaged defendants to represent him in connection with the buyout.
By December 14, 2008, negotiations had progressed to a point where defendants were
able to prepare a draft purchase and sale agreement (P&S) and circulate it to the parties. One
component of the P&S involved Rose’s purchase of Egan’s shares of stock in RC&D and the
second component involved a distribution from RC&D to Egan of the company’s profits earned
through December 31, 2008. On December 16, 2008, Egan’s counsel sent a “redlined” version
of the first draft of the P&S to defendants. Two days later, Egan finally sent an email to Rose
containing some information about RC&D’s finances, including balance sheets, a projection as
of December 31 of assets and liabilities, and a schedule of accounts receivable.
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On December 19, 2008, Brusini advised Rose not to sign the P&S because Egan was
refusing to provide critical financial information regarding RC&D. Later that day, during a
conference call with the parties, Brusini reiterated his advice that Rose should not execute the
P&S. And again, on December 22, 2008, Brusini called Rose to tell him the same thing, but
Rose was intent on going forward.
By email, on December 23, 2008 at 9:55 a.m., Brusini sent a marked-up draft of the P&S
to, among others, Egan’s counsel and Rose. At 10:06 a.m. the same day, Brusini sent a letter to
Rose by email. The letter recounted their telephone conversations from December 19 and
December 22 and specified, “I cannot recommend and do not recommend that you [Rose] sign
the agreement as revised by [Egan’s counsel]” because Rose had not been involved in the
finances of the company and did not know what the finances of the company were. The letter
continued:
“That said, I am aware that you are willing to take the risks outlined
above and the risks generally posed by [Egan’s counsel’s] revisions,
and that you are anxious to close these transactions as soon as
possible. With that in mind, in the red-lined version that I sent to
you earlier this morning I have attempted to make at least a few
changes to [Egan’s counsel’s] version to provide you with some
basic protections.”
The amended version of the P&S referred to in the letter included a “True-up Clause” to protect
Rose in order “to capture post-closing any amount paid to Mr. Egan in connection with the
buyout that, for any reason, [was] improper or incorrect.”
The closing on the buyout took place on January 6, 2009, and the distribution amount
($1,204,695.75) was paid in full to Egan. After the closing, Rose finally gained full access to
RC&D’s financial books and records, including Quickbooks. The financial books and records
revealed that Egan, in the very limited information he had provided to Rose preclosing, had
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overstated the accounts receivable and assets and had understated the accounts payable, thereby
resulting in a considerably higher 2008 year-end distribution to Egan. According to the
company’s books and records, the distribution paid by RC&D to Egan was approximately
$584,695.70 more than what Egan was entitled to under the terms and conditions of the P&S.
Rose and Egan Litigation
In January 2010, Egan filed a complaint against plaintiffs after Rose declined to satisfy
the remaining balance from the buyout. Rose and RC&D answered and filed counterclaims
against Egan, arguing that Egan was required to return the overpayment to RC&D, based upon
the True-up Clause that Brusini had assured Rose he could rely upon should the distribution paid
to Egan be found to exceed his entitlement. However, that litigation encountered some rough
sailing; a justice of the Superior Court declared that “there [was] an ambiguity under the
language of the agreement,” and granted partial summary judgment in favor of Egan with respect
to at least two counts of his complaint. After Rose incurred over $300,000 in litigation fees and
expenses, the parties entered into a settlement agreement on November 3, 2011.
The Malpractice Action
On December 30, 2011, plaintiffs filed suit against defendants, alleging professional
negligence and breach of contract. Rose’s primary argument was that defendants breached a
duty that they owed to Rose when they failed to advise him to invoke the statutorily enforceable
rights and remedies available to shareholders pursuant to G.L. 1956 chapter 1.2 of title 7 of the
Rhode Island Business Corporations Act (Disclosure Act), which would have provided access to
RC&D’s books and records. 1 The plaintiffs further argued that defendants negligently drafted
1
General Laws 1956 § 7-1.2-1502 reads in pertinent part as follows:
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the True-up Clause, thus resulting in their inability to recover the overpaid amount in the Egan
litigation.
In time, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Rose could not
demonstrate that they were liable to Rose because he had failed to follow Brusini’s clear and
documented advice, which explicitly warned against signing the P&S. In that correspondence,
Brusini outlined his concerns about the deal and specifically identified that “due to these
concerns, I [Brusini] cannot recommend and do not recommend that you [Rose] sign the [P&S].”
Nevertheless, Rose went forward with the buyout despite the letter and in the face of Egan’s
“(a) Each corporation shall keep correct and complete
books and records of account * * *. Any books, records, * * * may
be in written form or any other form capable of being converted
into written form within a reasonable time.
“(b) Any * * * shareholder * * *, upon written demand
stating the purpose for the demand, has the right to examine, in
person, or by agent or attorney, at any reasonable time or times, for
any proper purpose, its relevant books and records of account * * *
and to make extracts from those books and records of account * *
*.
“(c) Any officer or agent who, or a corporation which,
refuses to allow any shareholder * * * to examine and make
extracts from its books and records of account * * * for any proper
purpose, is liable to the shareholder * * * in a penalty of ten
percent (10%) of the value of the shares owned by the shareholder,
* * * in addition to any other damages or remedy afforded him or
her by law.
“(d) Nothing contained in these provisions impairs the
power of any court of competent jurisdiction, upon proof by a * * *
shareholder * * * to compel the production for examination * * *
of the books and records of account * * *.
“(e) Upon the written request of any * * * shareholder * * *
the corporation shall mail to the * * * shareholder * ** its most
recent financial statements showing in reasonable detail its assets
and liabilities and the results of its operations.”
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continued refusal to provide financial information. As a result, defendants asserted that the
proximate cause for any alleged damages was Rose’s own decision to proceed with the buyout
against his counsel’s advice.
The hearing justice, in a bench decision, granted defendants’ motion for summary
judgment. The hearing justice found that defendants had a duty to plaintiffs, and, based on the
affidavit of Attorney Karen A. Pelczarski, that there was a genuine issue of fact as to whether
there was a breach of that duty.
However, when determining whether there was a genuine issue of material fact as to
proximate cause, the hearing justice focused on two documents—Brusini’s December 23, 2008,
letter and Attorney Pelczarski’s affidavit, which had been offered in opposition to the motion for
summary judgment. The hearing justice indicated that, while Attorney Pelczarski’s affidavit
repeatedly referred to lack of care, skill, diligence, and knowledge, she never used the words
“proximate cause” in her affidavit. He further specified that there were many possibilities for
what might have occurred had defendants advised Rose of the Disclosure Act, concluding that it
would require “pure conjecture” to determine what the outcome of the transaction would have
been had defendants notified Rose of the Disclosure Act. The hearing justice went on to say,
“but what is not conjecture is that if Mr. Rose had taken defendants’ recommendation and
refused to sign the agreement, he would not have incurred the loss of which he now complains.”
As for the ambiguity that was noted by the trial justice in the Egan litigation about the True-up
Clause, the hearing justice specified that ambiguity in a document does not equate to legal
malpractice. Moreover, the hearing justice indicated that the case was settled before the efficacy
of the True-up Clause was litigated; therefore, there was no basis to conclude whether the
language employed was effective or ineffective.
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The hearing justice concluded that plaintiffs had not produced any evidence to suggest
that their legal position was somehow compromised as a result of Brusini’s advice and that the
undisputed evidence demonstrated that Rose disregarded Brusini’s counsel and went forward
with the buyout without having access to the financial information. He further noted that, had
Rose simply followed Brusini’s instructions, the alleged damages would not have occurred. He
avowed that, in order to find a causal connection between Brusini’s alleged breach and Rose’s
overpayment in the buyout, a factfinder would be forced to speculate about what would have
happened had Rose been advised of his statutory rights. The hearing justice concluded that the
undisputed facts before the court were susceptible to just one inference: that Rose’s decision to
go forward with the buyout despite Brusini’s advice recommending that he not sign the P&S was
the cause of Rose’s harm. Significantly, however, the hearing justice did not refer to a separate
affidavit that Rose himself had submitted in opposition to the motion for summary judgment.
After judgment entered on behalf of defendants, Rose timely appealed.
II
Standard of Review
“This Court reviews de novo a trial justice’s decision granting summary judgment.” Sola
v. Leighton, 45 A.3d 502, 506 (R.I. 2012) (quoting Lynch v. Spirit Rent-A-Car, Inc., 965 A.2d
417, 424 (R.I. 2009)). “Summary judgment is an extreme remedy and should be granted only
when ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to judgment as [a] matter of law.’” Plunkett v. State, 869 A.2d 1185,
1187 (R.I. 2005) (quoting Wright v. Zielinski, 824 A.2d 494, 497 (R.I. 2003)). “Only when a
review of the admissible evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party
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reveals no genuine issues of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law, will this Court uphold the trial justice’s grant of summary judgment.” National
Refrigeration, Inc. v. Standen Contracting Co., 942 A.2d 968, 971 (R.I. 2008) (quoting Carlson
v. Town of Smithfield, 723 A.2d 1129, 1131 (R.I. 1999)). The party opposing “a motion for
summary judgment carries the burden of proving by competent evidence the existence of a
disputed material issue of fact and cannot rest on allegations or denials in the pleadings or on
conclusions or legal opinions.” Id. (quoting Accent Store Design, Inc. v. Marathon House, Inc.,
674 A.2d 1223, 1225 (R.I. 1996)).
III
Analysis
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the hearing justice erred when he determined there was no
evidence of proximate cause arising from any alleged negligence of defendants and that any
damage to plaintiffs was caused by Rose’s casting away his attorney’s cautions and warning and
proceeding with the closing. Rather, plaintiffs maintain that the evidence establishes that, but for
defendants’ failure to advise them of their statutory right to access the books and records of
RC&D, they would have demanded, received, and reviewed them, thereby avoiding postclosing
litigation. Additionally, plaintiffs assert that defendants’ negligence and their reliance on the
negligently drafted True-up Clause contributed to their damages. Furthermore, plaintiffs argue
that, because it is up to the factfinder to determine the issue of proximate cause, that issue is not
amenable to summary judgment.
In his decision, the hearing justice found that Brusini’s conduct was not causally
connected to plaintiffs’ alleged damages, determining that it would require the employment of
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“conjecture and speculation” to conclude that Rose would have proceeded differently had he
been advised of and counseled to make use of the statutory demand procedure.
This Court has held that “[i]n order to prevail on a negligence-based legal malpractice
claim, a plaintiff must prove by a fair preponderance of the evidence not only a defendant’s duty
of care, but also a breach thereof and the damages actually or proximately resulting therefrom to
the plaintiff.” Ciambrone v. Coia & Lepore, Ltd., 819 A.2d 207, 211 (R.I. 2003) (quoting
Richmond Square Capital Corp. v. Mittleman, 773 A.2d 882, 886 (R.I. 2001)). “Failure to prove
all three of those required elements, acts as a matter of law, to bar relief or recovery.” Vallinoto
v. DiSandro, 688 A.2d 830, 836 (R.I. 1997).
To establish proximate cause, it must be shown “that but for the negligence of the
tortfeasor, injury to the plaintiff would not have occurred.” Contois v. Town of West Warwick,
865 A.2d 1019, 1023 (R.I. 2004) (quoting English v. Green, 787 A.2d 1146, 1151 (R.I. 2001)).
Furthermore, “[t]he causal connection between negligence and a plaintiff’s injury must be
established by competent evidence and may not be based on conjecture or speculation.”
McLaughlin v. Moura, 754 A.2d 95, 98 (R.I. 2000) (quoting Skaling v. Aetna Insurance Co., 742
A.2d 282, 288 (R.I. 1999)). Nevertheless, “proximate cause can be established by circumstantial
evidence, and specific direct evidence of * * * proximate cause is not always necessary.” Seide
v. State, 875 A.2d 1259, 1268 (R.I. 2005) (quoting Martinelli v. Hopkins, 787 A.2d 1158, 1169
(R.I. 2001)).
“Ordinarily the determination of proximate cause * * * is a question of fact that should
not be decided by summary judgment.” Munroe v. Cheaters Holding Corp., 808 A.2d 645, 646
(R.I. 2002) (quoting Splendorio v. Bilray Demolition Co., 682 A.2d 461, 467 (R.I. 1996)).
“However, one resisting summary judgment must assert ‘sufficient
facts to satisfy the necessary elements of his [or her] negligence
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claim’ and if a ‘plaintiff fails to present evidence identifying
defendants’ negligence as the proximate cause of his [or her] injury
or from which a reasonable inference of proximate cause may be
drawn,’ then summary judgment becomes proper.” Splendorio,
682 A.2d at 467 (quoting Russian v. Life-Cap Tires Services, Inc.,
608 A.2d 1145, 1147 (R.I. 1992)).
Furthermore, “when the facts are undisputed and are susceptible of but one inference, * * * the
question [becomes] one of law for the court * * *.” Geloso v. Kenny, 812 A.2d 814, 818 (R.I.
2002) (quoting Schenck v. Roger Williams General Hospital, 119 R.I. 510, 517, 382 A.2d 514,
518 (1977)). Nonetheless, we have repeatedly cautioned that “complaints sounding in
negligence generally are not amenable to summary judgment and should be resolved by a fact
finding at the trial court * * *.” Hall v. City of Newport, 138 A.3d 814, 820 (R.I. 2016) (quoting
Berard v. HCP, Inc., 64 A.3d 1215, 1218 (R.I. 2013)).
In this case, the fulcrum is whether the hearing justice correctly decided that proximate
cause could not be established based on the record before him. When he considered the motion
for summary judgment that had been filed on behalf of defendants, the hearing justice was
confronted by two affidavits in opposition to the motion. One of those affidavits was authored
by an attorney expert, and it is fair to say that the subject of that document centered on the breach
of the standard of care. The hearing justice fairly pointed out that it did not specifically address
the issue of proximate causation. 2 However, it is our opinion that Rose’s affidavit addresses the
issue of proximate cause.
2
Although we find no fault with the hearing justice’s observation that Attorney Pelczarski’s
affidavit did not use the words “proximate cause,” she did conclude that:
“[b]ased on * * * [d]efendants’ failure to advise Rose of the rights
to obtain access to RC&D’s books and records that were afforded
to him under the Disclosure [Act], it is reasonable to infer under
the facts presented that Rose would have misunderstood and would
have acted under the mistaken belief that he was left with no
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In his affidavit, Rose asserted that defendants did not advise him of his statutory rights
under the Disclosure Act, but that if they had “advised [him] accordingly, [he] would certainly
have promptly authorized and instructed them to exercise [his] rights and remedies under the
Disclosure [Act].” He further swore that “[t]he issues Brusini mentioned [in his letter to Rose]
were simply not important and/or relevant to whether or not [he] proceeded with the [b]uyout.”
Additionally, Rose specified that
“[w]henever [he] told [his] concerns to Brusini about not having
any access to the financial records and not being able to calculate
corporate profits for determining the correct amount of the
[d]istribution and/or to analyze any financial transactions in the
months leading up to the closing, Brusini told [him] that [he] could
rely upon [the True-up Clause] if it turned out that the
[d]istribution amount paid to Egan was incorrect.”
Rose averred that he did, indeed, rely on what Brusini told him. He maintained that “[a]t the
very least, had [he] timely received the books and records pre-closing, there wouldn’t have been
any surprises post-closing regarding the [d]istribution amount,” and he “could have, and would
have, been able to avoid the [l]itigation and the substantial legal fees, costs and expenses [he]
incurred in connection therewith.”
Although the hearing justice repeatedly referred to Rose’s arguments as “pure
conjecture,” it is our opinion that Rose submitted enough competent evidence to fend off the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment on a question of fact relating to the defendants’
liability. Through his affidavit, Rose introduced sufficient evidence that would, at the least,
choice but to either proceed with the purchase of Egan’s shares, or
to decline to purchase Egan’s shares, without having the financial
information necessary to make an informed decision about the
Distribution.”
It could be argued that Attorney Pelczarski used the appropriate language to indicate that a jury
could draw a reasonable inference of proximate causation based on the facts produced.
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allow a jury to reasonably infer the defendants’ negligence as the proximate cause of his
damages. Moreover, when we review that evidence in the light most favorable to Rose, as we
must, it is clear that granting summary judgment on this issue of fact was inappropriate. We are
of the opinion that the hearing justice overlooked the allegations in Rose’s affidavit that raised
issues of material fact on the issue of causation that must be submitted to a trier of fact.
IV
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the plaintiffs’ appeal is sustained and the final judgment
appealed from is vacated. The papers in this case are remanded to the Superior Court.
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RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S
OFFICE
Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet
TITLE OF CASE: Michael F. Rose, Jr. et al. v. Stephen M. Brusini et al.
CASE NO: No. 2015-298-Appeal.
(PC 11-7329)
COURT: Supreme Court
DATE OPINION FILED: November 29, 2016
JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice Francis X. Flaherty
SOURCE OF APPEAL: Providence County Superior Court
JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:
Associate Justice Richard A. Licht
ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:
For Plaintiffs: Peter J. Brockmann, Esq.
Frank F. Sallee, Esq.
For Defendants: J. David Freel, Esq.
Paul S. Callaghan, Esq.