Gooldy v. Storage Center-Platt Springs, LLC

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
David R. Gooldy, Petitioner,
v.
The Storage Center-Platt Springs, LLC, Respondent.
Appellate Case No. 2016-000588
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS
Appeal from Lexington County
James O. Spence, Master-in-Equity
Opinion No. 27782
Heard November 14, 2017 – Filed March 14, 2018
REVERSED
James Randall Davis, of Davis Frawley Anderson
McCauley Ayer Fisher & Smith, LLC, of Lexington, for
Petitioner.
Bess Jones DuRant and Robert E. Stepp, both of Sowell
Gray Robinson Stepp & Laffitte, LLC, of Columbia, for
Respondent.
JUSTICE HEARN: In this case we decide whether Petitioner David Gooldy is
entitled to an implied easement where his deed incorporated by reference a plat that
indicated a road, marked "50' Road," bordered the adjoining property owned by
Respondent Storage Center-Platt Springs, LLC (Storage Center). The master-in-
equity held Gooldy was entitled to the presumption of an implied easement, which
the Storage Center failed to rebut, but the court of appeals reversed, holding the
presumption did not apply and that no evidence supported the master's order. We
now reverse and reinstate the master's order.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Gooldy owns a 0.68 acre parcel of land that fronts S.C. Highway 6 in
Lexington County. The adjoining 7.35 acre lot, owned by the Storage Center,
borders Gooldy's property on three sides in the shape of a horseshoe. Gooldy's deed
referenced a plat prepared for James Loflin, Gooldy's predecessor in title. That plat
(Loflin Plat) included the inscription "50' Road" along the southern boundary of
Gooldy's property. There is no dispute the Loflin Plat is within the Storage Center's
chain of title. After Gooldy acquired the property in 2002, he used the road1 to access
the property and to allow customers of his chiropractor business to do so. The
Storage Center purchased its parcel five years later, and thereafter, its representatives
informed Gooldy that he could no longer use the road.
Although the parties acquired their respective properties in the early 2000s,
our focus must begin two decades prior thereto when Congaree Associates
(Congaree) owned 500 acres of land in Lexington County, part of which
encompassed the parcels at issue today. In the early 1980s, Congaree pursued a
residential development project to convert the land into a subdivision and hired
Robert Collingwood to survey and create plats for the proposed subdivision. In
August of 1983, Collingwood surveyed the property and created a plat containing
thirteen subdivided lots. Congaree labeled the first phase of the development project
Westchester Phase I and duly recorded the plat. The northernmost lot within the
proposed subdivision, Lot 13, bordered the parcel of land presently owned by
Gooldy. The plat was silent as to whether any road crossed Lot 13.
Six months later, in January of 1984, Collingwood prepared a survey for the
second phase of the subdivision plan, denominated Westchester Phase II, and the
plat included the disputed road, marked "50' Road." Congaree submitted the plat to
the Lexington County Planning Commission (Planning Commission) for approval,
1
The plat indicated the strip of land at issue was in fact a road; however, testimony
at trial indicated it was more akin to a gravel driveway. For ease of reference, the
term "road" is used throughout this opinion.
and in July of 1985, Westchester Phase II was conditionally approved. The Planning
Commission withheld final approval until a retention pond and drainage ditches
were designed and added to the plat. At some point after the conditional approval
for Westchester Phase II, Congaree abandoned its plan to develop the subdivision
due to the cost to comply with the Planning Commission's requirements for final
approval.
In December of 1985, Collingwood prepared the Loflin Plat for James Loflin,
who sought to purchase a lot from Congaree. The parcel abutted the proposed
subdivision, and Collingwood included the disputed road in the Loflin Plat.
Collingwood subsequently revised the plat twice, in April and August of 1986, but
each revision identified the road.
In September of 1986, Congaree conveyed 0.68 acres to Loflin by a deed that
incorporated the Loflin Plat. In relevant part, the deed stated,
All that certain piece, parcel, or lot of land, with improvements thereon,
if any, situate, lying and being on the western side of S.C. Highway No.
6, approximately 580 feet south of the intersection of Platt Springs
Road and S.C. Highway No. 6, near the Town of Lexington, in the
County of Lexington, State of South Carolina, and being shown and
designated on a plat prepared for James T. Loflin by Robert E.
Collingwood, Jr., Reg. Surveyor, dated December 10, 1985, revised
August 12, 1986, and recorded in the Lexington County RMC office in
Plat Book 212G at Page 204. The within described property contains
0.68 acre. (emphasis added).
Over the course of the next sixteen years, the 0.68 acre parcel was conveyed four
more times, each by deed incorporating the Loflin Plat, with the final conveyance to
Gooldy in January of 2002. In 2007, Congaree conveyed the neighboring lot to the
Storage Center by deed that referenced a different plat that did not include the road.
Shortly after the Storage Center purchased the adjacent lot and its representatives
informed Gooldy that he was no longer entitled to use the road, the parties attempted
to reach a shared access agreement by way of settlement. After disagreements failed
to yield a workable resolution, the Storage Center erected a chain to block off access
to the road, and thereafter, Gooldy filed this declaratory judgment action seeking a
determination that he was entitled to easement rights in the Storage Center's
property. Before the master-in-equity, Gooldy asserted claims for easement by
implication or estoppel, easement by prescription, and negligence. The Storage
Center contended Gooldy did not possess any easement rights.
At trial, the fact Congaree never built the subdivision was a central issue as
the Storage Center stressed that Congaree's decision to abandon the subdivision
demonstrated it never intended to convey an easement. Carroll McGee, a partner of
Congaree, testified Congaree decided to forego plans to develop a subdivision due
to cost concerns; however, he failed to state when the decision was made to abandon
the project. McGee also noted the parties to the 1986 conveyance never mentioned
a road or any easement rights for ingress and egress on the adjoining parcel. After
a one-day trial, the master held the deed incorporated the Loflin Plat, which under
law established a presumption of an implied easement that the Storage Center failed
to rebut.2 In reaching his conclusion, the master found because Collingwood
surveyed Westchester Phase I and II, he knew Congaree intended to build a road.
Armed with that knowledge, Collingwood included the road on the Loflin Plat.
According to the master, the absence of any evidence to demonstrate when Congaree
decided to abandon its subdivision plan suggested the intent to build a road existed
at the time of the 1986 conveyance.
The court of appeals reversed, holding the presumption did not arise because
the deed only incorporated the plat to describe the metes and bounds of the 0.68 acre
parcel rather than to demonstrate the parties intended to convey an easement.
Additionally, the court held no evidence supported the master's conclusion that
Congaree and Loflin intended to create an easement in the 1986 conveyance. We
granted Gooldy's petition for certiorari.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The question of whether an easement exists is a factual question in an action
at law. Bundy v. Shirley, 412 S.C. 292, 302, 772 S.E.2d 163, 168 (2015). Appellate
courts will uphold a master's factual findings if there is any evidence to support the
decision. Jowers v. Hornsby, 292 S.C. 549, 552, 357 S.E.2d 710, 711 (1987).
DISCUSSION
Gooldy advances two arguments as to why the court of appeals erred in
reversing the master's order: first, it was error to hold the deed's reference to the
Loflin Plat did not raise the presumption of an implied easement, and second,
2
During the trial, the Storage Center moved for a directed verdict, but the master
only granted it on the prescriptive easement claim based on Gooldy's failure to
present evidence satisfying the statutory time period.
evidence in the record supported the master's decision that the 1986 conveyance was
subject to an implied easement. We agree.
I. Presumption of an Implied Easement
Generally, when a deed references a plat that contains an easement, an
implied easement arises even though the deed itself is silent. McAllister v. Smiley,
301 S.C. 10, 12, 389 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1990). Stated differently, a presumption of an
implied easement arises unless rebutted by a specific, contrary intention by the
grantor. Newington Plantation Estates Ass'n v. Newington Plantation Estates, 318
S.C. 362, 365, 458 S.E.2d 36, 38 (1995) ("Absent evidence of the seller's intent to
the contrary, a conveyance of land that references a map depicting streets conveys
to the purchaser, as a matter of law, a private easement by implication with respect
to those streets, whether or not there is a dedication to public use."). Furthermore,
"'[A]ccording to the great weight of judicial opinion, the lot purchaser is entitled to
the use of all the streets and ways, near or remote, as laid down on the plat by which
he purchases.'" Blue Ridge Realty Co. v. Williamson, 247 S.C. 112, 120, 145 S.E.2d
922, 925 (1965) (quoting Billings v. McDaniel, 217 S.C. 261, 265, 60 S.E.2d 592,
593–94 (1950)).
This presumption endures even where the general policy is to disfavor implied
easements "because the implication of an easement in a conveyance goes against the
general rule that a written instrument speaks for itself." Inlet Harbour v. S.C. Dep't
of Parks, Recreation & Tourism, 377 S.C. 86, 91–92, 659 S.E.2d 151, 154 (2008).
Importantly, "Whatever easements are created by implication must be determined as
of the time of the severance of the ownership of the tracts involved." Boyd v.
Bellsouth Tel. Tel. Co., 369 S.C. 410, 416, 633 S.E.2d 136, 139 (2006).
This presumption is entrenched in South Carolina property law. In Blue Ridge,
the Court addressed whether an easement existed in a cul-de-sac. 247 S.C. at 116,
145 S.E.2d at 923. A realty company subdivided lots, recorded a plat containing the
cul-de-sac, and sold the parcels by deed referencing the plat. Id. However, the realty
company maintained ownership over a few of the lots abutting the cul-de-sac. Id. at
117, 145 S.E.2d at 924. After a neighboring resident blocked access to the cul-de-
sac, claiming he owned that portion of the road in fee simple, the realty company
brought suit, arguing the resident did not own the street because it was instead an
easement. Id. at 121, 145 S.E.2d at 926. The Court agreed with the realty company
under the general rule "that where a deed describes land as is shown on a certain
plat, such plat becomes a part of the deed." Id. at 247 S.C. 118, 145 S.E.2d at 924.
This Court has since repeated the rule from Blue Ridge on numerous occasions. See,
e.g., Newington Plantation Estates Ass'n v. Newington Plantation Estates, 318 S.C.
362, 365, 458 S.E.2d 36, 38 (1995) (stating that a private easement existed in an
unpaved portion of a traffic circle where the deed referenced a recorded plat that
contained the street and no evidence existed of a contrary intent to convey the
easement); McAllister v. Smiley, 301 S.C. 10, 12, 389 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1990)
(concluding that an implied easement arose where the deed referred to a plat that
contained a road and no evidence existed that the parties intended to negate the grant
of the easement); Carolina Land Co. v. Bland, 265 S.C. 98, 106, 217 S.E.2d 16, 20
(1975) (holding that purchasers of subdivided lots platted into streets and sold by
reference to the plat acquired an appurtenant easement in a road that was never
opened or used).
Based on the well-established rule articulated in Blue Ridge, the court of
appeals erred in reversing the master and holding Gooldy was not entitled to the
presumption of an implied easement. The Loflin Plat depicted a road as the southern
boundary of Gooldy's property, and the lot portrayed two subdivided parcels of land
originally owned by Congaree. While the Loflin Plat does not include the metes and
bounds of the Storage Center's parcel, it still contains a portion of the property and
clearly indicates the other parcel. Most significantly, Congaree originally owned
both parcels and subdivided the property when it conveyed the 0.68 acre portion to
Loflin. As the master correctly concluded, the Loflin Plat created the presumption
of an implied easement as established by Blue Ridge and its progeny.
The Storage Center attempts to avoid this rule by contending the deed only
incorporated the plat to describe the metes and bounds of the 0.68 acre tract. It asserts
the deed's language—"[t]he within described property contains 0.68 acre"—aligns
this case with Lancaster v. Smithco, Inc., 246 S.C. 464, 144 S.E.2d 209 (1965), and
Bennett v. Inv'rs Title Ins. Co., 370 S.C. 578, 635 S.E.2d 649 (Ct. App. 2006). In
Lancaster, the defendant sold property under a deed that stated the seller conveyed
the property "as shown" by a recorded plat, which clearly indicated a gas pipeline
company possessed easement rights on a portion of the property. 246 S.C. at 466,
144 S.E.2d at 210. The question before the Court was whether reference to a plat
containing an easement held by a third party allowed the seller to escape liability for
breach of the covenant against encumbrances. Id. at 468, 144 S.E.2d at 211. If the
conveyance was subject to the easement, then it would not fall under the covenant.
However, the Court rejected that contention and stated,
A plat, however, is not an index to encumbrances, and the mere
reference in a deed, as in this case, to a plat for descriptive purposes
does not incorporate a notation thereon as to an easement held by a third
party so as to exclude such easement from the covenant against
encumbrances in the absence of a clear intention that it so operate. Id.
at 469, 144 S.E.2d at 211.
Significantly, the Court noted the fact-specific nature of the inquiry, highlighted by
the point that neither party presented any facts other than the deed's reference to the
plat to demonstrate the parties intended to convey the property subject to the
easement. Id. Therefore, not only does Lancaster address whether a plat incorporated
an easement for the purpose of an exclusion from the covenant against
encumbrances—an issue not present here—neither party in that case presented facts
to demonstrate the parties intended to convey the property subject to the easement.
In Bennett, the court of appeals relied upon the principle in Lancaster that a
deed may incorporate a plat merely for descriptive purposes if the parties' intent to
do so is clear. Bennett, 370 S.C. 578, 635 S.E.2d 649. In that case, the seller
conveyed property pursuant to a deed that incorporated a plat containing a sixty-six
foot right-of-way. Id. at 585–86, 635 S.E.2d at 652. The plat, however, was based
on an erroneous survey, so the precise location and dimensions of the easement as
represented conflicted with an easement held by the South Carolina Department of
Transportation. Id. After the buyer constructed a wall inside SCDOT's easement but
outside the easement as indicated on the plat, the buyer sued his title insurance carrier
which in turn sued the seller and asserted the plat represented the width of the
easement. Id. This Court rejected that contention, instead holding the parties
intended to incorporate the plat merely to describe "the boundaries, metes, courses,
and distances of the property conveyed." Id. at 595, 635 S.E.2d at 658.
Unlike the deed in question here, the deed in Bennett expressly stated the seller
did not grant "'matters affecting title to the Property as shown on the Plat,' matters
'which would be shown on a current and accurate survey of the Property,' and rights-
of-way of public streets and roads." Id. at 595, 635 S.E.2d at 658 (quoting the deed
at issue). This language demonstrated an intent not to convey the easement indicated
on the plat, which makes it inapposite to the facts before us. Accordingly, the court
of appeals erred in holding Lancaster and Bennet are controlling. Instead, under Blue
Ridge, Gooldy was entitled to the rebuttable presumption of an implied easement.
II. Any Evidence to Support the Master's Decision
Gooldy asserts the court of appeals misapplied the "any evidence" standard of
review to conclude no evidence supported the master's conclusion that the parties to
the 1986 conveyance intended to create an easement.3 Finding ample evidence exists
to support the master's conclusion, we agree.
Initially, we note the relevant inquiry regarding the parties' intent is limited to
the facts and circumstances at the time of the 1986 conveyance. The master clearly
recognized this, stating on the record that this was the pertinent date. See Boyd v.
Bellsouth Tel. Tel. Co., 369 S.C. 410, 416, 633 S.E.2d 136, 139 (2006) ("Whatever
easements are created by implication must be determined as of the time of the
severance of the ownership of the tracts involved.") (emphasis added).
During the time Congaree planned to develop a subdivision, Collingwood
surveyed and created plats for both Westchester Phase I and II. While Congaree
never recorded the plat for Westchester Phase II, it nevertheless took action
consistent with the intent to build a road by submitting a plat containing the road to
the Planning Commission for approval. Therefore, it is entirely reasonable to find,
as the master did, that Collingwood carried out Congaree's intent at that time to build
a road by marking it on the Loflin Plat. The fact that Congaree eventually abandoned
its plans to build the subdivision at some later date is of little import to the
determination of its intent at the time of the 1986 conveyance to Loflin. As McGee
testified, "If we had developed…Westchester, there would have been a road there."
With evidence to demonstrate Congaree, at the time of preparation of the Loflin Plat,
intended to build the road and no evidence as to when the plan was abandoned, we
find the record supports the master's decision that Congaree intended to convey an
easement in the 1986 conveyance.
In reversing the master, the court of appeals appeared to have weighed the
evidence rather than to have applied the highly deferential "any evidence" standard.
Inlet Harbour v. S.C. Dep't of Parks, Recreation & Tourism, 377 S.C. 86, 91, 659
S.E.2d 151, 153 (2008) ("[T]his Court reviews factual issues relating to the existence
of an easement under a highly deferential standard."). For example, the court of
appeals noted McGee testified the parties to the 1986 conveyance did not intend to
3
An appellate court's review of the existence of an easement is a question of fact in
an action at law. We note this case does not involve the scope of an easement, which
is an action in equity where an appellate court views the evidence under its view of
the preponderance of the evidence. Inlet Harbour v. S.C. Dep't of Parks, Recreation
& Tourism, 377 S.C. 86, 91, 659 S.E.2d 151, 154 (2008) ("In an action at equity,
tried by a judge alone, an appellate court may find facts in accordance with its own
view of the preponderance of the evidence.").
create an easement, Congaree never gave permission to Loflin to use the land at
issue, and Loflin did not own the land or have any rights to it. While this may be
reflected in the record, the court should have limited its analysis to determining,
consistent with our appellate standard of review, whether any evidence exists to
support the master's decision. The master was entitled to weigh the testimony, and
the record supports his findings that McGee never actually discussed the issue with
Loflin. Furthermore, the master concluded evidence of the intent to create an
easement was more compelling, mainly the plan to develop a subdivision and the
road. Ultimately, these issues are factual determinations relegated to the master as
fact-finder which must be upheld under our standard of review if there is any
evidence to support them.
CONCLUSION
We find the record supports the master's decision that the parties to the 1986
conveyance intended to create an easement. The implied easement encumbers the
Storage Center's property as the Loflin Plat was duly recorded in its chain of title.
Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals and reinstate the master's order.
REVERSED.
KITTREDGE, Acting Chief Justice, FEW, JAMES, JJ., and Acting Justice
Arthur Eugene Morehead, III, concur.