Robinson v. State

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
Michael Lee Robinson, Petitioner,
v.
State of South Carolina, Respondent.
Appellate Case No. 2015-001773
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
Appeal from Greenville County
Perry H. Gravely, Post-Conviction Relief Judge
Opinion No. 27762
Submitted November 15, 2017 – Filed February 7, 2018
REVERSED
Appellate Defender Susan B. Hackett, of Columbia, for
Petitioner.
Attorney General Alan Wilson and Assistant Attorney
General DeShawn H. Mitchell, both of Columbia, for
Respondent.
ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE KITTREDGE: This is a post-conviction relief
(PCR) matter. Petitioner Michael Lee Robinson was indicted in 2013 on charges
of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC) with a minor. The alleged offenses
occurred between 1998 and 2000. However, between 2001 and 2012, the CSC
statute was amended, increasing the sentencing range for this crime. The State
offered "to let" Petitioner plead guilty under the prior sentencing law but insisted
that Petitioner would be subject to the increased 2012 sentencing scheme if he
rejected the offer and went to trial.1 Plea counsel, apparently unaware of the
inapplicability of the 2012 sentencing enhancement under any circumstances,
recommended Petitioner accept the offer. Based on counsel's recommendation,
Petitioner pled guilty.
The PCR court denied relief, and this Court granted a writ of certiorari to review
that decision. Petitioner pled guilty on plea counsel's advice to accept the plea
offer because Petitioner would otherwise be subject to an increased sentence based
on a statute amended after the offense date. However, Petitioner was not subject to
the increased sentence in the 2012 amended statute, for that would have violated
the ex post facto clauses of the United States Constitution and South Carolina
Constitution. Because the PCR court's decision is controlled by an error of law, we
reverse.
I.
In February 2013, a Greenville County grand jury indicted Petitioner on several
counts of first-degree CSC with a minor for alleged acts that occurred between July
1, 1998, and July 31, 2000. At the time the alleged acts occurred, the crime of
first-degree CSC with a minor carried a sentencing range of zero to thirty years.
S.C. Code Ann. §§ 16-3-655(A)(1) (1984) (defining the crime), 16-1-90(A) (1998)
(listing the crime as a Class A felony), 16-1-20(A)(1) (1995) (providing the penalty
for a Class A felony as zero to thirty years). However, in subsequent years, the
sentencing range for first-degree CSC with a minor was increased to twenty-five
years to life. S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-655(D)(1) (2012). The State offered a plea
deal for Petitioner to plead guilty to one count of first-degree CSC with a minor
and, in exchange, the State would "agree to let" Petitioner "be sentenced under the
1
This statute was amended prior to 2012; however, we refer to the 2012 amended
statute as it was in effect at the time that Petitioner was indicted and both parties
refer to it as the statute under which the State would have attempted to prosecute
Petitioner. See, e.g., 2006 Act No. 342, § 3 (codified at S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-
655(C)(1) (2006)); see also 2012 Act No. 255, § 1 (codified at S.C. Code Ann. §
16-3-655(D)(1) (2012)).
old version of the law" and the remaining charges would be dismissed. Plea
counsel recommended that Petitioner accept the State's offer to avoid the harsher
sentence under the 2012 amended statute. Plea counsel never informed Petitioner
that under no circumstances could he be sentenced under the 2012 amended
statute.
Petitioner maintains that plea counsel's deficient advice was not sufficiently cured
during the guilty plea hearing. The plea judge initially referenced the sentencing
range under the 2012 amended statute, as the following colloquy reveals:
The Court: Okay. You're up here on this indictment. And it is
2013-674. It alleges that you did in Greenville County between July
1, 1998 and July 31 of 2000 commit a sexual battery on T.H., who
was less than eleven years of age. CSC with a minor, first degree,
twenty-five years to life.
[Plea Counsel]: Judge, ---
The Court: Do you understand that?
[Solicitor]: Your Honor, this was pre the law changes back in '98
and 2000. The sentence was zero to thirty years.
The Court: Thirty years, okay. Still considered a most serious
offense.
[Solicitor]: Yes, sir.
The Court: If you get convictions for two or more most serious
offenses you're eligible for life in prison without parole. It's a violent
offense, which means you will basically do a minimum eighty-five
percent of the sentence. You understand that?
[Petitioner]: Yes, Your Honor.
The Court: All right. Understanding the nature of the charge against
you and the maximum possible punishment, how do you want to
plead?
[Petitioner]: Guilty, Your Honor.
(emphasis added). Pursuant to the plea deal, Petitioner pled guilty to one count of
first-degree CSC with a minor. Petitioner was sentenced to twenty-five years
imprisonment and the remaining charges were dismissed. No direct appeal was
taken.
II.
Petitioner filed a PCR application contending that his plea counsel provided
ineffective assistance and, as a result, his guilty plea was involuntary. At the PCR
hearing, Petitioner testified that he had told plea counsel "nothing occurred" and he
"wanted to go to trial." Petitioner further testified that he ultimately entered the
guilty plea, based upon plea counsel's recommendation, to avoid a sentence under
the 2012 amended statute of twenty-five years to life. Petitioner stated that he was
scared about the potential life sentence under the amended law and decided to
plead guilty to avoid a life sentence. Petitioner was adamant that counsel never
informed him of the inapplicability of the 2012 amended statute enhancing the
sentencing range, and it is undisputed that Petitioner, due to counsel's erroneous
advice, believed he could face a life sentence under the new law.
Plea counsel acknowledged that Petitioner maintained his innocence and wanted a
trial. Specifically, plea counsel stated, "Yeah . . . pretty much the entire time he
said this had not happened and that he wanted a trial." As part of counsel's
admission that he erroneously informed Petitioner that he would be subject to the
2012 increased sentencing scheme, counsel further admitted that he did not review
the sentencing ranges on each of the charges with Petitioner.2 Specifically, plea
2
The order of the PCR court contains findings that are flatly contradicted by the
record. One troubling example is the finding of the PCR court that plea counsel
reviewed the sentencing ranges of each charge with Petitioner; plea counsel's
testimony is to the contrary, as he admitted he did not review the sentencing ranges
counsel testified that he recommended Petitioner accept the plea offer because the
State had agreed to let Petitioner "plea and be sentenced under the old version of
the law" and the State had "indicated that if we were to go to trial they were going
to pursue the new version of the law."
The PCR court dismissed Petitioner's application, finding Petitioner failed to prove
both prongs of the Strickland test. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984) (requiring a defendant to prove ineffective assistance of counsel by showing
counsel was deficient and such deficiency caused prejudice); see also Sellner v.
State, 416 S.C. 606, 611, 787 S.E.2d 525, 527 (2016) (recognizing "[t]he two-part
test also 'applies to challenges to guilty pleas based on ineffective assistance of
counsel'" (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985)). In particular, the
PCR court order inexplicably stated, "While [Petitioner] may have felt unsettled
when plea counsel advised he was facing a life sentence, this was an accurate
statement of the law." (emphasis added). This Court granted the petition for a writ
of certiorari.
III.
A PCR court's findings of fact will be upheld if there is any evidence of probative
value in the record to support them. Sellner v. State, 416 S.C. 606, 610, 787 S.E.2d
525, 527 (2016). However, we review questions of law de novo. Id. Moreover,
"this Court will reverse the decision of the PCR court when it is controlled by an
error of law." Gonzales v. State, 419 S.C. 2, 10, 795 S.E.2d 835, 839 (2017)
(citing Terry v. State, 383 S.C. 361, 371, 680 S.E.2d 277, 282 (2009)).
"A defendant has the right to the effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution." Terry, 383 S.C. at 370, 680 S.E.2d
at 282 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). "Where, as here, a
defendant is represented by counsel during the plea process and enters his plea
upon the advice of counsel, the voluntariness of the plea depends on whether
counsel's advice 'was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in
criminal cases.'" Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985) (quoting McMann v.
Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 (1970)). "[T]he defendant can show prejudice by
with Petitioner. At the PCR hearing, the State inquired, "Did you review with
[Petitioner] the sentence ranges on each of those charges?" Plea counsel replied,
"No, I didn't."
demonstrating a 'reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not
have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.'" Lee v. United
States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1965 (2017) (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59).
Petitioner argues that plea counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel
because Petitioner based his decision to plead guilty on plea counsel's incorrect
advice—that Petitioner should accept the guilty plea or he could be sentenced
under the post-offense amended law with an increased sentencing range. Petitioner
contends this ineffective assistance rendered his guilty plea involuntary. We agree.
It is clear that Petitioner would not have pled guilty but for counsel's erroneous
sentencing advice. Because the PCR court failed to recognize that plea counsel's
advice was deficient—as an increased punishment under the amended law would
have violated the ex post facto clauses of the United States Constitution and South
Carolina Constitution—the PCR court's decision is controlled by an error of law
and we reverse.
A.
With regard to the deficiency prong, plea counsel's advice was not "within the
range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases." Hill v. Lockhart,
474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985) (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771
(1970)). His performance fell below reasonable professional norms as his advice
that the State had the ability to prosecute Petitioner under the 2012 amended law
was clearly incorrect.
It is well established that "[a] law which imposes additional punishment to that
prescribed at the time the offense was committed is prohibited under the ex post
facto clauses of the United States and South Carolina Constitutions." State v.
Dabney, 301 S.C. 271, 273, 391 S.E.2d 563, 564 (1990). These clauses ensure
"that individuals have fair warning of applicable laws." Peugh v. United States,
569 U.S. 530, 544 (2013). Thus, "[a]n ex post facto violation occurs when a
change in the law retroactively . . . increases the punishment for a crime."
Jernigan v. State, 340 S.C. 256, 261, 531 S.E.2d 507, 509 (2000); see also Dorsey
v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 275 (2012) (recognizing "the Constitution's Ex Post
Facto Clause, Art. I, § 9, cl. 3, prohibits applying a new Act's higher penalties to
pre-Act conduct").
Because the statutory revisions increased the punishment for the alleged prior
crime, the State could not have sought to impose the enhanced sentencing scheme
had Petitioner proceeded to trial instead of pleading guilty. The State could not
"pursue the new version of the law" because it would violate the ex post facto
clauses of the United States and South Carolina Constitutions. See U.S. Const. art.
I, §§ 9, 10 (stating "[n]o Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed" and
"[n]o state shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto Law"); S.C. Const. art. I, § 4
(providing "[n]o . . . ex post facto law . . . shall be passed"). The PCR court erred
in finding that plea counsel's advice was an accurate statement of the law. Plea
counsel's failure to recognize that the ex post facto clauses prohibited the increased
punishment for Petitioner's alleged offenses manifestly fell below objectively
reasonable professional norms and constituted deficient performance. See Goins v.
State, 397 S.C. 568, 574–75, 726 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2012) (finding plea counsel's
incorrect advice regarding well-established law did "not reflect 'reasonable
professional judgment'" and constituted deficient performance).
Although not directly conceding that plea counsel was deficient, the State
acknowledges that Petitioner should have been sentenced under the prior law,
regardless of the plea offer. Understandably, the State focuses most of its attention
on the prejudice prong, claiming Petitioner was not prejudiced by counsel's
representation. We turn to the prejudice analysis.
B.
"[W]hen a [petitioner] claims that his counsel's deficient performance deprived him
of a trial by causing him to accept a plea, [he] can show prejudice by
demonstrating a 'reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not
have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.'" Lee v. United
States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1965 (2017) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59
(1985)).
The record is clear that Petitioner placed particular emphasis on his potential
sentencing exposure in deciding whether to plead guilty. Indeed, Petitioner
maintained his innocence and testified at the PCR hearing that he pled guilty only
because he wanted to avoid the risk of receiving a life sentence under the amended
law. As noted, even counsel admitted that Petitioner maintained his innocence and
wanted to go "to trial." Petitioner has demonstrated a reasonable probability that
he would have rejected the plea offer and proceeded to trial but for plea counsel's
incorrect advice. See Hill, 474 U.S. at 60 (explaining prejudice may be
demonstrated by evidence that the accused "placed particular emphasis" on the
specific incorrect advice by counsel in deciding to plead guilty).
C.
Finally, the State posits that "any inaccurate advice from counsel was cured by the
plea court's colloquy." We acknowledge that, in some situations, a proper guilty
plea colloquy may serve to cure the deficiency of plea counsel and remove any
prejudice. The plea colloquy here cannot rescue this guilty plea.
At issue here is whether Petitioner truly understood the sentencing range and
maximum penalty he faced for the charge. See Pittman v. State, 337 S.C. 597, 599,
524 S.E.2d 623, 624–25 (1999). The plea colloquy consisted of the plea judge
stating the incorrect sentencing range (relying on the inapplicable 2012 amended
statute) and the solicitor correcting the range. This portion of the colloquy was
brief, and, more importantly, the plea court's vague retort—"Thirty years, okay"—
did nothing to clarify the proper sentencing range. If anything, the colloquy likely
served to confirm plea counsel's advice that the State would pursue the increased
sentence if the case proceeded to trial. More to the point, it appeared as though the
State was simply upholding its end of the plea bargain by allowing the plea to
proceed under the older version of the statute, with a possible thirty-year sentence.
For a plea hearing to cure deficient advice, the plea hearing must unambiguously
address and resolve the incorrect advice—namely, that the Constitution forbade the
State from proceeding to trial under the amended sentencing scheme. See United
States v. Akinsade, 686 F.3d 248, 255 (4th Cir. 2012) (recognizing, "in order for a
district court's admonishment to be curative, it should address the particular issue
underlying the affirmative misadvice"). That did not occur here.
IV.
In summary, plea counsel was clearly deficient in failing to recognize and advise
Petitioner that the ex post facto clauses of the United States Constitution and South
Carolina Constitution prohibited an increased punishment under the post-offense
amended sentencing scheme. In addition, the undisputed evidence in the record is
clear: Petitioner would have insisted on going to trial and not pled guilty but for
counsel's deficient advice. Thus, he has shown prejudice. Moreover, because the
plea colloquy did not specifically address plea counsel's incorrect advice, the plea
hearing was insufficient to cure the deficient representation. We reverse the denial
of PCR.
REVERSED.
HEARN, FEW and JAMES, JJ., concur. BEATTY, C.J., not participating.