Armstrong v. Morrill

Mr. Justice CLIFFORD

delivered the opinion of the cpurt.

Absolute title and the right of possession are claimed by the plaintiff to the tract of land in controversy, and the actual possession of the same being in the four defendants named in the declaration, he brought an action of ejectment against them to recover possession, of the tract. . He alleges in the first count of the original declaration that on the day therein named he was possessed in fee simple of the tract; that on the -eighth of October following the defendants entered into the premises, and that they unlawfully withhold from him the described tract. Quite unlike’ that, the second count alleges that the primary possession of the tract was in one James Dundas and one Benjamin Kugler, and that the defendants unlawfully withhold the possession from those parties.- Process was served and the defendants appeared and demurred.to the declaration, and the court sustained the demurrer as to the second count but overruled it as to the first. Leave to amend was granted, and<an. amended declaration was filed, containing three counts, of which the first is in the name of the plaintiff' and the other two persons named in the second count of the original declaration. All three sue in that count as joint plaintiffs, but the second count corresponds in all respects with the first count in the original declaration, which renders it unnecessary to describe the third, except to say that the other two persons are alleged to have been' the primary possessors of the tract, and that the claim to recover possession is made in their names as' well as the claim for damages. Both parties acquiesced- in the decision of the court overruling the demurrer to the first count and sustaining it as to the second of the original declaration, and the defendants pleaded to the merits that they were not guilty of withholding the premises as alleged in. the new counts filed by leave of court. Issue was tendered and joined, but the plaintiffs, before trial, obtained leave,to filé a fourth count, in which it is alleged that one William M. Tilghman was the primary possessor of the tract, and the charge, in that count, is that the defendants unlawfully with, hold from him the actual possession of the same described tract pf land. Subsequently the parties went to trial and the verdict was for the plaintiff, as described in the' first count of the original declaration, and also in the second count of the amended declaration.

By the verdict the jury found that the plaintiff, Lot M. Morrill, had an estate in fee simple in the premises, except as to a small parcel therein described, and they also assessed nominal damages for the plaintiff. Judgment was duly rendered against the first three defendants, the death of the other having been suggested before the trial, and the survivors sued out a writ of error and removed the record into this court.

To sustain the issue on their part the plaintiffs gave in evidence: (1.) A copy of a survey made by the surveyor of the proper county of the State, for Albert Gallatin, assignee of Stephen Laeoste, of fifteen hundred acres of land, part of a laud-office warrant of five thousand acres, dated June 27th, 1770, bounded as therein described. (2.) Copy of the patent to Albert Gallatin, dated February 10th, 1786, for the tract of land described in the survey. (3.) Also copy-of a deed from Albert Gallatin, dated May 7th, 1794, to Robert Morris, conveying the same land. (4.) Deed from Robert Morris and' others to Thomas Willing, John Nixon, and John Bar-' clay, dated March 5th, 1795, conveying the premises to them and the survivor and survivors of them, and the heirs of the survivor in trust, as more fully set forth in the deed exhibited in the record. (5.) Certificate of William F. Taylor, auditor of publicaeeounts for the State, showing that James Dundas aud Benjamin Kugler, trustees as aforesaid, on the eighth of May, 1845, redeemed the. lands in question by the payment of the required sum into the treasury, in manner and form as more fully set forth in that certificate,-and certain others also introduced by the plaintiff and exhibited-in the bill of exceptions. (6.) Disclaimer of Thomas Willing, dated December 19th, 1806, in which .he states that he did positively refuse to accept or act under the trust, and that ■he has not at any time since accepted the said trust, Or acted in any wise as trustee, under that deed. (7.) Also deed dated June- 17th, 1845, from John M. Barclay and others to James Dundas and Benjamin Kugler, conveying to them all the right, title,,and interest of the two trustees who did acjept tlie trust created by the preceding deed. (8.) Deed dated December 1st, 1854, from James Dundas and Benjamin Kugler, trustees of the North American Land Company, to the plaintiff in whose favor the judgment was rendered.

Evidence was-also introduced by the plaintiffs showing, that the land in controversy, on the 1st day of November, 1836, became forfeited to the State by virtue of the second sectioh of the statute of the State passed on the 27th of February, 1835; as construed by the Supreme Court, or Court of Appeals, of that State.^* Forfeiture in such a case became absolute and complete by the failure to enter and pay the taxes on the land and the damages, in the manner therein prescribed, and no inquisition or judicial proceeding or inquest or finding of any kind was required to consummate such a forfeiture.^* Owners or proprietors of any tract of land lying west of the Alleghany Mountains, granted by.the State before the first day of April, 1831, were required by the act of the twenty-seventh of February, 183S, to enter or cause to be entered, on or before the first day of July of the succeeding year, on the books of the Commissioners of the Revenue for the county wherein'any such tract or parcel of land may lie, all such lands as he or they owned or claimed, .through title derived, mediately or immediately, from the State, aud have the same charged with all taxes and damages in arrear or properly chargeable thereon. They were also required to pay and satisfy all such taxes and damages which would not have been relinquished and exonerated by the second section of the act of the tenth of March, 1832, had they been returned for their delinquency prior to the passage of that act, and the provision was that if they failed to' comply with those requirements “ all such lands or parcels thereof not then in the actual possession of such owner or proprietor, by himself or his tenant in possession, shall become forfeited to the Commonwealth after the first day of July, eighteen' hundred and thirty-six, except only as hereinafter excepted.”

Provision is also made by the third section of the .act that all right, title, and interest vested in the State by the preceding section of the act shall, be transferred and absolutely vested in any and every person or persons, other than those for whose default the same have been forfeited, their heirs, or devisees, now in actual possession of said lands, or any part or parcel of the same, for so much thereof as such person or persons have just title or claim to, legal or equitable, bond fide claimed, held, or derived from or under any grant of the State bearing date previous to the period of time mentioned in the preamble to the second section, who shall have discharged all taxes duly assessed and charged against him or them upon such lands,, and all taxes that ought to have been assessed and charged thereon from the time he or they acquired title thereto, whether legal or equitable. Appended to that section, however, is a proviso that nothing therein contained shall be so construed as to impair the right or title of any person or persons who have obtained grants from the State for the same land and have regularly paid the taxes thereon.

Section four provides, among other things, that the proprietors of such lands, their attorney or agent, of the land returned delinquent for non-payment of taxes for the years eighteen hundred and thirty-two and the succeeding year, may pay the taxes and charges upon said lands for each of those years to the sheriff of the county where the lands lie, and take bis receipt therefor and deliver the same, on or be, fore the first day of November, 1836, to the clerk of the County Court of said county.^*

Beyond all doubt the lands described in the deed of Robert Morris and others to the grantors of the plaintiff’, became forfeited to the. State by reason of the failure to enter the same on the books of the Commissioners of the Revenue, as recited in the preamble to the act of the twelfth of February, 1844, in which it is also stated that the' grantors of the plaintiff’ petitioned “ the General Assembly for permission to redeem the said lands upon the payment'of all the taxes and damages due thereon.”^† By the first section of that act they were empowered “ to redeem the whole or any part of the aforesaid lands by having the same entered upon the books of the Commissioners of the Revenue of the county wherein the laud may lie, and assessed with all taxes due thereon, to be ascertained in the same manner that the back ta^es on omitted lands are now ascertained by the several commissioners of delinquent and forfeited lands, and paying into the treasury of the State, on or before the first day of June” of the succeeding year, “ the amount of the taxes so assessed, together with six per centum per aunurn damages thereon.” They complied with those conditions, and the second section of the act provided, “ that upon the payment of the taxes and damages aforesaid, all the right, title, and interest which may have vested in the president and directors of the Literary Fund, by the said forfeiture, to such part or pai;ts of the said lands as may be redeemed as aforesaid, shall be and the same are hereby released unto the said James Dundas and Benjamin Kugler, . . . for the use and benefit'of the shareholders of the said North American Land Company:” Annexed to that, however, is a proviso that nothing herein contained shall be construed to deprive any person or persons having a legal or equitable title to any of these lands by virtue of a subsequent grant from the. State or otherwise, of his or their right, title, or interest, but the rights of such claimants shall remain the same as if this act had never been passed.

Documentary evidences of title were also introduced by the defendants; as follows: (1.) The plat and certificate of a survey made for Samuel M. Hopkins for two hundred thousand acres of land in the county of Kanawha, dated the tenth of December, 1795, as more fully set forth, in the record, which contains the following certificate:. “ Surveyed for Samuel M. Hopkins two hundred thousand acres of land in the county pf Kanawha, by virtue of two land-office treasury warrants, each for one hundred thousand acres;” arid then follows the boundaries, at the close of which is the following 'statement: “ An allowance of two hundred and twenty-seven thousand four hundred and sixty acres is made in the calculation of the area of this plat for prior claims contained in (the) boundary thereof.” (2.) The patent, dated July 1st, 1796, issued on that survey to Samuel M. Hopkins for two hundred thousand acres by the governor of the State. Founded, as the patent is, upon the certificate of survey, it contains the same boundaries and. concludes as follows: “But it is always to be understood that the survey upon which this grant' is founded, includes two hundred and twenty-seven thousand four hundred and sixty acres,” exclusive of the above quantity of two hundred thousand acres, '“all of which having a preference by Jaw to the warrants and rights upon which this grant is founded,, liberty is reserved that the same shall be firm and valid, and may be carried into grant or grants,” and this grant shall be no bar in either law,or equity to the confirmation of the title or titles to the same, as before mentioned and reserved, with the appurtenances. ' (3.) Deed from Oliver Wolcott and othei’s to James T. Wat§oh, dated June 22d, 1808, conveying to him, among other things, the lands embraced in the patent to Samuel M., Hopkins. (4.) Evidence tending to show that the patent to Samuel M. Hopkins embraced within its exterior boundaries the entire tract claimed by the plaintiff, as shown by certain plats which were also introduced. (5.) Parol evidence was also introduced by the defendants tending to prove that James T. Watson, claiming under the patent to Samuel M. Hopkins and the deed to himself, took actual and bond fide possession, in the year 1827, of the lands in controversy, as well as of the coterminous surveys of Savary-and Gallatin, previously introduced in evidence, and that he, as early as the month of September, 1834, discharged all taxes and damages rendered against him upon said.two hundred thousaud acres of laud, and all that ought to have been charged against him up to the year 1840, as the same became due. (6.) Other evidence was also introduced by the defendants, deraigning the title from the last-named grantee'to them or one of them, which it is .not important to notice, as it is not the subject of controversy.

First objection to the judgment has respect to the form of the verdict, because it does not find for or.against all the parties mentioned iii the different counts of the declaration, but the court is of the opinion, that the objection is without merit, as the finding conforms to the first count in the original declaration and to the second count in the amended declaration. No motion in arrest of judgment was made, and as no such question was raised in the court below, and as the finding is fully justified by two of the counts and by the evidence reported, the objection is overruled.

Adopting the order of events at the .trial, the next question arises from the exception of the defendants to the ruling of the court in admitting in evidence the paper-writing called the disclaimer of Thomas Willing, in which he states, under date of the nineteenth of December,-1806, to the effect that he positively refused to accept the trust intended to be created by the before-mentioned deed to John Nixon, John Barclay, and himself, and that he netfe.r did accept the same or in anywise act as trustee’under that instrument. Before offering that paper the plaintiff introduced the deed to which it relates, and having proved the signature of the signer, the plaintiff offered the paper as tending to show that the signer never accepted the trust described in that deed. Two objections were made to the admissibility of the paper: (1.) That it was insufficient as a disclaimer as it was not under seal, but the paper was offered merely as evidence to show that the signer never accepted the trust, and not as an instrument releasing a vested right, which is all that need be. said in reply to that objection. (2.) Thai it was not admissible as evidence that he never accepted the trust, because it was not under oath. Appended to that paper are the affidavits of three witnesses proving that the signature of the'signer is genuine. Annexed to that is the certificate of an examiner of the Supreme Court of the State of Pennsylvania, dated the third of March, 1844, that the signature of the signer of the paper was proved before him in due form of law, and also the certificate of the clerk of Cabell County Court, Virginia, under date of the twenty-ninth of March, 1856, that the instrument, together with the certificates of proof, was admitted to- record.

Authorities are hardly necessary to show that the mere making, oi a trust deed, like the one in question, without' any acceptance, express or implied, by the trustee, is not sufficient to vest in the trustee the title to the land mentioned in the deed, and that parol proof is admissible in such a case to show that the trust was never accepted. On the other hand, it is equally clear that if the trust is accepted, though but for a moment, parol proof to show a. release of the title to the trust estate cannot be "admitted.^* Offered as the paper-writing was, not as the release of & vested right, but merely as evidence tending to prove that the signer never accepted the trust created by the deed, no doubt is entertained that the evidence was properly admitted, as it is well-settled law that every conveyance which depends upon the act of the parties is imperfect for vesting the title without the assent of the parties to the same, either express or implied.^† Two of the trustees accepted the trust and proceeded to execute it, but it does not appear that the signer of the certificate ever joined with them in any act, either in managing or disposing of the estate. Obviously the weight of the evidence was for the jury, nor does it appear that other testimony to the same point ivas not introduced, as only so much is reported in the bill of exceptions as was necessary to raise the question of law. Admitted as it was, as a verbal act tending to show that the trust was not accepted, no doubt is entertained that the ruling was correct.

Exceptions were also taken by the defendants to the refusal of the court to instruct the jury as requested, and also to the instructions given in respect to the merits of the controversy. Very great doubts are entertained whether the evidence introduced by the defendants was such that the court would have been warranted in giving the first, second, or third instructions as requested, but the judgment of the court will not be placed upon that ground, as it is clear that the instructions given, if correct, were in all respects sufficient to dispose of the controversy, and as the verdict was for the plaintiff the only material inquiry remaining is whether the law was correctly given to the jury in those instructions.

Two hundred and twenty-seven thousand four hundred and sixty acres of land were embraced in the patent to Samuel M. Hopkins which was reserved and excepted to prior claimants, and the court, in its fourth instruction, told the jury that the patent did not operate to divest such prior claimants of their title unless they failed to show themselves entitled to the land under the said reservation; that the patent did not pass any legal title to the patentee of said lands, so reserved and excepted by it, where'the same had been previously appropriated and granted by the State, inasmuch as it appeared that the patentee got all the lairds be paid for', or for which he was charged with taxes. What the defendants claimed was that the title under the Gallatin patent was forfeited and merged in the Watson claim under the act of the twenty-seventh of February, 1885, but the jury were instructed that the defendants could not derive any benefit from the supposed forfeiture unless the jury were satisfied that.the patent of Hopkins, which was the junior patent, covered and included the land in controversy, and that Watson and those claiming under him were in the actual possession of the said land, claiming the same in good faith, having discharged all the taxes due to the State, duly assessed and charged against the same, from the date of the deed from Hopkins to Watson.

Apart from the'merits the defendants set up the statute, of limitations, and insisted that the action could not be maintained because, as they alleged, they had “ held unbroken and uninterrupted adverse possession of the premises in controversy for a period of fourteen years prior to the institution of the suit.” Pursuaut to that claim the jury were instructed, in the first place, that the defendants, to sustain that defence, “ must have held possession of the premises by residence, improvement, bultivation, or other open, notorious, and habitual acts of, ownership, for fourteen years” before the commencement of the action; but if the jury find that' the defendant, Armstrong, resided there and was the owner of a lot in the town of Ripley, and in the immediate vicinity thereof he owned a tract of woodland, part of the land in controversy, from which land; claiming it as his own, he, for the time mentioned, openly cut and hauled his necessary supply of fuel, and also the timber necessary for the construction of various houses on the lot, and also inclosed certain portions of the land, such acts and use-are equivalent to adversary possession from the time such acts and use were commenced.

But the evidence showed that the land, on the first day of November, 1836, became forfeited to the State, as matter of law, by the failure of the owners to enter the same upon the books of the Commissioners of the Revenue of the proper county, and pay the taxes properly chargeable thereon, and the,court upon that subject instructed the jury that if they so found from the evidence, and that the possession passed into and remained in the State until the title was transferred to the grantors of the plaintiff, the defence under the statute of limitations was not sustained, as the adverse possession acquired by the defendants before the first day of November, 1836, cannot be connected with the adverse possession acquired by them after the grantors of the plaintiff became vested with the title of the State, under the before-mentioned act of the Assembly passed for their relief.

Two principal errors are alleged in the instructions: (1.) That the court did not instruct the jury that the land, when it became forfeited for non-entry on the books of the Commissioners of the Revenue, and for non-payment of taxes and damages, was transferred to and became vested in the owners of the Hopkins patent, under the third section of the act declaring the forfeiture. (2.) That the court erred in the instruction to the jury that the statute of limitations ceased to run when the land became forfeited to the State, aud that the period of adverse possession before the forfeiture took place could not be added to the period which elapsed before the suit was commenced, subsequent to the time the title under the act of the Assembly was conveyed to the plaintiff’s grantors, to make the required term of fourteen years to bar the title.

Such a.construction of the act of Assembly as the one first claimed, certainly could not have been adopted unless it can be held that the proviso embraced in'the Hopkins patent does not afford any protection to the owners of lands included in that survey, where the patents had been previously issued, which is the construction assumed by the defendants. They contend that the proviso only excludes from the operation of the grant the “ lands within its exterior boundaries, the titles to which were inchoate, and not. lands which had been granted by patents previous to the date of that survey and entry,” which is a construction not to; be sustained if another consistent with the language employed can be adopted better calculated to promote justice and to carry into effect the plain'intent of the lav^giver.

On the other hand the plaintiff contends that the reservation excludes from the operation of the patent all lands held by them at the date of the survey, within the exterior boundary of the-patent, whether the title was only inchoate or had been perfected by grants, which seems to be the more reasonable construction, and not inconsistent with the language employed.

By the terms of the reservation it is stated that the survey includes two hundred and twenty-seven thousand four hundred and sixty acres beyond the quantity granted to the patentee, in respect to all of which “ liberty is reserved that the same shall be firm and valid, and may be carried into grant or grants,” which means that all shall be firm and valid, whether hold by complete or incomplete titles, but that such parts as are held by incomplete titles may be carried into grant, and that the patent founded on that survey shall be no bar, in either law or equity, to the confirmation of the titles to the reserved lands included within the exterior bounds of that survey.

Surveys had been made in different parts of the State, subsequent to the treaty of peace, that included smaller tracts of prior claimants within their .exterior boundaries, and which were reserved to-such claimants in the certificates granted by the surveyors. Doubts arose as to the authority of the governor to grant patents in such eases, and to remove those doubts the General Assembly, June 2d, 1778,, enacted that it shall and may be lawful for the governor to issue grants with reservation of claims to lands included in such surveys, anything in any law to the contrary notwith-. standing.^* Drior to the passage of that law the authority to issue such grants was at least doubtful, even if the power existed at all, and it is cltear that the Assembly never intended that any such grant should cover any prior title, whether completé or incomplete, within the exterior boundaries of the survey.^† Supported as the proposition is by repeated decisions of the State court it is adopted without hesitation, as any other rule would work very great injustice.^‡ Where the exterior boundaries of a survey under that law upon which a patent is fouuded includes tracts belonging to prior claimants, the patentee cannot ,in such a case recover in ejectment without showing that the tract claimed b}' the defendant is not within the bounds of the excluded claims, which is a direct-authority that the reserved lands in a case like the present did not pass to the patentee.^§ Even more decisive also is the case of Nichols et al. v. Covey,^ǁ in which it is determined that where a patent is issued in pursuance of the act-of the second of June, 1788, which includes in its general courses a prior claim, it does not pass to the-patentee the title of the State to the lands covered by such prior claim. On the contrary, the title of the patentee in respect to such a tract is not only subject to the title of the prior claimant, but if that title is only a prior entry and it becomes vacated by neglect to procure a survey and return the plat, any one may,lay a warrant on the same, as in other cases of vacant and unappropriated lands. Exactly the same rule is laid down by this court in the case of Scott et al. v. Ratliffe et al.^* in which the opinion was given by the Chief Justice. He said such patents have been always held valid, so far as respects the land not excluded, but to pass no legal title to the land excepted from the grant, as the lands are in this case in the habendum of the patent, and not a doubt is entertained that the rule there laid dowii is the correct rule upon the subject.^†

2. Sufficient evidence was introduced by the defendants to show that they or some of them took adversary possession of the premises in controversy prior to the forfeiture of the same to the State, and that they continued to occupy the same throughout the period that the title was vested in the State, and after the State conveyed the tract to the grantors' of the plaintiff to the time when the suit was instituted, but it is conceded that such adversary possession before the forfeiture was not for the period of fourteen years, the time then required by law to bar a recovery, nor did such adversary possession subsequent to the date of the conveyance by the State to the grantors of the plaintiff and before the service of process, continue long enough to bar a recovery. Both combined would maintain'the defence, and of course if the statute continued to run during the period the title was vested in the State by the forfeiture, the instruction given to the jury was erroneous and the judgment must be reversed. Adverse possession was the defence in the case of Stoughton v. Baker,^‡ where the question arose in respect to the right of the defendant to an ancient grant which was subject to an implied limitation, and it was contended that he had been so long possessed of the premises that the State had no right to interfere in any form of legal remedy. Possession and uninterrupted enjoyment for a very long period was proved in that case, but th^ court held that the limitation could not be extinguished by any inattention or neglect in compelling the owner to comply with it, for no laches is to be imputed to the government and against it no time runs so as to bar the public mights, which is no more nor less than another form of words for expressing the ancient rule of the common law, that time does, not run against the State.^*

Argument to show that the statute of limitations ceased to run, when the forfeiture attached and the title became vested in the State can hardly be necessary, as the rule that time does not rup against tbe State -has been settled for centuries, and is’ supported by all courts in all civilized coun , tries.^† Suppose that-is so, still it is insisted-that the tw-o periods, that is, the period of adverse possession before,the forfeiture and the period subsequent to the conveyance by the State to the plaintiff or those under whom he claims, may be added together and considered as one entire period, for the .purpose of maintaining the defence, and it is clear if that proposition is correct,the instruction given was erroneous. But, the proposition cannot, be admitted, as it is well-settled law that the possession,.in order that if may bar the recovery, must be continuous and uninterrupted as well asopen, notorious, actual, exclusive, and adverse.^‡ Such a possession, it is conceded, “if continued without interruption for thé whole period which is prescribed by the statute for the enforcement of the right of entry, is evidence of a fee,” and bars the right-of recovery. Independently of positive statute law such a possession affords a presumption that all the claimants to the land acquiesce in the claim so evi-; dencéd and enforced, or that they forbear for some substantial-reason to controvert the claim of the possessor or to disturb him in the enjoyment of the premises. Secret possession will not do, as publicity and notoriety are necessary as evidence of notice and to put those claiming an adverse interest upon inquiry.^* Mere occupation is not sufficient, but the possession must be adverse, as seizin and possession are supposed to be coextensive with the right, and that the possession continues till the party is ousted thereof by an actual possession in another under a claim of right.^†

Continuity of possession is also one of the essential requisites to constitute such an adverse possession as will be of-efficacy under the statute of limitations. Whenever a party quits the possession the seizin of the true owner is restored, and a subsequent wrongful entry by another constitutes a new disseizin, and it is equally well settled that if the continuity of possession is broken before the expiration of the period of time prescribed by the statute of limitations, an entry within that time destroys the efficacy of all prior possession, so that to gain a title under the statute, a new adverse possession for the time limited must be taken for that purpose.^‡

Beyond all question the case of Hall v. Gittings, one, of the cases just cited, presented the same question as that involved in the case before- the court, and the decision was that the forfeiture to the State within the period necessary to give effect to the statute did have the effect to break the continuity of adverse possession, and prevented the operation of the statute bar.^§

Viewed in any light the court is of the opinion that there is no error in the record.

Judgment affirmed.

* Sessions Acts, 1835, p. 12; Staats v. Board, 10 Grattan, 400.

* Wild’s Lessee v. Serpell, 10 Grattan, 405; Hale v. Branscum, Ib. 418.

* Sessions Acts, 1835, pp. 12, 13.

† Sessions Acts, 1843-4, p. 108.

* Lewin o a Trusts (4th ed.), 150; Robinson v. Pett, 3 P. Williams, 251; Doe v. Harris, 16 Meeson & Welsby, 517; Doyle v. Blake, 2 Schoale & Lefroy, 239; Stacey v. Elph, 1 Mylne & Keene, 195; Tiff. & Bull. on Trusts, 532.

† Smith v. Wheeler, 1 Ventris, 128.

* 2 Revised Code of Virginia, 434.

† Ib. 350, 483; Ib. 365.

‡ Hopkins et al. v. Ward et al., 6 Munford, 38.

§ Madison v. Owens, 6 Littell’s Select Cases, 281.

ǁ 4 Randolph, 865.

* 6 Peters, 86.

† Kenna v. Quarrier, 3 West Virginia, 212; Hardman v. Boardman, 4 Leigh, 382.

‡ 4 Massachusetts, 526.

* United States v. Hoar, 2 Mason, 312; Lindsey et al. v. Miller, 6 Peters, 673.

† Angell on Limitations, 5th ed 28.

‡ Cook v. Babcock, 11, Cushing, 210.

* Bradstreet v. Huntington, 5 Peters, 402; Blood v. Wood, 1 Metcalf, 528; Ewing v Burnet, 11 Peters, 53.

† Angell on Limitations, 377; Clarke v. Courtney, 5 Peters, 354; McIver v. Ragan, 2 Wheaton, 29; Kirk v. Smith, 9 Id. 288.

‡ Brinsfitdd v. Carter, 2 Kelly, 143; Ringgold v. Malott, 1 Harris & Johnson, 316; Hall v. Gittings, 2 Id. 112.

§ Taylor v. Burnsides, 1 Grattan, 190.