Skydive Myrtle Beach, Inc. v. Horry Cnty.

STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
Skydive Myrtle Beach, Inc. (f/k/a Skydive Myrtle Beach,
LLC), Petitioner,
v.
Horry County, Horry County Department of Airports, H.
Randolph Haldi, Pat Apone, Tim Jackson, and Jack Teal,
Defendants,
of whom H. Randolph Haldi, Pat Apone, Tim Jackson, and
Jack Teal are Respondents.
Appellate Case No. 2017-001382
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS
Appeal from Horry County
Larry B. Hyman Jr., Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 27867
Heard November 8, 2018 – Filed March 13, 2019
REVERSED
Robert B. Varnado and Alexis M. Wimberly, both of
Brown & Varnado, LLC, of Mt. Pleasant, for Petitioner.
Samuel F. Arthur, III, of Aiken, Bridges, Elliott, Tyler &
Saleeby, P.A., of Florence, for Respondents.
JUSTICE FEW: Skydive Myrtle Beach, Inc. brought this lawsuit alleging Horry
County, Horry County Department of Airports, and several of their individually
named employees improperly attempted to remove Skydive from the space it leased
at Grand Strand Airport in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The circuit court
dismissed Skydive's claims against the individually named employees pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6) of the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, without allowing
Skydive leave to amend its complaint. The court of appeals affirmed in an
unpublished opinion. Skydive Myrtle Beach, Inc. v. Horry County, Op. No. 2017-
UP-118 (S.C. Ct. App. filed March 8, 2017). We reverse the court of appeals and
remand to the circuit court to allow Skydive an opportunity to file an amended
complaint.
I. Rule 15(a), SCRCP
Horry County and the Department of Airports answered Skydive's complaint. The
individually named employees (Respondents) filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6). Following a hearing on Respondents' motion, the circuit court
requested proposed orders from Skydive and Respondents. Skydive submitted two
proposed orders to the court. Each time, Skydive requested in writing it be allowed
to amend its complaint to cure any pleading defects in the event the court decided to
grant Respondents' motion. Nevertheless, the court granted Respondents' motion
and dismissed Skydive's claims against Respondents without considering Skydive's
request to amend its complaint. The order specifically provided the dismissal was
"with prejudice."
When a trial court finds a complaint fails "to state facts sufficient to constitute a
cause of action" under Rule 12(b)(6), the court should give the plaintiff an
opportunity to amend the complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a) before filing the final
order of dismissal. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 179, 182, 83 S. Ct. 227, 228,
230, 9 L. Ed. 2d 222, 224, 226 (1962) (where a complaint is dismissed "for failure
to state a claim upon which relief might be granted," leave to amend the complaint
"should, as the rules require, be 'freely given'" (quoting Rule 15(a), Fed. R. Civ. P.));
Dockside Ass'n, Inc. v. Detyens, Simmons & Carlisle, 297 S.C. 91, 95, 374 S.E.2d
907, 909 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding "Dockside should have been given leave to amend
its complaint" before it was finally dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b), SCRCP (citing
Foman, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S. Ct. at 230, 9 L. Ed. 2d at 226)). Rule 15(a) "strongly
favors amendments and the court is encouraged to freely grant leave to amend."
Patton v. Miller, 420 S.C. 471, 489-90, 804 S.E.2d 252, 261 (2017) (quoting Parker
v. Spartanburg Sanitary Sewer Dist., 362 S.C. 276, 286, 607 S.E.2d 711, 717 (Ct.
App. 2005)).
The circuit court erred by failing even to consider allowing Skydive to amend its
complaint. See Patton, 420 S.C. at 490, 804 S.E.2d at 262 (holding the trial court's
failure to exercise its discretion under Rule 15(a) is itself an abuse of discretion).
II. Rule 12(b)(6), SCRCP
Rule 12(b)(6) permits the trial court to address the sufficiency of a pleading stating
a claim; it is not a vehicle for addressing the underlying merits of the claim. See,
e.g., Charleston Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Harrell, 393 S.C. 552, 557, 713 S.E.2d 604, 607
(2011) ("In considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), SCRCP, the
circuit court must base its ruling solely upon the allegations set forth on the face of
the complaint."); Brown v. Leverette, 291 S.C. 364, 366, 353 S.E.2d 697, 698 (1987)
(". . . solely upon the allegations set forth on the face of the complaint"); see also
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965, 167 L. Ed. 2d
929, 940-41 (2007) ("[A] well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it strikes a
savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable, and that a recovery is very
remote and unlikely.") (internal quotations omitted); Republican Party of N.
Carolina v. Martin, 980 F.2d 943, 952 (4th Cir. 1992) ("A motion to dismiss under
Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of a complaint; importantly, it does not resolve
contests surrounding the facts, the merits of a claim, or the applicability of
defenses."). At the Rule 12 stage, therefore, the first decision for the trial court is to
decide only whether the pleading states a claim. Skydive was—any plaintiff is—
entitled to litigate the validity of its original pleading without having to convince the
trial court of the merits of its underlying claim.
If the trial court rules there has been a "failure to state facts sufficient to constitute a
cause of action," then the question could become whether the plaintiff wishes to
challenge the ruling by filing a Rule 59(e), SCRCP, motion. Filing a Rule 59(e)
motion is not an option, however, unless the plaintiff has a legitimate argument the
trial court erred in finding the complaint deficient. See Rule 11(a), SCRCP ("The
. . . signature of an attorney . . . constitutes a certificate by him that . . . there is good
ground to support [the pleading] . . . ."). Plaintiff's counsel will often decide in the
course of litigating the validity of the original complaint that the complaint actually
was deficient. But even if a plaintiff has an argument the complaint was valid, filing
a Rule 59(e) motion is not a mandatory option. Skydive was—any plaintiff is—
entitled to accept the court's ruling the original complaint was deficient, and replead
in an attempt to fix the deficiency.
Ordinarily, therefore, the time for requesting leave to amend to correct a Rule
12(b)(6) pleading defect is after the trial court has determined the original pleading
was deficient. In this case, because Skydive twice asked for leave to amend before
its complaint was dismissed, it had the option of renewing its requests in a formal
Rule 15(a) motion. However, the circuit court's "with prejudice" order put Skydive
in a difficult position because it made Skydive practically unable to litigate a motion
to amend before it must file the appeal. The Rule 203(b)(1), SCACR, deadline of
thirty days is stayed only if a Rule 59(e) motion is filed.1 If Skydive—if any
plaintiff—has no legitimate argument as to the merits of the Rule 12(b)(6) ruling,
and therefore cannot file a Rule 59(e) motion, that plaintiff has no way of tolling the
thirty day deadline for filing an appeal while the motion to amend is litigated.
Similarly, a plaintiff who chooses to replead is practically prevented from doing so
when the dismissal order is with prejudice because the time for appeal will not be
tolled unless the plaintiff files a Rule 59(e) motion addressing the merits of the Rule
12(b)(6) ruling. If Skydive either believed it had no basis on which to file such a
Rule 59(e) motion, or simply preferred to replead instead, it was unable to litigate a
motion to amend.
Thus, the circuit court erred not only in refusing to consider the request to amend,
but also in effectively preventing Skydive from litigating a post-ruling motion to
amend by immediately dismissing the claims "with prejudice."
III. Proper Considerations under Rule 15(a)
A trial court has discretion to deny a motion to amend if the party opposing the
amendment can show a valid reason for denying the motion. See Rule 15(a) (stating
"leave shall be freely given when justice so requires and does not prejudice any other
party"); Foman, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S. Ct. at 230, 9 L. Ed. 2d at 226 (listing valid
reasons for denying a motion to amend); Patton, 420 S.C. at 490, 804 S.E.2d at 262
(stating "the circuit court should have considered whether the defendants were
prejudiced by the amendment, or whether there was some other substantial reason
to deny it"); 420 S.C. at 491 n.9, 804 S.E.2d at 262 n.9 (stating the burden of
establishing a reason for denying the motion is on the party opposing the
1
No other tolling provision in Rule 203(b)(1) would apply in this circumstance.
amendment); Forrester v. Smith & Steele Builders, Inc., 295 S.C. 504, 507, 369
S.E.2d 156, 158 (Ct. App. 1988) (stating "a proper reason" to deny a motion to
amend could be "bad faith, undue delay, or prejudice"); Id. ("In the absence of a
proper reason, . . . a denial of leave to amend is an abuse of discretion.").
A court's decision to deny a motion to amend should not be based on the court's
perception of the merits of an amended complaint. Patton, 420 S.C. at 490-91, 804
S.E.2d at 262 (citing Tanner v. Florence Cty. Treasurer, 336 S.C. 552, 558-60, 521
S.E.2d 153, 156-57 (1999). In rare cases, however, a trial court may deny a motion
to amend if the amendment would be clearly futile. See Jennings v. Jennings, 389
S.C. 190, 209, 697 S.E.2d 671, 681 (Ct. App. 2010) ("Although leave to amend
should generally be 'freely given,' . . . it may be denied where the proposed
amendment would be futile."),2 rev'd on other grounds, 401 S.C. 1, 736 S.E.2d 242
(2012); 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice
and Procedure § 1487 (3d ed. 2010) ("If a proposed amendment is not clearly futile,
then denial of leave to amend is improper.").
Here, the circuit court did not conduct an analysis to determine whether any
amendment would be futile. The court of appeals, however—without articulating
any such analysis—found the "amendment would be futile." Skydive, Op. No. 2017-
UP-118 at 3 n.1. We have attempted to conduct the analysis to determine whether,
in fact, any amendment would be futile. Even on the limited record before us, as we
will explain, it is clear to us that allowing Skydive to amend its complaint would not
be "clearly futile."
We begin by stressing the difficulty of determining whether allowing an amendment
to a pleading would be futile without examining the proposed amendment. In this
case, the circuit court dismissed Skydive's claims against Respondents without
having seen any attempt at amending the complaint. We cannot imagine a
circumstance in which a trial court should refuse to allow an amendment on the
2
In Jennings, the court of appeals did not specifically state the amendment would
"clearly" have been futile. A close examination of the court of appeals' explanation
of its decision reveals, however, the proposed amendment in that case was "clearly
futile." See 389 S.C. at 209, 697 S.E.2d at 681 (explaining the proposed new
defendant was the attorney who was given printed emails, but had no direct access
to the email account, and the alleged liability extended under the law only to persons
who "actually engaged" in accessing the email account).
ground of futility without seeing what the amendment would look like.3 The
immediate filing of a "with prejudice" dismissal order effectively prevented Skydive
from preparing and presenting to the court an amended complaint before the thirty-
day deadline for serving the appeal ran.
Turning to what we can discern of the futility of an amendment from the limited
record before us, Skydive began operating a skydiving business out of the Grand
Strand Airport in North Myrtle Beach in 2012 pursuant to a lease agreement Skydive
executed with Ramp 66, LLC. At the time of the agreement, Ramp 66 managed the
Grand Strand Airport as an agent of the Department of Airports and Horry County.
In August 2013, the Department resumed control of the airport from Ramp 66.
Respondents Pat Apone and Tim Jackson—employees of the Department—
allegedly informed Skydive a new lease agreement between the County and Skydive
was necessary for Skydive to continue its operations at the airport. Apone and
Jackson told Skydive a new lease required County approval. Skydive executed a
six-month temporary lease with the Department until the County approved a long-
term lease.
Over the next few months, Skydive continued operating its business out of the
airport. Skydive alleges it relied on Apone and Jackson's assurances that a long-
term lease would soon be executed. However, several disputes arose between
Skydive, Respondents, and the governmental entities related to Skydive's business
operations, Skydives requests for maintenance and repair, and unauthorized entries
onto Skydive's premises by agents of the Department. In February 2014, after the
expiration of the temporary lease, Respondent H. Randolph Haldi—an employee of
the County—delivered a new non-negotiable, six-month temporary lease to Skydive.
Haldi also delivered to Skydive a seventy-two hour eviction notice in the event
Skydive declined to execute the temporary lease. Skydive alleged this "amounted
to a retaliatory eviction notice." Skydive then filed this lawsuit against Respondents
and the governmental entities.
3
As we will discuss below, an appellate court must consider the merits of an
amendment to a complaint that in fact failed to state a claim, but was improperly
dismissed "with prejudice" without granting leave to amend, in determining whether
to remand to permit the plaintiff to amend. Spence v. Spence, 368 S.C. 106, 130,
628 S.E.2d 869, 881-82 (2006).
In the Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Respondents argued they were entitled to dismissal
pursuant to subsection 15-78-70(a) of the South Carolina Tort Claims Act, which
affords immunity to employees of governmental entities for actions taken in their
official capacities.4 The allegations recited above do not reveal any actions taken by
the individual Respondents outside of their official capacities. Respondents relied
on paragraph 8 of Skydive's complaint, which was reincorporated into each cause of
action and provided, "At all relevant times [Respondents] were acting as agents of
Defendants County and [the Department]."
The circuit court agreed and granted the motion. The court characterized paragraph
8 of Skydive's complaint as "an unequivocal allegation" that Respondents—if they
acted at all—were doing so on behalf of the governmental entities within the scope
of their official duties. Therefore, the court found Respondents were entitled to
immunity under the Tort Claims Act and dismissed Respondents from Skydive's
action.
The question before us is not whether the circuit court was correct the original
complaint failed to refute Respondents' immunity defense. Rather, the question is
whether the circuit court's error in refusing to allow Skydive to amend the complaint
warrants a remand. As we will explain below in our discussion of Spence, we must
remand unless we find any amendment would be clearly futile. As we will explain
now, a close examination of the record indicates allowing Skydive to amend the
complaint in an attempt to fix its pleading deficiencies would not be futile.
Determining whether an amendment to Skydive's complaint would be futile requires
us to consider the exceptions to immunity set forth in subsection 15-78-70(b).
Skydive contends Respondents conspired to remove Skydive from the airport and
engaged in conduct "designed to ruin or damage" Skydive's business. In furtherance
of the conspiracy, Skydive contends Respondents refused to answer Skydive's
correspondence, refused to refuel Skydive's aircraft, concealed Skydive's packages
4
Under the Tort Claims Act, "[a]n employee of a governmental entity who commits
a tort while acting within the scope of his official duty is not liable therefor except
as expressly provided for in subsection (b)." S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-70(a) (2005).
Subsection (b) provides exceptions to this immunity "if it is proved that the
employee's conduct was not within the scope of his official duties or that it
constituted actual fraud, actual malice, intent to harm, or a crime involving moral
turpitude." S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-70(b) (2005).
and mail, entered into Skydive's place of business without authorization, and
interfered with Skydive's day-to-day operations. To prove civil conspiracy, a
plaintiff must prove the defendant acted "for the purpose of injuring the plaintiff."
City of Hartsville v. S.C. Mun. Ins. & Risk Fin. Fund, 382 S.C. 535, 546, 677 S.E.2d
574, 579 (2009). These allegations appear to satisfy the "intent to harm" exception.
§ 15-78-70(b).
Skydive claims Jackson defamed Skydive by communicating to other tenant
businesses "false statements that were intended to impeach the honesty, integrity,
virtue, or reputation" of Skydive. Jackson allegedly "published these statements
with actual or implied malice" in an attempt "to injure [Skydive] in its office,
business, or occupation," thereby exposing Skydive "to public hatred, contempt,
[and] ridicule." Skydive further claims Apone and Jackson fraudulently
misrepresented the county approval process for Skydive to obtain a long-term lease,
which "caused . . . injury to [Skydive's] business interests . . . [and] its ability to
lawfully operate." These allegations appear to satisfy the "actual fraud" or "actual
malice" exceptions. Id.
The record on appeal also includes claims that Respondents acted outside the scope
of their employment at times. Specifically, Skydive alleges Haldi and Apone,
[I]n their individual capacities and . . . acting outside the
course and scope of their employment created a plan to
deprive [Skydive] of its existing long-term lease by
refusing to provide a copy of the fully-executed lease to
[Skydive], issuing an adhesion temporary permit under
threat of eviction, and accusing [Skydive] of unpublished
and non-existent rule, regulation, and ordinance violations
amounting to a plan to illegally shut down and
permanently remove [Skydive] from [the airport].
Skydive further alleges Haldi, Apone, Jackson, and Teal (an employee of the
Department),
[I]n their individual capacities and all acting outside the
course and scope of their employment continued a plan to
deprive [Skydive] of its business lease by drafting,
presenting and having Illegal Regulations enacted by the
County Council, reporting violations of the Illegal
Regulations to FAA as grounds for federal violations,
harassing [Skydive's] customers, and interfering with its
customers.
In other instances, Skydive claims Respondents acted in the scope of employment
but outside the scope of their official duties. For example, Skydive claims
Respondents acted "under cloak of state authority" to carry out "malicious actions."
Respondents' "duties" certainly did not include acting with malice toward the lessees
of the Department. Further, by alleging Respondents conspired to remove Skydive's
business from the airport, defamed Skydive's business, and fraudulently
misrepresented the county lease approval process, Skydive suggests Respondents
were acting against the interests of their employers, which certainly would be outside
of their official duties.
A governmental employee is not afforded immunity under the Tort Claims Act for
conduct outside the scope of his official duties, or for conduct that amounts to actual
fraud, actual malice, or an intent to harm. § 15-78-70(b). Therefore, although
Skydive alleged in its complaint that Respondents were acting as agents of the
governmental entities, the facts and claims recited above set forth several plausible
grounds upon which Skydive could successfully allege Respondents are not entitled
to immunity. It is not our role to determine whether the allegations Skydive might
make in an amended pleading will state a valid claim. However, we cannot
definitively say it is impossible for Skydive to plead a valid claim against
Respondents.
We now address two points the court of appeals listed as additional bases for
affirming the circuit court's dismissal with prejudice without leave to amend. First,
the court of appeals stated, "We agree with the circuit court that it would be
inequitable to allow Skydive to assert conflicting theories that the individual
defendants acted both inside and outside the scope of their official duties." Skydive,
Op. No. 2017-UP-118 at 2. Neither the circuit court nor the court of appeals cited
any provision of law that supports either dismissing a complaint or refusing to allow
its amendment on the basis that the pleading is unfair or inequitable. We are not
aware of any provision of law that prevents a party from making "inequitable"
allegations. But see Rule 12(f), SCRCP (providing "the court may order stricken
from any pleading any insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial,
impertinent or scandalous matter").
We find it is entirely appropriate for Skydive to allege that some of an individual's
actions were within the scope of their official duties, and some were not, or even to
plead alternative theories of liability depending on whether an individual's actions
were within the scope of their duties. See Rule 8(a), SCRCP ("Relief in the
alternative or of several different types may be demanded."). Pleading alternative
theories of recovery based on the uncertainty of whether an employee acted within
the scope of his employment or his official duties is common. See, e.g., Dickert v.
Metro. Life Ins. Co., 311 S.C. 218, 220, 428 S.E.2d 700, 701 (1993), as modified on
reh'g (Apr. 7, 1993) (reversing the circuit court for not permitting simultaneous
causes of action against co-worker and employer based on the same conduct, stating,
"Co-Employee may . . . be held individually liable for an intentional tort he may
have committed while acting within the scope of employment"). While Dickert is
out of context from this case, other courts have addressed similar alternative theories
of recovery. In United Technologies Corp. v. Mazer, 556 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2009),
for example, the district court granted a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
556 F.3d at 1266. "The district court was . . . disturbed by [the plaintiff's] allegation
that Mazer acted both personally and on behalf of [his employer]5 West–Hem, which
the court found to be irreconcilably inconsistent." 556 F.3d at 1273. The Eleventh
Circuit dismissed the district court's concern,
[W]e are not troubled by what the district court saw as
inconsistent allegations. Rule 8(d) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure[6] expressly permits the pleading of both
alternative and inconsistent claims. Thus, [the] complaint
is not subject to dismissal simply because it alleges that
both Mazer, individually, and West–Hem committed the
tortious conduct, even if it would be impossible for both
to be simultaneously liable (which question of
impossibility we need not, and do not, resolve).
556 F.3d at 1273-74. See also Johnson v. State Dep't of Health & Rehab. Servs.,
695 So. 2d 927, 930 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (in a tort claims case under a similar
immunity provision, stating, "Johnson can therefore make claims against [the
5
"Mazer . . . is president and part owner of West–Hem . . . ." 556 F.3d at 1267.
6
Rule 8(d), Fed. R. Civ. P., is the federal counterpart to our Rule 8(a) "alternative"
relief provision.
governmental entities] for acts of [their employees] committed within the scope of
their employment and, in the alternative, pursue personal liability of these
defendants").
Finally, we address the court of appeals' statement, "The circuit court did not abuse
its discretion in dismissing the complaint with prejudice," relying on our decision in
Spence v. Spence, 368 S.C. 106, 628 S.E.2d 869 (2006). In this case and others, the
court of appeals misinterpreted Spence. A circuit court does not have "discretion"
to dismiss a complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6)
without at least considering whether to allow leave to amend under Rule 15(a).
Under Rules 12(b)(6) and 15(a), the circuit court may not dismiss a claim with
prejudice unless the plaintiff is given a meaningful chance to amend the complaint,
and after considering the amended pleading, the court is certain there is no set of
facts upon which relief can be granted. As we will explain, Spence supports this
principle.
In Spence, we made several observations about the dismissal of claims pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6). We stated, "When a complaint is dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) for
failure to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, the dismissal generally
is without prejudice. The plaintiff in most cases should be given an opportunity to
file and serve an amended complaint." 368 S.C. at 129, 628 S.E.2d at 881. We then
cited numerous decisions—including Foman and Dockside Association—in which
the court held (1) the plaintiff should be given an opportunity to amend a complaint
dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6), or (2) the trial court should not refuse the amendment
on the ground of futility unless the amendment would be clearly futile. 368 S.C. at
129-31, 628 S.E.2d at 881-82. Two of the cases we cited stand out as particularly
important. First, we cited Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality v.
Brighton Corp., 102 S.W.3d 458, 468 (Ark. 2003), for the proposition that a
"complaint dismissed for failure to state facts upon which relief can be granted
should be dismissed without prejudice in order for plaintiff to decide whether to
serve [an] amended complaint." Spence, 368 S.C. at 129, 628 S.E.2d at 881.7
Second, we cited Giuliani v. Chuck, 620 P.2d 733, 737 (Haw. Ct. App. 1980), for
the proposition that a "complaint is not subject to dismissal with prejudice unless it
7
We also cited Thacker v. Bartlett, 785 N.E.2d 621, 624 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), for
the proposition that "dismissal for failure to state a claim is without prejudice
because the complaining party may either file an amended complaint or stand upon
complaint and appeal." Spence, 368 S.C. at 129, 628 S.E.2d at 881.
appears to a certainty that no relief can be granted under any set of facts that can be
proved in support of its allegations." Spence, 368 S.C. at 129, 628 S.E.2d at 881
(emphasis added).
In Spence, therefore, the circuit court erred by dismissing the complaint with
prejudice without granting leave to amend. See 368 S.C. at 130, 628 S.E.2d at 882
(explaining Spence falls in a category of cases where "a complaint is dismissed with
prejudice and the plaintiff erroneously is denied the opportunity to file and serve an
amended complaint"). The bulk of the majority's discussion, however, focused on
whether the circuit court committed a different error—finding the complaint failed
to state a valid claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See 368 S.C. at 117-27, 628 S.E.2d at
874-80 (the Court's majority explaining the circuit court did not err in finding no
valid claim was pled). In a divided opinion with two Justices dissenting, this Court
upheld the circuit court's Rule 12(b)(6) ruling. See id.; 368 S.C. at 131-32, 628
S.E.2d at 882-83 (Toal, C.J., dissenting); 368 S.C. at 132-33, 628 S.E.2d at 883
(Pleicones, J., dissenting).
After its lengthy discussion of the Rule 12(b)(6) question, the majority turned to the
"[the plaintiff's] conten[tion] the circuit court erred in denying her motion to amend
the complaint," 368 S.C. at 128, 628 S.E.2d at 880, or—in light of the circuit court's
error in refusing leave to amend—whether we should remand to allow leave to
amend. We explained, "An appellate court should [find the dismissal is without
prejudice] when the plaintiff presents additional factual allegations or a different
theory of recovery which, taken as true in a well-pleaded complaint, may state a
claim upon which relief may be granted." 368 S.C. at 130, 628 S.E.2d at 881-82. In
other words, we held an appellate court must find the dismissal was without
prejudice and remand for the filing of an amended complaint unless the court
concludes any amendment would be clearly futile.
The majority then considered the question of futility. 368 S.C. at 131, 628 S.E.2d at
882. The majority noted the circuit court granted the Rule 12(b)(6) motion because
the complaint gave "rise to no reasonable interpretation other than that the [new
landowners] were bona fide purchasers for value." 368 S.C. at 116, 628 S.E.2d at
874. The majority found a remand was not required because it determined no matter
how the chain of title could be alleged, the new landowner was always going to be
immune from liability as a bona fide purchaser. 368 S.C. at 122, 131, 628 S.E.2d at
877, 882. The majority stated the plaintiff "failed to present any additional factual
allegations or a different theory of recovery which may give rise to a cause of action
upon which relief may be granted against" the new landowner. 368 S.C. at 131, 628
S.E.2d at 882. Any amendment to the complaint in Spence, according to the
majority, was clearly futile.8
In the course of explaining our decision, however, we made a comment that has been
misunderstood, and on which the court of appeals erroneously relied in this case and
others.9 We stated,
On the other hand, when a complaint is dismissed with
prejudice and the plaintiff erroneously is denied the
opportunity to file and serve an amended complaint, but
the plaintiff fails to present additional factual allegations
or a different theory of recovery which may give rise to a
claim upon which relief may be granted, the appellate
court may in its discretion affirm the dismissal of the
complaint with prejudice.
368 S.C. at 130-31, 628 S.E.2d at 882. The statement must be considered in the
context of two points we already made, "When a complaint is dismissed under Rule
12(b)(6) . . . , the dismissal generally is without prejudice," and, "The plaintiff in
most cases should be given an opportunity to file and serve an amended complaint."
8
Likewise, in Health Promotion Specialists, LLC v. South Carolina Board of
Dentistry, 403 S.C. 623, 743 S.E.2d 808 (2013), this Court concluded the circuit
court did not abuse its discretion in denying a party's motion to amend because the
"seven-year" "delay in moving to amend the Complaint was inexplicable." 403 S.C.
at 632, 743 S.E.2d at 813. This Court went on, however, to consider whether the
proposed amendment would have been futile. 403 S.C. at 632-33, 743 S.E.2d at
812-13. We stated "extensive discovery had been conducted" in a similar case
involving the same parties, "there were no significant factual developments that
warranted the untimely amendment," and "even if the amendment had been
permitted, it would not have affected the grant of summary judgment to the
[defendant]." 403 S.C. at 632, 743 S.E.2d at 812-13. The proposed amendment,
therefore, was clearly futile because the defendant would have been entitled to
judgment as a matter of law even with the amendment.
9
See, e.g., Paradis v. Charleston Cty. Sch. Dist., 424 S.C. 603, 616 n.3, 819 S.E.2d
147, 154 n.3 (Ct. App. 2018) (refusing to remand for precisely the wrong reason,
that the court of appeals was "unable to determine whether the circuit court abused
its discretion in denying her request to amend," relying on a grant of "discretion"
from Spence), reh'g denied (Oct. 18, 2018).
368 S.C. at 129, 628 S.E.2d at 881. We made the statement in the context of our
discussion of futility, after explaining that if the proposed amendment is not clearly
futile, the case must be remanded. The quoted statement makes the contrary point,
that if the court of appeals determines an amendment is clearly futile, instead of
remanding, it "may in its discretion affirm the dismissal of the complaint with
prejudice."
In this case, we cannot definitively say it would be impossible for Skydive to succeed
with an amended pleading. Allowing leave to amend the complaint, therefore, was
not clearly futile. The circuit court should not have denied—and we will not deny—
Skydive the opportunity to amend its complaint.
IV. Conclusion
The circuit court should have allowed Skydive an opportunity to amend its complaint
pursuant to Rule 15(a). We REVERSE the court of appeals and REMAND this
case to the circuit court.
BEATTY, C.J., and JAMES, J., concur. KITTREDGE, J., concurring in result
only. HEARN, J., dissenting in a separate opinion.
JUSTICE HEARN: I respectfully dissent because I believe Skydive failed to
preserve the issue of whether it should be allowed to file an amended complaint.
While Rule 15(a), SCRCP (which is substantially the same as its federal
counterpart) requires courts to freely grant leave to amend a complaint when
justice so requires, I do not believe Skydive properly invoked it in this case.
Skydive never requested leave to amend before or during the hearing on
Respondents' motion to dismiss. Instead, in cover letters accompanying proposed
orders, Skydive requested leave to amend its complaint if the court dismissed it in
full. Skydive did not include any details about how it would so amend, nor did it
attach a proposed amended complaint.10 Accordingly, I would not criticize the
circuit court judge for "failing to even consider allowing Skydive to amend its
complaint" when Skydive arguably failed to request to do so in a sufficient
manner. 11
The circuit court never mentioned or specifically ruled on any request for leave to
amend in its written order. Indeed, it is entirely possible the court was never even
aware of the request given its informal, limited nature. In my view, this situation
presented a classic case warranting a Rule 59(e) motion, not only to bring the
omission to the attention of the circuit court judge, but also to preserve the issue
for appeal. "A party may wish to file such a motion when she believes the court
has misunderstood, failed to fully consider, or perhaps failed to rule on an
argument or issue, and the party wishes for the court to reconsider or rule on it. A
party must file such a motion when an issue or argument has been raised, but not
10
However, an amended complaint dated approximately one year after the
correspondence appeared in the record on appeal, despite never having been
submitted to the trial court. Pursuant to Rule 210(c), SCACR, the amended
complaint—upon which the majority bases a portion of its futility analysis—
should not have been included in the record.
11
See Beydoun v. Sessions, 871 F.3d 459 (6th Cir. 2017) (district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend where plaintiff made an oral motion
to amend if the court was inclined to grant defendants' motion to dismiss and did
not indicate particular grounds upon which he sought to amend); German v.
Campbell Co. School Dist. No. 1, 630 F.3d 977 (10th Cir. 2010) (trial court
properly denied leave to amend where plaintiff, in her opposition to a motion to
dismiss, suggested she should be allowed to amend if her pleadings were found to
be infirm); In re 2007 Novastar Financial, Inc., Securities Litigation, 579 F.3d 878
(8th Cir. 2009) (same).
ruled on, in order to preserve it for appellate review." Elam v. S.C. Dep't of
Transp., 361 S.C. 9, 24, 602 S.E.2d 772, 780 (2004). Skydive filed no such motion
here and thereby failed to "try to convince the lower court it has ruled wrongly"
before arguing to the appellate court to reverse. I'on, L.L.C. v. Town of Mt.
Pleasant, 338 S.C. 406, 422, 526 S.E.2d 716, 724 (2000).
To be clear, I would not require a party to submit a proposed amended complaint
with each request to amend. But here, where Skydive merely included its request
in a cover letter to a proposed order after the hearing and then failed to file a Rule
59(e) motion when the court did not rule on it in its order, I believe Skydive failed
to preserve the issue on appeal.
Moreover, I do not believe the court of appeals abused its discretion by declining
to modify the dismissal to one without prejudice pursuant to Spence v. Spence, 368
S.C. 106, 628 S.E.2d 869 (2006). In Spence, the plaintiff filed a Rule 59(e) motion
seeking leave to serve an amended complaint rather than dismissal with prejudice.
Nothing in Spence displaced our longstanding rules of preservation. As a result, I
would affirm the appellate court's determination that Skydive is not entitled to file
an amended complaint.