Cothran v. State Farm

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
Wadette Cothran and Chris Cothran, Petitioners,
v.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and
Robert Tucker, Defendants,
of which State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Company is the Respondent.
Appellate Case No. 2018-000235
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS
Appeal from Spartanburg County
L. Casey Manning, Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 27914
Heard May 29, 2019 – Filed August 7, 2019
REVERSED
Charles Logan Rollins II, Hawkins Law Firm, of
Spartanburg, for Petitioners.
Robert William Whelan, Charles R. Norris, of Charleston,
and C. Mitchell Brown, of Columbia, all of Nelson
Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP, for Respondent.
JUSTICE FEW: Section 38-77-144 of the South Carolina Code (2015) provides
that no-fault personal injury protection (PIP) insurance coverage "is not subject to a
setoff." This appeal requires us to consider whether section 38-77-144 prohibits an
automobile insurance carrier from reducing its obligation to pay PIP benefits to its
insured by the amount of workers' compensation benefits the insured received for
medical expenses. We hold that it does.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Wadette Cothran incurred approximately $40,000 in medical expenses from injuries
she received in an automobile accident. Her employer's workers' compensation
carrier paid all of her medical expenses. She was also covered by her automobile
insurance policy issued to her and her husband Chris by State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Company. The State Farm policy provided PIP coverage with
a limit of $5,000. However, State Farm refused to pay her any PIP benefits for
medical expenses based on a "Workers' Compensation Coordination" provision in
the policy. The "Coordination" provision states,
Any Personal Injury Protection Coverage provided by this
policy applies as excess over any benefits recovered under
any workers' compensation law or any other similar law.
The Cothrans filed this lawsuit against State Farm alleging breach of contract and
bad faith refusal to pay insurance benefits.
The circuit court granted summary judgment to the Cothrans on the breach of
contract claim, finding the "Coordination" provision violated section 38-77-144.
The court of appeals reversed. Cothran v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 421 S.C.
562, 808 S.E.2d 824 (Ct. App. 2017). We granted the Cothrans' petition for a writ
of certiorari. We reverse the court of appeals, and reinstate the summary judgment.
II. Section 38-77-144
We begin with the text of section 38-77-144.
There is no personal injury protection (PIP) coverage
mandated under the automobile insurance laws of this
State. Any reference to personal injury protection in Title
38 or 56 or elsewhere is deleted. If an insurer sells no-
fault insurance coverage which provides personal injury
protection, medical payment coverage, or economic loss
coverage, the coverage shall not be assigned or subrogated
and is not subject to a setoff.
§ 38-77-144.
We focus on the language "the [PIP] coverage . . . is not subject to a setoff." The
term "setoff" is not defined in our Insurance code. Therefore, we apply the term's
"usual and customary meaning." Perry v. Bullock, 409 S.C. 137, 140-41, 761 S.E.2d
251, 253 (2014). Merriam-Webster defines "setoff" as "something that is set off
against another thing" and as "the discharge of a debt by setting against it a distinct
claim in favor of the debtor." Setoff, WEBSTER'S NINTH NEW COLLEGIATE
DICTIONARY (1988). The term is defined in BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY as, "A
defendant's counterdemand against the plaintiff, arising out of a transaction
independent of the plaintiff's claim," and, "A debtor's right to reduce the amount of
a debt by any sum the creditor owes the debtor." Setoff, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY
(11th ed. 2019).
However, the term "setoff" is also commonly used to describe any reduction in the
amount a defendant or insurance company would otherwise be obligated to pay on
a claim, when the right to the reduction arises as a result of a payment from a third
party. Our courts have used the term for this meaning in numerous cases. In Smith
v. Widener, 397 S.C. 468, 724 S.E.2d 188 (Ct. App. 2012), for example, the plaintiff
filed suit to recover funds she claimed should have been paid to her, but were
wrongly paid to other parties. 397 S.C. at 471, 724 S.E.2d at 190. Before trial, the
defendant who made the contested payment settled. At the conclusion of trial, the
jury found the defendants who received the payment had done so wrongfully, and
they must pay the funds to the plaintiff. Id. These defendants argued the judgment
to be entered against them must be reduced by the amount the plaintiff received
before trial in settlement. Id. The parties, the trial court, and the court of appeals
framed the question as whether the non-settling defendants were entitled to a "setoff"
because of this third-party payment. The court of appeals held that "before entering
judgment on a jury verdict, the court must reduce the amount of the verdict to
account for any funds previously paid by a settling defendant, so long as the
settlement funds were paid to compensate the same plaintiff on a claim for the same
injury." 397 S.C. at 471-72, 724 S.E.2d at 190. The court described this as a "setoff"
that arises by operation of law. 397 S.C. at 472, 724 S.E.2d at 190 (citing Ellis v.
Oliver, 335 S.C. 106, 111, 515 S.E.2d 268, 271 (Ct. App. 1999)). See also Rutland
v. S.C. Dep't of Transp., 400 S.C. 209, 217, 734 S.E.2d 142, 146 (2012) (finding the
trial court properly reduced a jury verdict against one defendant by the amount paid
in settlement by different defendants, and calling that a "set-off"); Huck v. Oakland
Wings, LLC, 422 S.C. 430, 436, 813 S.E.2d 288, 291 (Ct. App. 2018) (stating, "A
nonsettling defendant is entitled to credit for the amount paid by another defendant
who settles," and calling that a "setoff" (quoting Welch v. Epstein, 342 S.C. 279,
312, 536 S.E.2d 408, 425 (Ct. App. 2000))); Ellis, 335 S.C. at 109, 515 S.E.2d at
270 (addressing whether a defendant was entitled to a "set-off" to reduce the
judgment against him by the amount a third party paid the plaintiff for his medical
expenses).
A setoff, therefore, takes two primary forms. The first—not applicable here—is
when person A's obligation to pay person B is reduced by the amount of B's
obligation to A, regardless of whether the corresponding obligations arose from the
same transaction or subject matter. See Setoff, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY. The
second—which is applicable here—is when A's (State Farm's) obligation to pay B
(Wadette) is reduced by the amount of C's (workers' compensation carrier's) payment
to B, where A's and C's obligations to pay did arise from the same transaction or
subject matter.
The Legislature obviously intended to use the term "setoff" in this second form—as
we did in Rutland, and the court of appeals did in Huck, Smith, Welch, and Ellis—
when it drafted section 38-77-144.1 In the context of PIP coverage, we can envision
no situation in which an insured's obligation back to the insurer could reduce the
insurer's obligation to the insured. Rather, the only thing that could ever be set off
against PIP coverage is a third-party payment, such as a payment from a tortfeasor
or the workers' compensation benefits Wadette received. Because "setoff" is not a
situation that could arise under the first definition, the term becomes relevant in
section 38-77-144 only under the second definition.
This discussion allows us to frame the issue before us more precisely. In section 38-
77-144, the Legislature intended—at least in part—to prevent an insurance company
1
Counsel for State Farm attempted to argue at oral argument that under this
definition of setoff—which counsel contended was overbroad and thus ambiguous—
even a deductible would be a setoff. We do not agree. An insurance company's
obligation to pay is provided under the terms of the policy. A setoff is a reduction
in the amount of the obligation to the extent there has been a third-party payment. If
there is a deductible, the insurance company was never obligated to pay the amount
of the deductible. Rather, the reduction is provided under the terms of the policy. A
deductible, therefore, is not a setoff.
that sells PIP coverage from reducing the amount of PIP it is obligated to pay because
the insured received a third-party payment for the same expenses. If State Farm's
"Coordination" provision has this effect, it is a setoff, and it violates the section.
Through its "Coordination" provision, State Farm attempts to designate the policy
holder's opportunity to recover workers' compensation benefits as the policy holder's
primary source of repayment for medical expenses. If the workers' compensation
benefits equal the medical expenses—as occurred here—or if the difference between
workers' compensation benefits received and the total medical expenses is less than
the policy limit for PIP coverage, the "Coordination" provision becomes effective.2
In the latter example, State Farm's obligation to pay PIP benefits would be reduced,
but not eliminated. In the former example—as occurred here—the effect of the
provision is that State Farm pays no PIP benefits. In this case, State Farm's
obligation to pay PIP coverage to Wadette is reduced—eliminated, in fact—by the
amount her employer's workers' compensation carrier paid her for medical expenses.
In other words, the "Coordination" provision is a setoff.3
2
The following scenarios illustrate the effect of the "Coordination" provision.
Wadette incurred approximately $40,000 in medical expenses. Her PIP benefits
policy limit is $5,000. If her workers' compensation benefits were less than $35,000,
the "Coordination" provision would have no effect and State Farm would owe her
the policy limit. If her workers' compensation benefits were $37,500, the
"Coordination" provision would take effect and State Farm would owe her $2,500.
In this case, her workers' compensation benefits equaled the total amount of her
medical expenses, so the effect of the "Coordination" provision would be to
eliminate State Farm's obligation to pay any PIP benefits.
3
The term "setoff" is used universally to describe the reduction of PIP benefits by
the amount of a third-party payment, including workers' compensation. This is
explained in APPLEMAN ON INSURANCE. "More often than not, multiple sources of
recovery are available to the injured insured. As long as there is no policy or
statutory provision limiting or restricting multiple recovery, payments may be made
under more than one policy or plan." 6 Jeffrey E. Thomas, NEW APPLEMAN ON
INSURANCE LAW LIBRARY EDITION § 66.09[1] (2019). The APPLEMAN subsection
goes on to explain, "Most no-fault statutes have some sort of coordination of benefits
language," like the "Coordination" provision in State Farm's policy purports to be.
However, subsection 66.09[1] and the next one—subsection 66.09[2][a] entitled
"Statutory Setoffs -- Workers' Compensation"—make it clear that when no-fault
benefits are reduced by payments from a workers' compensation carrier, it is a
"setoff." Thomas, supra § 66.09[2][a]; see also 12 Steven Plitt et al., COUCH ON
State Farm attempts to avoid this straightforward analysis by relying on this Court's
opinion in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Richardson, 313 S.C.
58, 437 S.E.2d 43 (1993), and in particular our statement "the Legislature intended
the set-off prohibition[4] . . . to apply only to the tortfeasor," 313 S.C. at 61, 437
S.E.2d at 45. The court of appeals agreed with State Farm that Richardson is
controlling. Cothran, 421 S.C. at 569, 808 S.E.2d at 828. We do not agree
Richardson may be read as expansively as State Farm argues and the court of appeals
held. Richardson involved a different policy provision and a different set of facts.
If Richardson is to control this case, it must be because the reasoning is applicable
here, not simply because the words we chose to explain our reasoning—when read
out of context—might appear to restrict the effect of the statute. As we will explain,
the reasoning of Richardson is not applicable in this case.
The question in Richardson was whether section 38-77-145, see supra note 4,
invalidated a policy provision that prevented the stacking of PIP benefits from two
automobile policies issued by the same insurer. 313 S.C. at 59, 437 S.E.2d at 44.5
INSURANCE § 171:67 (3d ed. 2018) ("[A] no-fault insurer may be entitled to setoff
from the injured party's coverage amounts the insured has received from various
other sources for the same injury."); 46A C.J.S. Insurance § 2236 (2018)
("Ordinarily, a no-fault insurance carrier is entitled to set off insured's workers'
compensation benefits . . . where the workers' compensation benefits are intended to
serve the same purpose as no-fault benefits, and required to be paid." (footnotes
omitted)). The important point here is not that the law of other jurisdictions might
permit—or even require—a setoff under the circumstances of this case, but that the
effect the "Coordination" provision has in this case is universally called a "setoff."
4
When originally enacted, and at the time this Court decided Richardson, section
38-77-144 was numbered 38-77-145. See Act No. 148, 1989 S.C. Acts 427, 470;
S.C. Code Ann. § 38-77-145 (Supp. 1989); Richardson, 313 S.C. at 60, 437 S.E.2d
at 45 (quoting S.C. Code Ann. § 38-77-145 (Supp. 1992)).
5
The policy provision on which State Farm relied in Richardson stated,
If two or more policies issued by us to you, your spouse,
or your relatives provide vehicle Medical Payments
Coverage and apply to these same bodily injuries
sustained . . . the total limits of liability under all such
The insureds "incurred medical expenses in excess of $20,000 . . . [and] filed a claim
for PIP benefits under two State Farm automobile insurance policies that each
carried a $10,000 maximum." Id. State Farm paid the insureds $10,000 under one
policy, but refused to make any PIP payment under the other policy. Id. We found
the provision on which State Farm relied was not a "setoff." 313 S.C. at 61, 437
S.E.2d at 45.
Both policies at stake in Richardson were issued by State Farm, and the PIP
coverages in each were identical. This is important for two reasons. The first reason
is the policy provision defined the coverage State Farm sold to its insured; it was not
an attempt to direct how separate coverages from different insurers interact. The
provision in both State Farm policies stated that if there are two policies "issued by
us to you," you may recover only the limits of one policy. On the other hand, had
the two policies been issued by different insurers, the provision would not have
applied. Thus, there was no setting off of one coverage against another. Rather,
there was but one coverage, and that coverage was to be paid according to the terms
of the State Farm policies. For this reason, we held "the disputed language in its
policy comprises [sic] an anti-stacking[] clause rather than a set-off." 313 S.C. at 60,
437 S.E.2d at 44.
The second reason this is important is the coverages in the State Farm policies were
identical no-fault PIP. The coverages in this case—PIP coverage and workers'
compensation coverage—are not the same. PIP coverage is first-party coverage a
policy holder purchases to pay medical expenses no matter who is at fault in causing
the accident. See S.C. Code Ann. § 38-77-10(4) (1989) (repealed by Act No. 148,
1989 S.C. Acts 427, 513). "The key concept embodied in PIP no fault coverage is
that an injured person needs to promptly pay expenses necessarily arising out of
injuries sustained, and needs support for himself and his family during the period of
recuperation." Hamrick v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 270 S.C. 176, 180, 241
S.E.2d 548, 549 (1978); see also 46A C.J.S. Insurance § 2184 (2018) ("No-fault
statutes are intended to protect persons injured in accidents involving a motor
vehicle, by assuring that such accident victims receive compensation, reparations, or
financial assistance, that is certain, and that is provided in a prompt and expeditious
policies shall not exceed that of the policy with the highest
limit of liability.
313 S.C. at 59, 437 S.E.2d at 44.
fashion . . . ." (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted)).6 State Farm's contention that
it can take insurance that is by definition primary and simply label it as "excess" in
an attempt to make it not primary is a stretch under any circumstances.7 Under
section 38-77-144, it is prohibited.
Finally, we disagree with State Farm and the court of appeals that the legislative
history we considered in Richardson supports a finding that the "Coordination"
provision in this case is not a setoff.8 The legislative history of section 38-77-144
supports our reading of the plain language of the section that the "Coordination"
provision is a setoff.
As we stated in Richardson, the Legislature "made sweeping reforms in automobile
insurance law" in 1989. 313 S.C. at 60, 437 S.E.2d at 45. We stated,
6
Workers' compensation insurance is also no-fault. Nicholson v. S.C. Dep't of Soc.
Servs., 411 S.C. 381, 389, 769 S.E.2d 1, 5 (2015). However, it is not first-party
insurance like PIP, and its availability to an employee is subject to the provisions of
the Workers' Compensation Act after potentially protracted litigation in front of the
workers' compensation commission. But see Russell v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 426
S.C. 281, 285, 287, 826 S.E.2d 863, 865-66 (2019) (refocusing the commission on
its "primary" role in avoiding "complicated and protracted litigation").
7
State Farm contends the "Coordination" provision does not violate section 38-77-
144 because it "is an excess clause, not a setoff." According to State Farm, "An
excess clause is '[a]n insurance-policy provision . . . that limits the insurer's liability
to the amount exceeding other available coverage. This clause essentially requires
other insurers to pay first." (quoting Excess clause, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th
ed. 2014)).
8
Ordinarily, after concluding the plain language of a statute controls, we would not
consider legislative history or any other indication of legislative intent. See Timmons
v. S.C. Tricentennial Comm'n, 254 S.C. 378, 401, 175 S.E.2d 805, 817 (1970) ("If a
statute is clear and explicit in its language, then there is no need to resort to statutory
interpretation or legislative intent to determine its meaning."). We do so in this case
solely to address the error of the court of appeals in relying on our legislative history
analysis in Richardson. See Cothran, 421 S.C. at 570-71, 808 S.E.2d at 829 (stating
"despite the language of section 38-77-144 appearing to prohibit any setoff of PIP
benefits, our supreme court declared the legislative intent of that section was to
prohibit tortfeasors from reducing their liability by the amount of PIP benefits"
(citing Richardson, 313 S.C. at 61, 437 S.E.2d at 45)).
In section 57 of [Act 148], the Legislature repealed the
tortfeasor's statutory "set-off" authorized by section 38-
77-290(f). See 1989 S.C. Acts at 513. Concurrently, in
section 34 of Act 148, the Legislature expressly provided
that PIP coverage was not subject to a "set-off." See 1989
S.C. Acts at 470. In our view, the Legislature intended
for the "set-off" prohibition in section 34 of Act 148 to
refer to the statute allowing reduction of a tortfeasor's
liability which was repealed in section 57 of Act 148.
Accordingly, we find that the "set-off" prohibited by
section 34 of Act 148, now codified in section 38-77-145,
is the tortfeasor's reduction in liability formerly allowed
by section 38-77-290(f).
Id.
Our legislative-history focus in Richardson was the repeal of subsection 38-77-
290(f), which—prior to its repeal—required the setoff of PIP benefits in favor of a
tortfeasor. See § 38-77-290(f) (1989) (providing PIP "benefits received or recovered
. . . must be deducted from any tort recovery, settlement, or judgment for bodily
injury"). The fact the Legislature repealed the provision requiring a setoff against a
tortfeasor's liability, and simultaneously prohibited any setoff against PIP coverage
when it enacted section 38-77-145, see supra note 4, was important to us in
understanding whether the anti-stacking provision was invalidated by the setoff
prohibition in section 38-77-144.
It was not necessary in Richardson for us to discuss the fact the Legislature also
repealed former subsection 38-77-290(d) in 1989. Subsection 38-77-290(d) required
a setoff of workers' compensation benefits received by an insured against an insurer's
obligation to pay PIP benefits. See § 38-77-290(d) (1989) (repealed by Act No. 148,
1989 S.C. Acts at 513) ("Benefits payable [under the PIP statute9] must be reduced
to the extent that the recipient has recovered benefits under workers' compensation
laws . . . ."). Thus, former subsection 38-77-290(d) required by law precisely what
State Farm seeks to obtain in this case by policy provision. The Legislature,
however, repealed the subsection. If the repeal of subsection 38-77-290(f) was
9
Here, former subsection 38-77-290(d) referred to former section 38-77-240 of the
South Carolina Code (1989) (repealed by Act No. 148, 1989 S.C. Acts at 513), which
is the section that required PIP coverage.
useful to us in Richardson to understand whether an anti-stacking provision violated
section 38-77-144, then the repeal of subsection 38-77-290(d) is even more
important to us in understanding whether State Farm's "Coordination" provision is
prohibited. In other words, the fact the Legislature repealed the legal requirement
that workers' compensation benefits be set off against PIP, and simultaneously
provided PIP coverage "is not subject to a setoff," is forceful proof that the
Legislature intended the setoff prohibition must apply to workers' compensation
benefits.
III. Conclusion
When an insurer seeks to reduce its obligation to pay benefits based on a third party's
previous payment for the same claim, it is a setoff. Because that is the precise effect
of State Farm's "Coordination" provision, section 38-77-144 prohibits the provision
from reducing State Farm's obligation to pay PIP benefits to the Cothrans. We
reverse the court of appeals and reinstate the summary judgment in their favor.
REVERSED.
BEATTY, C.J., KITTREDGE, HEARN and JAMES, JJ., concur.