State of South Carolina v. Key

The Supreme Court of South Carolina
State of South Carolina, Appellant,
v.
Kathryn Martin Key, Respondent,
Appellate Case No. 2017-001013
ORDER
The petition for rehearing is granted, and we dispense with further briefing. After
careful consideration of the petition, the majority opinion is unchanged. Justice Few
has issued a concurring opinion. These opinions are attached.
s/ John W. Kittredge A. C.J.
s/ Kaye G. Hearn J.
s/ John Cannon Few J.
s/ George C. James, Jr. J.
s/ Thomas E. Huff A.J.
Columbia, South Carolina
September 2, 2020
7
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court
State of South Carolina, Appellant,
v.
Kathryn Martin Key, Respondent.
Appellate Case No. 2017-001013
Appeal from Greenville County
Edward W. Miller, Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 27971
Heard November 20, 2019 – Filed May 13, 2020
Re-Filed September 2, 2020
VACATED AND REMANDED
Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson and Assistant
Attorney General Joshua Abraham Edwards, both of
Columbia; and Solicitor William Walter Wilkins III, of
Greenville, for Appellant.
James H. Price III and Elizabeth Powers Price, both of
Price Law Firm P.A., of Greenville; and J. Falkner Wilkes,
of Greenville, for Respondent.
8
JUSTICE JAMES: Kathryn Martin Key was convicted in the summary court of
driving under the influence (DUI). Her conviction was based upon the testing of her
blood, which was drawn without a warrant while she was unconscious. The circuit
court reversed and remanded, finding the summary court should have suppressed
evidence of Key's blood alcohol concentration because the State did not obtain a
warrant. The State appealed to the court of appeals, and the appeal was transferred
to this Court.
While the State's appeal was pending in this Court, the United States Supreme
Court decided Mitchell v. Wisconsin, 139 S. Ct. 2525 (2019). In Mitchell, the
Supreme Court held for the first time that, generally, law enforcement is permitted
to draw the blood of an unconscious DUI suspect without a search warrant pursuant
to the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement. However, the
Supreme Court acknowledged the possibility of an "unusual" case presenting an
exception to this new general rule. The Mitchell Court determined the defendant
should be given the opportunity to establish the applicability of the exception to the
general rule and remanded the case to the trial court for that purpose.
We have carefully considered the Mitchell holding and conclude we will not
impose upon a defendant the burden of establishing the absence of exigent
circumstances. We hold the burden of establishing the existence of exigent
circumstances remains upon the State. The exigent circumstances issue in this case
was not ruled upon by the summary court; therefore, we remand this case to the
summary court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
At approximately 8:45 a.m. on December 10, 2015, Key was driving a motor
vehicle on Muddy Ford Road in Greenville County. She drove across the center-
line, crashed her vehicle into the driver's side of an oncoming vehicle, and then drove
off the road and struck a tree. When South Carolina State Trooper Aaron Campbell
arrived on scene at 8:57 a.m., Key was on a stretcher and was being loaded into an
ambulance. Trooper Campbell approached to ask Key for her name and phone
number, but one of the paramedics stopped him and said, "Man, she needs to go [to
the hospital]." The ambulance departed, so Trooper Campbell was unable to
question Key at the scene.
Trooper Campbell stayed at the scene for over an hour to investigate the
accident. He photographed the scene, interviewed the driver of the other vehicle,
9
and completed an accident report. Trooper Campbell recovered an almost-empty
mini bottle of Jack Daniel's liquor from the glove compartment of Key's vehicle.
"Wet residue" in the bottle led Trooper Campbell to believe the liquor had been
"freshly consumed." Trooper Campbell completed his investigation and drove to
Greenville Memorial Hospital to charge Key with DUI and open container.
Trooper Campbell located Key in the emergency room trauma bay. She was
unconscious and was intubated due to the severity of her injuries. Trooper Campbell
arrested the unconscious Key for DUI at 10:35 a.m. and read her implied consent
rights1 to her at 10:36 a.m. Without seeking a search warrant, Trooper Campbell
asked a nurse to draw Key's blood. Her blood was drawn at 10:45 a.m.
(approximately two hours after the accident), and testing revealed her blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) was .213%. Key then spent five days in the intensive care unit.
Key moved pre-trial to have the evidence of her BAC suppressed. She argued
Trooper Campbell's failure to obtain a warrant violated the Fourth Amendment to
the United States Constitution and Article I, section 10 of the South Carolina
Constitution. Key contended there were no exigent circumstances to excuse the
State's failure to obtain a warrant. She also contended South Carolina's implied
consent statute is unconstitutional. Key did not argue Trooper Campbell lacked
probable cause to suspect she had been driving under the influence.
In response, the State argued the implied consent statute is constitutional and
was followed by Trooper Campbell. The State asserted the blood was legally drawn
1
See S.C. Code Ann. § 56-5-2950(A) (2018) (providing a person arrested for DUI
is considered to have given consent to certain chemical tests for the purpose of
determining the presence of drugs or alcohol); id. (providing a blood test may be
conducted if a breath test cannot be administered and stating the blood sample must
be collected within three hours of the arrest); § 56-5-2950(B)(1) (requiring the
person suspected of DUI to be given a written copy and verbally informed that "the
person does not have to take the test or give the samples, but that the person's
privilege to drive must be suspended or denied for at least six months with the option
of ending the suspension if the person enrolls in the Ignition Interlock Device
Program, if the person refuses to submit to the test, and that the person's refusal may
be used against the person in court"); § 56-5-2950(H) ("A person who is unconscious
or otherwise in a condition rendering the person incapable of refusal is considered
to be informed and not to have withdrawn the consent provided by subsection (A)
of this section.").
10
because Key statutorily consented to the blood draw by operating a motor vehicle
and by not withdrawing her implied consent. The State noted, "Judge, this is not a
case where we have to look for exigent circumstances. We are not looking for an
exception to the warrant requirement." The summary court denied Key's motion to
suppress.
The case proceeded to a bench trial before the summary court. Trooper
Campbell testified about his investigation of the accident and confirmed he did not
seek a warrant before directing a nurse to draw Key's blood at the hospital. The
parties stipulated there was a magistrate on duty in Greenville County at the time
Key was arrested and her blood drawn. On cross-examination, Trooper Campbell
acknowledged the on-duty magistrate was only three miles from the hospital on the
morning of the accident. Trooper Campbell confirmed Key was unconscious when
he read Key's implied consent rights to her and when the nurse drew her blood. A
SLED toxicologist testified Key's BAC was .213%.
The summary court found Key guilty of DUI, imposed a fine, and sentenced
her to the five days she "served" while in intensive care. Key appealed her
conviction to the circuit court. In addition to the consent argument it presented to
the summary court, the State argued to the circuit court that the record was replete
with evidence of exigent circumstances, including the wreck itself, Trooper
Campbell staying behind at the scene to interview the accident victim and conduct
his investigation, and Key's unconscious state. In a written order, the circuit court
reversed Key's conviction and remanded the case for a new trial, ruling the blood
alcohol evidence was obtained pursuant to an unlawful search and seizure in
violation of both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the
South Carolina Constitution. The circuit court rejected the State's position that the
implied consent statute permitted a warrantless blood draw but did not address the
State's exigent circumstances argument. The State moved for reconsideration and
again noted its argument of exigent circumstances. The circuit court denied the
State's motion without addressing the exigent circumstances issue.
The State appealed to the court of appeals, and the appeal was transferred to
this Court pursuant to Rules 203(d)(1)(A)(ii) and 204(a) of the South Carolina
Appellate Court Rules.
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DISCUSSION
The State argues the circuit court erred in reversing Key's conviction and
remanding for a new trial. In its brief to this Court, the State argued the circuit court
erred in finding a warrant was required to draw Key's blood because (1) exigent
circumstances were present and (2) Key validly consented under the implied consent
statute and did not revoke her consent. During oral argument, the State abandoned
its implied consent argument and proceeded solely under its exigent circumstances
argument. Therefore, we will address only the latter issue.
A. Preservation
Key argues the State's exigent circumstances argument is not preserved for
appellate review because the argument was not raised to or ruled upon by the
summary court. We disagree.
Before the summary court, the State argued a warrant was unnecessary
because Key, by driving a motor vehicle, consented to having her blood drawn under
the implied consent statute. The State argued there was no need to address the issue
of exigent circumstances because the consent issue was dispositive. Since the State
prevailed on the issue of consent, it was unnecessary for the State to present
additional arguments to the summary court as to why a warrant was not required.
See I'On, L.L.C. v. Town of Mt. Pleasant, 338 S.C. 406, 419, 526 S.E.2d 716, 723
(2000) ("It would be inefficient and pointless to require a respondent to return to the
judge and ask for a ruling on other arguments to preserve them for appellate review.
It also could violate the principle that a court usually should refrain from deciding
unnecessary questions."). Nothing in the trial record indicates the State conceded to
the summary court that there were no exigent circumstances.
When Key appealed to the circuit court, the State argued as an additional
sustaining ground that the record "is replete with exigent circumstances," and cited
Key's unconscious state as one of those circumstances. See I'On, 338 S.C. at 419-
20, 526 S.E.2d at 723 ("[A] respondent—the 'winner' in the lower court—may raise
on appeal any additional reasons the appellate court should affirm the lower court's
ruling, regardless of whether those reasons have been presented to or ruled on by the
lower court. . . . The basis for respondent's additional sustaining grounds must
appear in the record on appeal[.]"). Here, the basis for the additional sustaining
ground appears in the record on appeal. Because the State raised the issue of exigent
circumstances to the circuit court, raised the issue again in its motion for
12
reconsideration, and raised the issue on appeal to this Court, the exigent
circumstances issue is preserved for review.
B. Exigent Circumstances
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
U.S. Const. amend. IV.
It is settled that the collection of a person's blood for BAC testing is a search
and a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. See Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S.
757, 767 (1966); Birchfield v. North Dakota, 136 S. Ct. 2160, 2173 (2016). "The
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable
searches and seizures. Evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment must
be excluded from trial." State v. Khingratsaiphon, 352 S.C. 62, 69, 572 S.E.2d 456,
459 (2002). "Although the text of the Fourth Amendment does not specify when a
search warrant must be obtained, this Court has inferred that a warrant must
generally be secured." Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 459 (2011). However,
because the touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness, the general
presumption that a warrant is required may be overcome in certain situations. Id.Consent and exigent circumstances are two of the recognized exceptions to the
general warrant requirement. See State v. Brown, 401 S.C. 82, 89, 736 S.E.2d 263,
266 (2012); Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141, 148-49 (2013). Most important to
the issue before us is the settled principle that "the burden is upon the State to justify
a warrantless search." State v. Peters, 271 S.C. 498, 501, 248 S.E.2d 475, 477
(1978). At no time has this Court placed the burden on a defendant to establish that
an exception to the warrant requirement does not exist.
"The exigent circumstances exception allows a warrantless search when an
emergency leaves police insufficient time to seek a warrant." Birchfield, 136 S. Ct.
at 2173. "It permits, for instance, the warrantless entry of private property when
there is a need to provide urgent aid to those inside, when police are in hot pursuit
of a fleeing suspect, and when police fear the imminent destruction of evidence." Id.
13
"[B]ecause an individual's alcohol level gradually declines soon after he stops
drinking, a significant delay in testing will negatively affect the probative value of
the results." McNeely, 569 U.S. at 152.
The United States Supreme Court has addressed the constitutionality of
warrantless blood draws in several DUI cases. See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 770-71(holding the warrantless blood draw of a DUI suspect was valid because the law
enforcement officer, dealing with a car accident, could "reasonably have believed
that he was confronted with an emergency, in which the delay necessary to obtain a
warrant, under the circumstances, threatened 'the destruction of evidence'");
McNeely, 569 U.S. at 165 (holding the determination of whether a warrantless blood
draw of a DUI suspect qualifies as an exigent circumstance involves a case-by-case
analysis of the totality of the circumstances and that the natural dissipation of alcohol
in the bloodstream alone does not establish a per se exigency); Birchfield, 136 S. Ct.
at 2184 (holding a lawful search incident to arrest of a DUI suspect permits a
warrantless breath test but not a warrantless blood draw).
In Mitchell, the United States Supreme Court held the exigent circumstances
exception to the warrant requirement "almost always" justifies the warrantless
drawing of blood from unconscious DUI suspects. 139 S. Ct. at 2531. Three justices
joined Justice Alito's lead opinion. Justice Thomas provided the fifth vote,
concurring in the judgment but explaining he would impose an even more expansive
rule that the natural metabolization of alcohol in the bloodstream creates an exigent
circumstance in every DUI case as soon as law enforcement has probable cause to
believe the driver is impaired—"regardless of whether the driver is conscious." Id.
at 2539 (Thomas, J., concurring).2
2
See Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977) ("When a fragmented Court
decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of five
Justices, 'the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position taken by those
Members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds . . . .'" (quoting
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 169 n.15 (1976))); King v. Palmer, 950 F.2d 771,
781 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (en banc) (Silberman, J., concurring) (providing the rule
illustrated by Marks applies "only when one opinion is a logical subset of other,
broader opinions"); id. ("In essence, the narrowest opinion must represent a common
denominator of the Court's reasoning; it must embody a position implicitly approved
by at least five Justices who support the judgment.").
14
In Mitchell, the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Police Department received a report
of a drunk driver, and the responding officer found the defendant wandering on foot
around a nearby lake, stumbling and slurring his words. A preliminary breath test
revealed his BAC was .24%—triple the Wisconsin legal limit. The defendant was
arrested for DUI, and law enforcement drove him to the police station for a more
reliable breath test. By the time the squad car reached the station, the defendant was
too lethargic to submit to a breath test. The officer decided to take the defendant to
a nearby hospital for a blood test, but the defendant lost consciousness by the time
they arrived at the hospital. While the defendant was still unconscious, the officer
read the defendant his statutory implied consent rights. After hearing no response
from the defendant and without obtaining a warrant, the officer asked hospital staff
to draw the defendant's blood. The blood was collected ninety minutes after the time
of arrest, and testing revealed a BAC of .222%. The defendant moved to suppress
the BAC evidence, arguing the warrantless blood draw violated his Fourth
Amendment right against unreasonable searches.
The Mitchell plurality explained the dilemma it believed officers would face
when presented with an unconscious DUI suspect—"It would force [law
enforcement officers] to choose between prioritizing a warrant application, to the
detriment of critical health and safety needs, and delaying the warrant application,
and thus the BAC test, to the detriment of its evidentiary value and all the compelling
interests served by BAC limits." Id. at 2538. The plurality emphasized that such a
scenario is the very reason the exigency exception exists and concluded exigent
circumstances almost always exist when (1) blood alcohol evidence is dissipating
and (2) "some other factor creates pressing health, safety, or law enforcement needs
that would take priority over a warrant application." Id. at 2537. The plurality
concluded both conditions are satisfied when a DUI suspect is unconscious and
concluded "when a driver is unconscious, the general rule is that a warrant is not
needed." Id. at 2531. It summarized:
In such cases, [where the DUI suspect is unconscious and unable to
provide a breath test,] the exigent-circumstances rule almost always
permits a blood test without a warrant. When a breath test is
impossible, enforcement of the drunk-driving laws depends upon the
administration of a blood test. And when a police officer encounters an
unconscious driver, it is very likely that the driver would be taken to an
emergency room and that his blood would be drawn for diagnostic
purposes even if the police were not seeking BAC information. In
15
addition, police officers most frequently come upon unconscious
drivers when they report to the scene of an accident, and under those
circumstances, the officers' many responsibilities—such as attending to
other injured drivers or passengers and preventing further accidents—
may be incompatible with the procedures that would be required to
obtain a warrant. Thus, when a driver is unconscious, the general rule
is that a warrant is not needed.
Id.
While the Supreme Court concluded the new general rule will "almost
always" apply, the Court acknowledged there may be an "unusual case" in which "a
defendant would be able to show that his blood would not have been drawn if police
had not been seeking BAC information, and that police could not have reasonably
judged that a warrant application would interfere with other pressing needs or
duties." Id. at 2539 (emphasis added). Because the defendant did not have the
opportunity to make such a showing, the Court remanded the case to the Wisconsin
state court to allow the defendant to attempt to make the showing. Id.
The Mitchell plurality closed with the following:
When police have probable cause to believe a person has committed a
drunk-driving offense and the driver's unconsciousness or stupor
requires him to be taken to the hospital or similar facility before police
have a reasonable opportunity to administer a standard evidentiary
breath test, they may almost always order a warrantless blood test to
measure the driver's BAC without offending the Fourth Amendment.
We do not rule out the possibility that in an unusual case a defendant
would be able to show that his blood would not have been drawn if
police had not been seeking BAC information, and that police could not
have reasonably judged that a warrant application would interfere with
other pressing needs or duties.
Id.
The people have the right under the Fourth Amendment "to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures . . . and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause[.]" We cannot
sponsor the notion of requiring a defendant to prove that this right—a right she
16
already possesses—exists in any given case. We must therefore part company with
the Mitchell Court, as we will not impose upon a defendant the burden of establishing
the absence of exigent circumstances. We have consistently held the prosecution
has the sole burden of proving the existence of an exception to the warrant
requirement. See, e.g., State v. Bruce, 412 S.C. 504, 510, 772 S.E.2d 753, 756
(2015); State v. Robinson, 410 S.C. 519, 530, 765 S.E.2d 564, 570 (2014); State v.
Gamble, 405 S.C. 409, 416, 747 S.E.2d 784, 787 (2013); State v. Weaver, 374 S.C.
313, 319-20, 649 S.E.2d 479, 482 (2007); State v. Brown, 289 S.C. 581, 587, 347
S.E.2d 882, 885 (1986); State v. Huggins, 275 S.C. 229, 232, 269 S.E.2d 334, 335
(1980). Likewise, the United States Supreme Court and all state and lower federal
courts have consistently held the State bears the burden of establishing exigent
circumstances. See, e.g., Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750 (1984) (stating "the
burden is on the government to demonstrate exigent circumstances");3 McDonald v.
United States, 335 U.S. 451, 456 (1948) ("We cannot be true to that constitutional
requirement and excuse the absence of a search warrant without a showing by those
who seek exemption from the constitutional mandate that the exigencies of the
situation made that course imperative."); United States v. McGee, 736 F.3d 263, 269
(4th Cir. 2013) ("The government bears the burden of proof in justifying a
warrantless search or seizure.").4
3
See also Welsh, 466 U.S. at 749-50 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted)
("Prior decisions of this Court . . . have emphasized that exceptions to the warrant
requirement are 'few in number and carefully delineated,' and that the police bear a
heavy burden when attempting to demonstrate an urgent need that might justify
warrantless searches or arrests. Indeed, the Court has recognized only a few such
emergency conditions[.]" (citing Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 770-71)).
4
In light of our holding, we need not address Key's argument that Article I, section
10 of the South Carolina Constitution requires exclusion of evidence of her BAC.
Article I, section 10 largely mirrors the Fourth Amendment but adds the express
prohibition against unreasonable invasions of privacy: "The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches
and seizures and unreasonable invasions of privacy shall not be violated . . . ." S.C.
Const. art. I, § 10 (emphasis added). "The South Carolina Constitution, with an
express right to privacy provision included in the article prohibiting unreasonable
searches and seizures, favors an interpretation offering a higher level of privacy
17
CONCLUSION
In any given case, the unconsciousness of a DUI suspect might indeed be a
significant factor—or even the determining factor—in the analysis of the exigent
circumstances issue. However, in any given case, unconsciousness might not be a
significant factor. In this case, the question of the existence of exigent circumstances
was not litigated in the trial court. We therefore vacate the circuit court's reversal of
Key's conviction, and we remand this case to the summary court for a determination
of whether the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement applies.
The State shall have the burden of establishing the applicability of the exception,
and the summary court shall base its ruling upon its view of the totality of the
circumstances. Those circumstances may well include the very circumstances
emphasized by the Mitchell Court.
If the summary court determines the exception applies, Key's conviction shall
stand. If the summary court determines the exception does not apply, Key will
receive a new trial with the BAC result suppressed. We express no opinion at this
stage as to whether the exigent circumstances exception does or does not apply in
this case.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
KITTREDGE, Acting Chief Justice, HEARN, FEW, JJ., and Acting Justice
Thomas E. Huff, concur. FEW, J., concurring in a separate opinion.
protection than the Fourth Amendment." State v. Forrester, 343 S.C. 637, 645, 541
S.E.2d 837, 841 (2001).
18
JUSTICE FEW: I concur with the majority opinion. I write to address the
State's argument this Court does not understand the Supremacy Clause. See
U.S. CONST. art. VI, cl. 2 ("This Constitution . . . shall be the supreme law of
the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby."). The argument
is based on the State's erroneous contention we refuse to be bound by the
following statements from the plurality opinion in Mitchell v. Wisconsin, 139
S. Ct. 2525, 204 L. Ed. 2d 1040 (2019).
[I]n a narrow but important category of cases: those in
which the driver is unconscious and therefore cannot
be given a breath test . . . , we hold, the exigent-
circumstances rule almost always permits a blood test
without a warrant.
139 S. Ct. at 2531, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1043.
Thus, when a driver is unconscious, the general rule is
that a warrant is not needed.
139 S. Ct. at 2531, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1044.
We do not rule out the possibility that in an unusual
case a defendant would be able to show that his blood
would not have been drawn if police had not been
seeking BAC information, and that police could not
have reasonably judged that a warrant application
would interfere with other pressing needs or duties.
Because Mitchell did not have a chance to attempt to
make that showing, a remand for that purpose is
necessary.
139 S. Ct. at 2539, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1052.
The majority states we "part company with the Mitchell Court," but that
statement does not mean—as the State suggests—we disagree with Mitchell
and refuse to follow it. Rather, we have complied with the Supremacy
Clause—as we must—by interpreting and applying the Fourth Amendment in
19
light of all Supreme Court precedent, including Mitchell. Respectfully,
however, the Mitchell plurality made this task difficult. The plurality's
statements are confusing and misleading, and difficult to apply in light of other
Supreme Court decisions.
To be more specific, the statements by the plurality create several significant
problems. First, the Supreme Court and all state and lower federal courts have
consistently held the State bears the burden of establishing exigent
circumstances. See, e.g., Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750, 104 S. Ct.
2091, 2098, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732, 743 (1984) (stating "the burden is on the
government to demonstrate exigent circumstances"); 466 U.S. at 749-50, 104
S. Ct. at 2097-98, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 743 ("Prior decisions of this Court . . . have
emphasized that exceptions to the warrant requirement are 'few in number and
carefully delineated,' and that the police bear a heavy burden when attempting
to demonstrate an urgent need that might justify warrantless searches or
arrests. Indeed, the Court has recognized only a few such emergency
conditions . . . ." (emphasis added) (citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S.
757, 770-71, 86 S. Ct. 1826, 1835-36, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908, 919-20 (1966));
United States v. McGee, 736 F.3d 263, 269 (4th Cir. 2013) ("The government
bears the burden of proof in justifying a warrantless search or seizure."); State
v. Gamble, 405 S.C. 409, 416, 747 S.E.2d 784, 787 (2013) ("The prosecution
bears the burden of establishing . . . the existence of circumstances constituting
an exception" to the warrant requirement); see also 6 Wayne R. LaFave,
Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment § 11.2(b) (5th ed.
2012) (stating "most states follow the rule . . . : if the search or seizure was
pursuant to a warrant, the defendant has the burden of proof; but if the police
acted without a warrant the burden of proof is on the prosecution") (footnote
omitted).
Under these cases, a defendant is not required to make any showing that
exigent circumstances do not exist. Therefore, the Mitchell plurality—by
stating a defendant should be given a "chance to attempt to make that
showing"—either (1) implicitly overruled more than seventy years of its own
20
precedent5 without acknowledging it was doing so,6 or (2) inattentively used
loose language to describe what it meant to say was the State's "chance to
attempt to make that showing." It has to be the latter.
Second, the Court's use of the phrase "general rule" surely was not intended to
actually create a "rule."7 Rather, the Court simply anticipated that the "general
result" of a suppression hearing will be the trial court's finding that the
government proved the warrantless search reasonable because of exigency
when a suspected DUI driver is unconscious. The "rule" applicable here is that
a warrantless search ordinarily will be found unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment. The "exception" to the rule is that exigent circumstances may
5
See United States v. Jeffers, 342 U.S. 48, 51, 72 S. Ct. 93, 95, 96 L. Ed. 59, 64
(1951) (stating that to establish an exception to the warrant requirement, "the
burden is on those seeking the exemption to show the need for it"); McDonald v.
United States, 335 U.S. 451, 456, 69 S. Ct. 191, 193, 93 L. Ed. 153, 158 (1948)
("We cannot be true to that constitutional requirement and excuse the absence of a
search warrant without a showing by those who seek exemption from the
constitutional mandate that the exigencies of the situation made that course
imperative."); see also Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141, 152-53, 133 S. Ct.
1552, 1561, 185 L. Ed. 2d 696, 707 (2013) (quoting the sentence from McDonald).
6
See People v. Eubanks, 2019 IL 123525 (Ill. 2019) ("Previously, however, the
Supreme Court had been clear that the burden of demonstrating exigent
circumstances is on the State. Mitchell appears to be saying that, in cases where
the 'general rule' applies, the burden shifts to defendant to establish the lack of
exigent circumstances.") (citations omitted); Fourth Amendment-Search and
Seizure-Warrantless Blood Draws-Mitchell v. Wisconsin, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 302,
308 n.75 (2019) (stating the plurality opinion in Mitchell "puts the burden on the
defendant to establish" the exigency exception does not apply).
7
Compare Mitchell, 139 S. Ct. at 2535 n.3, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1048 n.3 ("In each of
[several listed] cases, the requirement that we base our decision on the 'totality of
the circumstances' has not prevented us from spelling out a general rule for the
police to follow." (quoting McNeely, 569 U.S. at 168, 133 S. Ct. at 1570, 185 L.
Ed. 2d at 716 (Roberts, C.J., concurring))). See infra note 4.
21
render a warrantless search reasonable. The "burden" of proving exigency is
on the government. The "result" must be determined on a case-by-case basis
by trial courts, not by appellate courts. But, as a "general rule," when an officer
"reasonably conclude[s]" there is not time to secure a warrant before ordering
blood to be drawn, the trial court will find the exigent circumstances exception
applies.8
My twenty years of experience deciding and reviewing Fourth Amendment
motions to suppress belies the Mitchell plurality's casual assumption that the
government's burden is so easily satisfied by a mere showing of
unconsciousness. My point is demonstrated by the stark difference between
the facts of this case and those of Mitchell. In Mitchell,9 a City of Sheboygan
8
The Mitchell plurality mentions in its "general rule" discussion the Chief Justice
of the United States' concurring opinion in McNeely. 139 S. Ct. at 2535 n.3, 204 L.
Ed. 2d at 1048 n.3 (quoting McNeely, 569 U.S. at 166, 133 S. Ct. at 1569, 185 L.
Ed. 2d at 716 (Roberts, C.J., concurring)). The concurring opinion, as I read it, is
not about the burden of proof. In fact, the opinion cites several "general rules"
arising out of Supreme Court cases that said nothing about changing the burden of
proof. See McNeely, 569 U.S. at 168, 133 S. Ct. at 1570, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 716-17(Roberts, C.J., concurring) (discussing "an emergency aid exception," "a fire
exception," and "a hot pursuit exception"). Rather, the McNeely concurring
opinion states "the Court should be able to offer guidance on how police should
handle cases like the one before us," and advocates for deference to the officer's
judgment, stating, "If an officer could reasonably conclude that there is not [time to
secure a warrant before blood can be drawn], the exigent circumstances exception
applies by its terms, and the blood may be drawn without a warrant." 569 U.S. at
166-67, 133 S. Ct. at 1569, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 716 (Roberts, C.J., concurring); see
also 569 U.S. at 175, 133 S. Ct. at 1574, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 721 (Roberts, C.J.,
concurring) (similar to the first quote); 569 U.S. at 173, 133 S. Ct. at 1573, 185 L.
Ed. 2d. at 720 (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (similar to the second quote).
9
This description of the facts of Mitchell is taken from the opinions of the
Supreme Court of Wisconsin, 914 N.W.2d 151, 154-55 (Wis. 2018), cert. granted,
139 S. Ct. 915, 202 L. Ed. 2d 642 (2019), and vacated and remanded, 139 S. Ct.
2525, 204 L. Ed. 2d 1040 (2019), and the Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, 2017
WL 9803322 (Wis. Ct. App. 2017).
22
police officer spoke to a witness about an intoxicated man the witness had seen
stumbling and almost falling before getting into a van and driving away. The
officer located Mitchell thirty to forty-five minutes later walking near the
municipal beach on Lake Michigan. He was wet, shirtless, and covered in
sand, "similar to if you had gone swimming in the lake." His speech was
slurred and he had "great difficulty in maintaining balance." The officer talked
to Mitchell long enough for Mitchell to change his story at least once. The
officer then searched for the van10 and administered a preliminary breath test,
all before arresting him for DUI. He made the arrest one hour and nine minutes
after the witness made the initial report.
The officer then transported Mitchell to the police station. The duration of the
drive is not discernable from the opinions. Mitchell's condition deteriorated
during the drive, and by the time the officer reached the station, Mitchell could
not get out of the car by himself. The officer then decided he must take
Mitchell to the hospital. "During the approximately eight-minute drive to the
hospital, Mitchell 'appeared to be completely incapacitated, [and] would not
wake up with any type of stimulation.' At the hospital, Mitchell needed to be
transported in a wheelchair where he sat 'slumped over' and unable to maintain
an upright seating position." 914 N.W.2d at 155. The officer ordered the
defendant's blood to be drawn at 5:59 p.m., approximately ninety minutes after
the arrest and two hours and forty-two minutes after the witness made the
initial report.
In Mitchell, therefore, the suspect's unconsciousness appears to have been a
significant impediment to the officer's ability to get a warrant in a timely
manner. At the scene, the suspect was conscious and somewhat responsive.
The officer engaged in meaningful dialogue with him to determine what
happened and whether there was probable cause for an arrest. The suspect did
not lose consciousness until over an hour after the incident arose, when the
officer had the suspect in custody by himself in the police car. The officer was
in a bind at that point because the suspect's medical situation required the
10
Nearby officers assisted in the search and ultimately found the van
approximately two blocks away.
23
officer to immediately transport him to the hospital, and appears to have
prevented him from pursuing a warrant or otherwise continuing his
investigation. It would appear reasonable for the officer to conclude under
those circumstances there was not time to secure a warrant.
The facts of this case are different from Mitchell in several significant respects.
Key's collision occurred around 8:45 a.m. When Trooper Campbell arrived at
the scene at 8:57, paramedics and fire fighters were already there. Trooper
Campbell did not have to attend to any medical needs because paramedics were
already loading Key into the ambulance and the driver of the other vehicle was
not injured. The ambulance left the scene to deliver Key to the hospital minutes
later. There is no indication in the record there were any traffic issues to
handle. Muddy Ford Road is not a major road, but a short, two-lane road
connecting several residential neighborhoods to the main traffic arteries in the
area. During all this time, a magistrate judge was on duty at the Greenville
Law Enforcement Center, less than ten miles from the accident scene and only
three miles from the hospital.
In this case, therefore, it is not at all obvious that Key's unconsciousness played
any role in hindering the officer's ability to obtain a warrant.11 Within minutes
after the incident, Key was in an ambulance headed to the hospital. There is
no evidence Trooper Campbell faced any "urgent tasks." See Mitchell, 139 S.
Ct. at 2538, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1051 (hypothesizing "the accident might give
officers a slew of urgent tasks"). When asked at trial what the officer did after
the ambulance left, the officer testified he simply "complete[d] the accident
report" and "went to the hospital." Whether these and other circumstances
justify drawing Key's blood without a warrant will be explored in great detail
on remand, but it hardly seems unreasonable for the South Carolina Highway
11
The Mitchell plurality suggests it is important that it was the suspect's
unconsciousness that prevented the officer from administering a breath test. 139 S.
Ct. at 2534, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1047. That may have been true in Mitchell, but not
here. The reason Trooper Campbell could not give Key a breath test is because
paramedics determined her medical condition—unconscious or not—required she
be immediately transported to the hospital. The breath test would have been
administered at the Law Enforcement Center.
24
Patrol to allocate its significant law enforcement resources in such a way as to
accommodate Key's Fourth Amendment rights. As the Supreme Court noted
in McNeely,
Consider, for example, a situation in which the warrant
process will not significantly increase the delay before
the blood test is conducted because an officer can take
steps to secure a warrant while the suspect is being
transported to a medical facility by another officer. In
such a circumstance, there would be
no plausible justification for an exception to the
warrant requirement.
569 U.S. at 153-54, 133 S. Ct. at 1561, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 708; see also 569 U.S.
at 172, 133 S. Ct. at 1572, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 719 (Roberts, C.J., concurring)
("There might, therefore, be time to obtain a warrant in many cases.").
When the Supreme Court speaks, we must listen. We make every effort to
ensure that our rulings conform not only to the Supreme Court's statements that
are necessary to its decision, but even to the Supreme Court's dictum. See
Yaeger v. Murphy, 291 S.C. 485, 490 n.2, 354 S.E.2d 393, 396 n.2 (Ct. App.
1987) ("But those who disregard dictum, either in law or in life, do so at their
peril."). This duty on our part imposes a corresponding duty on the Supreme
Court to speak carefully, to let us know with specificity when it has changed
the law, and to describe the law in realistic terms that we and other courts may
readily understand and apply.
That corresponding duty also applies to us. Pursuant to that duty, it is this
Court's responsibility to guide the summary court to which this case will be
remanded, and other South Carolina courts, on how to implement the Supreme
Court's ruling in Mitchell. It is not enough for us to follow the State's
suggestion that we merely quote the Mitchell plurality and let our trial courts
figure out what it meant.
25
I firmly believe the Supreme Court did not change the law. Rather, the State
bears the burden of proving exigent circumstances. As has always been the
case, when the State chooses not to obtain a warrant before taking the blood of
a suspect without her consent, the State must actually prove "that the
exigencies of the situation made that course imperative." McDonald, 335 U.S.
at 456, 69 S. Ct. at 193, 93 L. Ed. at 158; see also Mitchell, 139 S. Ct. at 2534,
204 L. Ed. 2d at 1047 ("And under the exception for exigent circumstances, a
warrantless search is allowed when 'there is compelling need for official action
and no time to secure a warrant.'" (quoting McNeely, 569 U.S. at 149, 133 S.
Ct. at 1559, 185 L. Ed. 2d at 705)); 139 S. Ct. at 2537, 204 L. Ed. 2d at 1050
("Thus, exigency exists when (1) BAC evidence is dissipating and (2) some
other factor creates pressing health, safety, or law enforcement needs that
would take priority over a warrant application.").
26