State v. Terrell Bliss

April 4, 2023
Supreme Court
No. 2021-334-C.A.
(P2/16-1112A)
No. 2021-335-C.A.
(P2/18-3790A)
State :
v. :
Terrell Bliss. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2021-334-C.A.
(P2/16-1112A)
No. 2021-335-C.A.
(P2/18-3790A)
State :
v. :
Terrell Bliss. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.
OPINION
Chief Justice Suttell, for the Court. The defendant, Terrell Bliss, appeals
from two judgments of probation violation entered in separate Superior Court cases,
stemming from the same adjudication. The cases have been consolidated on appeal.
Before this Court, the defendant asserts that the hearing justice erred because the
state did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had
violated the terms and conditions of his probation. These consolidated appeals came
before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and
show cause why the issues raised in the appeals should not be summarily decided.
After considering the parties’ written submissions1 and reviewing the record, we
conclude that cause has not been shown and that the appeals may be decided without
1
The parties elected to waive oral argument and rest upon their written submissions.
-1-
further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the
judgments of the Superior Court.
I
Facts and Travel
On May 4, 2017, defendant pled nolo contendere to one count of obstructing
the judicial system, for which he was sentenced to five years, with one year to serve,
and the remainder suspended, with probation. Later, on October 15, 2020, defendant
pled nolo contendere to one count of felony assault, for which he was sentenced to
fifty-four months, all of which was suspended, with probation. On March 3, 2021,
the state filed a probation-violation report in Providence County Superior Court,
pursuant to Rule 32(f) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure, in both
cases.
Hearings regarding the alleged probation violation were held on two days in
2021.2 Brendan McKenna, a patrolman for the Providence Police Department,
testified at both hearings, and his body-worn camera (bodycam) footage was entered
2
The first hearing was held on June 21, 2021. At the end of the hearing, defendant
indicated to the court that he wished to retain new counsel because, according to
defendant, another person—Enrique Miranda—had paid for his legal fees, which
defendant was not aware of “until a couple hours” before the hearing and he,
therefore, did not feel as though his counsel at the time was “on [his] side.” Based
on defendant’s concerns, the hearing justice delayed the hearing without prejudice
to the state, noting that there was “no ethical obligation for [counsel] to withdraw
from representing” defendant. New counsel was later appointed for defendant, and
the second hearing was held on September 28, 2021.
-2-
into evidence. We derive the following facts from his testimony and the bodycam
footage.
Officer McKenna testified that, on March 2, 2021, at approximately 5 or
5:30 p.m., he stopped a car near the Steven Shaw police substation in Providence,
observing the car’s tinted windows; he indicated that he “couldn’t see into the
vehicle at all through the front windshield.” Before pulling the car over, he ran the
vehicle registration and it came up with the name Enrique Miranda, with whom
Officer McKenna was familiar from prior contacts.
After stopping the car in a CVS parking lot, Officer McKenna asked the
driver—defendant—for identification. He testified that he recognized defendant’s
name “from a shots-fired incident.” After being advised of the reason for the traffic
stop, defendant provided Officer McKenna with his driver’s license and showed him
a ticket that he had previously received for tinted windows on the same car in January
2021. A second officer arrived on the scene and informed Officer McKenna that
defendant had an active arrest warrant. Officer McKenna testified that he then
“requested that [defendant] step out of the vehicle so [the officers] could place him
into custody.”
Officer McKenna then handcuffed defendant and conducted a search, during
which he felt “a hard, rock-like substance in his sweatshirt,” which he believed felt
like crack cocaine. Officer McKenna then asked defendant if he had narcotics on
-3-
his person; in response, defendant stated that Officer McKenna “planted the drugs
on him.” Officer McKenna testified that the drugs were not easily accessible.
Another officer then retrieved from defendant’s sweatshirt a plastic bag containing
“a hard, rock-like white substance” that was divided into seven smaller bags.
After the plastic bag was discovered, defendant “began to tense his body and
he started to pull away from” the officers. Officer McKenna testified that he and the
other officers were then concerned that defendant was attempting to flee and might
“be in possession of narcotics or a weapon.” As the officers tried to control
defendant, defendant stuffed his hands into his pants, which Officer McKenna
testified he took as an indication that defendant might have a weapon or more
narcotics. The defendant then resisted the officers’ attempts to remove his hands
from his pants; when his hands were ultimately removed after “[n]o more than two
minutes” there was nothing in his hands.
Subsequently, the officers put defendant in a prone position—“on his
stomach, handcuffed behind his back”—and attempted to get him into the police
cruiser, “at which point he began to violently move his body” and “might have
head-butted the cruiser door.” Ultimately, the officers requested a transport van
because they could not get defendant into the police cruiser. Officer McKenna
testified that defendant was resisting getting into the transport van by struggling and
flailing “his body violently” and that he “struck a police officer with a kick” to the
-4-
officer’s head. That officer then “struck the defendant once in the face with a closed
fist[,]” which Officer McKenna affirmed was done in order to gain compliance.
The police conducted a further search of the car and found a firearm in the
gear-shift area of the center console. Officer McKenna identified the firearm at trial,
and he also testified that he spoke with Miranda, who indicated that he had registered
the car for defendant. At the second hearing, the state stipulated that the firearm
seized from the car was swabbed for DNA in three spots; although two different
sources of DNA were identified, neither was from defendant. The state also
identified a report from the Department of Health which concluded that the
substance seized from defendant tested positive for cocaine.
Following the testimony and stipulation, defendant argued that the car, the
narcotics, and the firearm seized were not his, stressing that the car was registered
to another individual and that his DNA was not on the firearm. He asked the court
to disregard Miranda’s statement to the effect that Miranda had registered the car for
defendant because it was “self-serving” and “not believable testimony without
Miranda’s presence in court to explain that statement.” The defendant further
alleged that, when he was initially pulled over, he was “compliant[,]” “respectful[,]”
and “not evasive[.]” He claimed that, when his foot later contacted an officer’s head,
it “was unintentional[.]” The defendant ultimately argued that the state “failed in its
-5-
burden to establish that [defendant] was aware of the gun, was aware of the drugs,
or that * * * the contact to the police officer was intentional.”
In response, the state argued that defendant had violated the terms of his
probation by obstructing the police and by having drugs and a firearm in his
possession. The state submitted, specifically, that defendant had “resisted
continuously” and, additionally, that he had been in possession of cocaine intended
for distribution and a firearm.
The hearing justice rendered a bench decision on September 29, 2021, finding
that defendant had violated the terms and conditions of his probation. She indicated
that Officer McKenna’s bodycam footage was the most compelling evidence,
refuting defendant’s claim “that he was complying and cooperative in all respects
during the motor vehicle stop and until the time that a bag of suspected narcotics
was found to be concealed within a hem of his sweatshirt * * *.”
In rendering her decision, the hearing justice found that the bodycam footage
was “replete with evidence of the defendant’s intentional resisting arrest for the
majority of the 30-plus minute video.” Specifically, the hearing justice highlighted
defendant’s “attitude from the inception of the car stop[,]” his “combative tone” and
“foul language” during the search, and the fact that he began “flailing about to avoid
a further search” after the contraband found on him—ultimately determined to be
cocaine—was discovered by Officer McKenna. She noted that the “bad behavior
-6-
extended to the point of kicking [another officer] in the head, not because he was
struggling to sit up while he was cuffed, but because he was deliberately flailing and
preventing a peaceful arrest, physically fighting with members of law enforcement
throughout the encounter.”
The hearing justice ultimately found that defendant’s conduct, which she
described as “anything but cooperative and compliant, * * * demonstrated that he
failed to keep the peace and be of good behavior.” With regard to the drugs found
on defendant, the hearing justice determined that the state had “proven by a fair
preponderance of the evidence that this defendant failed to keep the peace and be of
good behavior by possessing a single bag with seven individual bags therein of what
was proven to be cocaine.” As to the firearm found in the car, she found that the
state had “proven by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the defendant was in
the actual or constructive possession of the firearm that was located in the car that
this defendant had been using with great regularity and as the primary user for at
least six weeks, and that such possession demonstrates * * * that he failed to keep
the peace and be of good behavior.”
Accordingly, the hearing justice found that defendant had violated the terms
of his probation in both cases. She removed three and a half years suspension on
each sentence in those cases. Judgments of conviction on the probation violation
entered on November 19, 2021. The defendant filed premature but timely notices of
-7-
appeal in each case on September 30, 2021. The defendant subsequently filed a
motion to consolidate the two cases in this Court, which motion was granted.
II
Standard of Review
“This Court’s review of a hearing justice’s decision in a probation-violation
proceeding is limited to considering whether the hearing justice acted arbitrarily or
capriciously in finding a violation.” State v. Kenner, 276 A.3d 357, 361 (R.I. 2022)
(quoting State v. Chandler, 225 A.3d 946, 947 (R.I. 2020)). We accord deference
“to the assessment of the credibility of witnesses made by a judicial officer who has
had the opportunity to listen to live testimony and to observe demeanor.” Id. at
361-62 (quoting State v. Segrain, 243 A.3d 1055, 1062 (R.I. 2021)). “[W]e ‘will not
second-guess supportable credibility assessments of a hearing justice in a
probation-revocation hearing.’” Id. at 362 (quoting State v. Molina, 251 A.3d 485,
493 (R.I. 2021)).
III
Discussion
On appeal, defendant contends that the state did not prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that he violated the terms and conditions of his probation.
Specifically, he argues that the car that defendant was driving was not owned by
him, that the gun found in the car was not his gun, and that the drugs found on his
-8-
person were not his drugs. The defendant additionally contends that he was “calm
and compliant” until the police accused him of possessing drugs and that “[a]ny
contact that his foot may have made with a police officer during that attempt to move
further into the van was unintentional.” The defendant therefore claims that the
hearing justice’s conclusion that he had violated his probation was erroneous.
The state counters that the hearing justice did not err in concluding that it had
proven by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant had violated his probation
and that this finding “was supported by the evidence presented and was neither
arbitrary nor capricious.” The state submits that the bodycam footage supports the
finding that defendant was not calm and cooperative and that the hearing justice was
correct to reject “defendant’s self-serving arguments” with regard to the drugs found
in defendant’s sweatshirt. The state additionally argues that the hearing justice did
not err in finding that defendant had “extended control over the vehicle[,]” including
the handgun found in the center console.
“At a probation-violation hearing, the sole issue for a hearing justice is
whether the defendant has breached a condition of his or her probation by failing to
keep the peace or remain on good behavior.” Kenner, 276 A.3d at 361 (quoting
Molina, 251 A.3d at 493). “The burden of proof at a probation-violation hearing is
much lower than the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt used at criminal trials.”
Id. (brackets omitted) (quoting Molina, 251 A.3d at 493). “To prove a violation,
-9-
‘the state must establish by a fair preponderance of the evidence’ that the defendant
violated their probation.” Id. (quoting Segrain, 243 A.3d at 1061). “To determine
whether the defendant has committed a violation, the hearing justice weighs the
evidence and assesses the credibility of the witnesses.” Id. (quoting Molina, 251
A.3d at 493).
After reviewing the record, we conclude that the hearing justice did not err in
finding by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant had violated his
probation. The bodycam footage clearly shows defendant’s resistance to a peaceful
arrest, which escalated when Officer McKenna touched what he presumed to be
contraband in the sweatshirt worn by defendant.
Furthermore, and perhaps most damning for defendant, is the cocaine seized
from his sweatshirt, which was packaged in a manner that could reasonably be
presumed to have been prepared for distribution given the number of smaller bags
found inside it. See State v. Storey, 8 A.3d 454, 462 (R.I. 2010) (stating that “twelve
cut plastic baggies,” among other things, helped support a search warrant and
pointed to the “fair probability that drugs and the indicia of drug distribution” would
be found at the defendant’s residence). Regardless of whether defendant’s conduct
was criminal in nature, it certainly “amount[ed] to a failure to keep the peace and
remain of good behavior.” Kenner, 276 A.3d at 363 (quoting Molina, 251 A.3d at
493).
- 10 -
With regard to the gun, this Court held in State v. Lopes, 60 A.3d 604 (R.I.
2013), that it is appropriate in a probation-violation proceeding for the hearing
justice not to “consider whether [the defendant] was actually guilty of the crime of
possession * * *.” Lopes, 60 A.3d at 609. Here, the record supports the hearing
justice’s finding that the state had “prove[d] by a fair preponderance of the evidence
that the defendant was in actual or constructive possession of the firearm that was
located in the car that this defendant had been using with great regularity and as the
primary user for at least six weeks[.]” Thus, the hearing justice reasonably
determined “that such possession demonstrates again that [defendant] failed to keep
the peace and be of good behavior.”
We are therefore of the opinion that the hearing justice did not “act[]
arbitrarily or capriciously in finding a violation.” Kenner, 276 A.3d at 361 (quoting
Chandler, 225 A.3d at 947). Accordingly, we uphold the judgments of probation
violation.
IV
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgments of the Superior
Court. The records may be returned to the Superior Court.
- 11 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
Licht Judicial Complex
250 Benefit Street
Providence, RI 02903
OPINION COVER SHEET
Title of Case State v. Terrell Bliss.
No. 2021-334-C.A.
(P2/16-1112A)
Case Number
No. 2021-335-C.A.
(P2/18-3790A)
Date Opinion Filed April 4, 2023
Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and
Justices
Long, JJ.
Written By Chief Justice Paul A. Suttell
Source of Appeal Providence County Superior Court
Judicial Officer from Lower Court Associate Justice Kristin E. Rodgers
For Plaintiff:
Mariana E. Ormonde
Department of Attorney General
Attorney(s) on Appeal
For Defendant:
Megan F. Jackson
Office of the Public Defender
SU-CMS-02A (revised November 2022)