State v. Anderson

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
The State, Respondent,
v.
Donald Marquice Anderson, Petitioner.
Appellate Case No. 2014-001968
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS
Appeal from Greenville County
The Honorable G. Edward Welmaker, Circuit Court
Judge
Opinion No. 27609
Heard October 7, 2015 – Filed March 2, 2016
REVERSED
Carmen V. Ganjehsani, of Richardson, Plowden &
Robinson, PA, and Appellate Defender Laura Ruth Baer,
both of Columbia, for Petitioner.
Attorney General Alan M. Wilson, Assistant Attorney
General Mary W. Leddon, and Assistant Attorney
General Susannah Rawl Cole, all of Columbia, and W.
Walter Wilkins, III, of Greenville, all for Respondent.
JUSTICE HEARN: Donald Marquice Anderson was walking in the
vicinity of a drug raid when police officers located in the periphery of the search
ordered him to the ground. Upon searching him, officers found crack cocaine, and
Anderson was thereafter indicted for possession with intent to distribute crack
cocaine. He moved to suppress the drugs, arguing the detention and subsequent
pat-down were unlawful under the Fourth Amendment. The trial court denied his
motion to suppress and, following a bench trial, found Anderson guilty as charged.
The court of appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion, finding the police had
both reasonable suspicion to detain him and reasonable belief he was armed and
dangerous to justify the pat-down. State v. Anderson, Op. No. 2014-UP-282 (S.C.
Ct. App. filed July 9, 2014). We reverse.
FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Detective Keith Cothran of the Greenville Police Department obtained a no-
knock search warrant for a house on Dobbs Street (the Dobbs house). The warrant
was founded on surveillance and observations by officers of drug activity in the
home and in the surrounding area, including a successful purchase of crack cocaine
by a confidential informant. During surveillance, officers learned that runners used
a footpath to ferry drugs from the Dobbs house to interested buyers on Sullivan
Street. Nevertheless, the search warrant included only the Dobbs house and its
curtilage; the warrant did not include the footpath.
As a part of the effort in executing the search warrant, Detective Cothran
instructed officers in the vice and narcotics unit of the Greenville SWAT team,
including Detectives Kevin Hyatt and Gary Rhinehart, to secure and detain any
person found on the footpath because the police department knew the footpath was
being used to transport drugs.1 The two detectives were located near the Dobbs
house portion of the footpath and others were stationed at the end of the footpath
by Sullivan Street.
During the execution of the search warrant, Detective Hyatt observed
Anderson and a woman halfway down the footpath walking toward Sullivan Street
away from Dobbs Street. Detective Hyatt and Detective Rhinehart were stationed
behind Anderson and began walking towards him. When Anderson saw the
officers at the Sullivan end of the footpath, he turned around and observed the
other two detectives. Anderson and the woman then "veered to the right in a quick
1
Because of safety concerns, Greenville Police SWAT used a distraction device at
the time they executed the warrant.
manner" off the footpath.
Detective Hyatt drew his weapon and ran towards Anderson advising him to
stop and get on the ground. Anderson immediately complied and was handcuffed.
When Anderson stood up again, Detective Hyatt completed a pat-down of
Anderson's outer clothing for safety reasons. In Anderson's front right pocket,
Detective Hyatt felt a plastic bag and hard objects, which later tested positive for
crack cocaine.
Anderson moved to suppress the crack cocaine found in his pocket on two
grounds. First, he alleged the drugs were not found as part of a Terry2 stop, but
pursuant to a warrant executed for Dobbs Street and its curtilage. Therefore,
Anderson was outside the bounds of the warrant. Second, even if it was a Terry
stop, it was improper because there was no reasonable suspicion to stop him and
there was no reasonable suspicion that he was armed. Detectives Cothran, Hyatt,
Rhinehart, Brown, and Gault testified at the hearing. The trial court denied the
motion, relying on State v. Taylor, 401 S.C. 104, 113, 736 S.E.2d 663, 667 (2013),
finding this was a Terry stop and articulable reasons were elicited from testimony
to show there was reasonable suspicion to stop and complete a pat-down pursuant
to Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S 366 (1993).3 During the trial, Anderson
renewed his objection to the introduction of the crack cocaine. The State adduced
no evidence connecting Anderson or the drugs found on him to the house on
Dobbs Street.
Anderson testified in his own defense. He stated he was at his aunt's house
hanging out on top of her car when he heard a "big boom," and believing it was a
shooting, he thought he needed to get away. As he was reacting from the "big
boom," he saw the police and believed he was safe. He further testified he
2
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
3
There is conflicting evidence regarding whether the detectives believed the
footpath was included in the warrant. Detective Hyatt testified Detective Cothran
advised him the footpath leading to Sullivan Street was part of the search warrant
and told him to detain any subjects he encountered there. However, Detective
Cothran testified the warrant did not include the footpath. We express concern
with the inference that the officers detained Anderson under the mistaken belief it
was within their authority pursuant to the warrant, and only afterwards attempted
to claim it was a valid Terry stop; nevertheless, Anderson did not argue this issue
on appeal and therefore it is not properly before us.
continued to move once he saw the police because there was a kerosene tank in his
aunt's backyard and he worried if shots hit it, the tank might explode. He testified
"I did not step foot in the [footpath], but I kind of moved towards the front, the
front yard, so I can, you know what I'm saying, be clear of that gas jar."
The trial court ultimately found Anderson guilty as charged, and sentenced
him to imprisonment for five years, suspended upon the service of ninety days with
probation for forty months. Anderson appealed and the court of appeals affirmed
in an unpublished opinion. State v. Anderson, Op. No. 2014-UP-282 (S.C. Ct.
App. filed July 9, 2014). We granted certiorari.
ISSUE PRESENTED
Is there evidence in the record to support the trial court's finding that
Detective Hyatt had reasonable suspicion to make an investigatory stop?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
"In criminal cases, the appellate court sits to review errors of law only."
State v. Wilson, 345 S.C. 1, 5–6, 545 S.E.2d 827, 829 (2001). In reviewing a
challenge under the Fourth Amendment, the Court must affirm if there is any
evidence to support the ruling. State v. Wright, 391 S.C. 436, 442, 706 S.E.2d 324,
326 (2011). Accordingly, this Court reviews the trial court for clear error and will
affirm if there is any evidence to support the ruling. State v. Brockman, 339 S.C.
57, 66, 528 S.E.2d 661, 666 (2000).
LAW/ANALYSIS
Anderson argues the trial court erred in failing to suppress the evidence
obtained because the officer did not have reasonable suspicion that Anderson was
involved in criminal activity to justify an investigative stop. We agree.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S.
Const. amend. IV. Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment must
be excluded from trial. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 648 (1961). The Fourth
Amendment applies to all seizures of a person, including only a brief detention.
United States v. Brignoni–Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 878 (1975). Pursuant to Terry, a
police officer with a reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts that a person is
involved in criminal activity may stop, briefly detain, and question that person for
investigative purposes, without treading upon his Fourth Amendment rights. State
v. Khingratsaiphon, 352 S.C. 62, 69, 572 S.E.2d 456, 459 (2002). Reasonable
suspicion requires a particularized and objective basis that would lead a person to
suspect another of criminal activity. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418
(1981). In determining whether reasonable suspicion exists, the totality of the
circumstances must be considered. Khingratsaiphon, 352 S.C. at 69, 572 S.E.2d at
459. "While such a detention does not require probable cause, it does require
something more than an 'inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch.''"
United States v. Sprinkle, 106 F.3d 613, 617 (4th Cir. 1997) (quoting Terry, 392
U.S. at 27). Therefore, in reviewing reasonable suspicion determinations, a court
must look to the totality of the circumstances "to see whether the detaining officer
has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing." United
States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002).
We find the trial court's finding of reasonable suspicion is not borne out by
the record. The State offers us no more than Anderson's proximity to criminal
activity and his allegedly evasive behavior. Although never dispositive, we
acknowledge that being in a high crime area can be a consideration in our analysis
of the totality of the circumstances. See Sprinkle, 106 F.3d at 617 ("Although
being seen in a high crime district carries no weight standing alone, an area's
disposition toward criminal activity is an articulable fact.") (internal citations
omitted); but see United States v. Perrin, 45 F.3d 869, 873 (4th Cir. 1995) ("Were
we to treat the dangerousness of the neighborhood as an independent corroborating
factor, we would be, in effect, holding a suspect accountable for factors wholly
outside of his control."). We likewise appreciate that evasive conduct can become
a factor in adjudging reasonable suspicion. See Taylor, 401 S.C. at 112, 736
S.E.2d at 667 (holding evasive conduct may be considered in the totality of the
circumstances analysis for reasonable suspicion because an attempted evasion may
inform an officer's appraisal of an encounter).
Examining these facts within the context of Anderson's seizure, we cannot
agree the evidence supports the conclusion that the officers had a particularized
and objective basis to suspect illegal activity that would justify the detention. It is
undisputed Anderson was in a high crime area and near the home where a search
warrant was being executed. This fact carries little weight here. The police were
in the area for the express purpose of executing a search warrant on a discrete
property—which did not include the footpath where the officers encountered
Anderson. Officers did not see Anderson flee the property involved and did not
recognize him as a suspect related to those crimes. Certainly being in a high crime
area does not provide police officers carte blanche to stop any person they meet on
the street. We acknowledge we are dealing with the totality of the circumstances.
Nevertheless, even considering the situs with the fact that Anderson stepped off the
footpath after seeing the police, we find the circumstances here fail to support the
finding of reasonable suspicion.
We remain ever mindful of the difficult and often dangerous situations
officers encounter daily and acknowledge that we give great deference to their
experience and expertise. Here, however, the facts amount to no more than
baseless conjecture that a person in a high crime area must be engaged in illicit
activity. A person's proximity to criminal activity, without more, cannot establish
reasonable suspicion to detain that individual. Taken to its logical conclusion, the
erosion of an individual's Fourth Amendment right would necessarily accompany
his or her misfortune of living in an area plagued by crime. We decline to accept
such a result.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we reverse the court of appeals and hold the trial
court erred in failing to suppress the evidence found as a result of Anderson's
unconstitutional seizure.4
PLEICONES, C.J., BEATTY, KITTREDGE, JJ., and Acting Justice Jean H.
Toal, concur.
4
Anderson also challenges the trial court's finding that Detective Hyatt had a
reasonable belief that Anderson was armed and dangerous to justify a pat-down.
Because we hold that the initial seizure was unconstitutional, we need not address
the subsequent search.