State v. Piper

#26126-a-LSW
2014 S.D. 2
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
BRILEY W. PIPER, Defendant and Appellant.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
LAWRENCE COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
THE HONORABLE JEROME A. ECKRICH, III
Judge
****
MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General
PAUL S. SWEDLUND
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellee.
STEVE MILLER
Sioux Falls, South Dakota Attorney for defendant
and appellant.
****
ARGUED ON MARCH 18, 2013
OPINION FILED 01/08/14
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WILBUR, Justice
[¶1.] Briley Piper pleaded guilty to several offenses, including felony
murder. The plea-taking court sentenced Piper to death on the murder charge.
This Court affirmed Piper’s death sentence. Piper then sought habeas relief
claiming that he did not validly waive his right to have a jury determine whether to
impose the death penalty. This Court granted Piper’s writ of habeas corpus and
vacated his death sentence. Once the case was remanded to the circuit court for a
jury sentencing procedure, Piper filed a motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, which
the circuit court denied on the merits. The case proceeded to a jury sentencing. The
jury found the existence of three aggravating factors and sentenced Piper to death.
Piper appeals the denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty pleas and the
proportionality of his sentence. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[¶2.] In 2000, Piper was charged with five offenses, including the murder of
Chester Allan Poage. 1 On January 3, 2001, Piper appeared before Judge Warren G.
Johnson (the plea-taking court) and pleaded guilty to the charges of first-degree
felony murder, kidnapping, first-degree robbery, first-degree burglary, and grand
theft. After accepting Piper’s guilty pleas to the charged offenses, the court held a
three-day sentencing hearing, and ultimately sentenced Piper to death. 2
1. For a full recitation of the underlying facts of this case, see this Court’s
opinion in State v. Piper (Piper I), 2006 S.D. 1, ¶¶ 2-11, 709 N.W.2d 783, 790-
92.
2. In separate proceedings, Piper’s co-defendant, Elijah Page, pleaded guilty to
the same charges and was sentenced to death by the same judge. Another co-
(continued . . .)
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[¶3.] This Court affirmed Piper’s conviction and sentence in State v. Piper
(Piper I), 2006 S.D. 1, 709 N.W.2d 783. Piper then filed an application for writ of
habeas corpus claiming that he did not validly waive his right to have a jury
determine whether to impose the death penalty. The habeas court denied the
application and Piper appealed that decision.
[¶4.] In Piper v. Weber (Piper II), we noted that the plea-taking court did not
explain to Piper that if the jury was not unanimous in its decision to impose the
death penalty, then Piper would receive a life sentence. 2009 S.D. 66, ¶ 17, 771
N.W.2d 352, 358. We reversed the habeas court and held that Piper did not validly
waive his right to have a jury determine whether to impose the death penalty. Id. ¶
21, 771 N.W.2d at 360. Thus, we “vacate[d] Piper’s death sentence and remand[ed]
for a new sentencing proceeding that afford[ed] Piper the right to have a jury decide
whether the death penalty should be imposed.” Id.
[¶5.] Upon remittal and prior to his new sentencing hearing, Piper filed the
motion that is the subject of this appeal—a motion to withdraw his guilty pleas for
felony murder and the other four non-capital offenses. In his motion, Piper argued
that his guilty pleas were not knowing and voluntary because the plea-taking court
failed to advise Piper of his purported right to have a jury determine guilt on all of
the underlying charges and then to have a sentencing hearing before the circuit
court. Piper also alleged that the plea-taking court failed to advise him that he
________________________
(. . . continued)
defendant, Darrell Hoadley, maintained a not guilty plea to the same charges
and proceeded to a jury trial. The jury convicted Hoadley, but did not impose
the death penalty.
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could receive consecutive sentences upon his convictions for kidnapping, robbery,
burglary, and grand theft.
[¶6.] After conducting a motion hearing and familiarizing himself with the
contents of the parties’ submissions and both files in Piper I and Piper II, Judge
Jerome A. Eckrich III (the circuit court) denied the motion on the merits. The case
proceeded to a jury sentencing hearing in July 2011. The jury returned a
unanimous verdict finding the existence of three aggravating circumstances
pursuant to SDCL 23A-27A-1(3), (6), and (9) and unanimously recommended that a
death sentence be imposed.
[¶7.] In addition to this Court’s automatic review of the death sentence
pursuant to SDCL 23A-27A-9, Piper raises two issues. We review the issues
presented in the following order:
1. Whether Piper’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas was
improperly denied.
2. Whether Piper’s sentence was lawfully imposed under SDCL
23A-27A-9 and SDCL 23A-27A-12. 3
DECISION
[¶8.] 1. Whether Piper’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas was
improperly denied.
[¶9.] Statute, refined by case law, grants this Court broad authority to
narrow the scope of further proceedings when judgment is remitted to the circuit
3. Piper’s second presented issue (“[Whether] Piper’s death sentence is
disproportionate to the life sentence imposed on co-[d]efendant Hoadley”) is
part and parcel of our proportionality analysis and is considered here.
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court. 4 SDCL 15-30-14 provides that “[i]n all cases the Supreme Court shall remit
its judgment or decision to the court from which the appeal was taken, to be
enforced accordingly; and if from a judgment, final judgment shall thereupon be
entered in the court below in accordance therewith, except where otherwise
ordered.” (Emphasis added.) See SDCL 15-30-11 (“[T]he settled record on appeal
shall be remitted to the court from which the appeal was taken, and further
proceedings shall be had in accordance therewith.”) (emphasis added), 23A-32-19
(“The Supreme Court by its judgment may reverse, affirm, or modify the judgment
or order appealed from . . . .”). See also SDCL 23A-32-14 (civil appellate procedure
applies to criminal appeals unless otherwise provided).
[¶10.] Taken together, these statutes establish that the scope of the circuit
court’s jurisdiction must conform to the dictates of our opinion. Indeed, in
anticipation of this deference, we release our jurisdiction when the remittitur is
returned to the circuit court, except in the narrow circumstances of “fraud, mistake,
or inadvertence.” Bahlkow v. Preston, 62 S.D. 36, 251 N.W. 299, 299-300 (1933). If
the circuit court’s original jurisdiction could spontaneously resurrect on remittal,
the defined roles of our tiered judicial system—as set forth in statute and case
law—and the judicial certainty and efficiency they foster would be nullified. 5
4. Whether a circuit court conformed to our mandate is a question subject to de
novo review. See Weins v. Sporleder, 2000 S.D. 10, ¶ 10, 605 N.W.2d 488,
490.
5. The United States Supreme Court examined the ramifications of a lower
court departing from the mandate given on appeal and concluded:
(continued . . .)
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[¶11.] Our directives on remittal are clear on the face of our opinions. If we
affirm, the circuit court shall enter final judgment. See SDCL 15-30-14, 23A-32-19.
Where we order reversal without any qualification, as in a general remand, “[t]he
mandate . . . nullifies the judgment, findings of fact, and conclusions of law, and
leaves the case standing as if no judgment or decree had ever been entered.” Gluscic
v. Avera St. Luke’s, 2002 S.D. 93, ¶ 20, 649 N.W.2d 916, 920 (quoting Janssen v.
Tusha, 67 S.D. 597, 601, 297 N.W. 119, 120 (1941)). Between these two extremes is
the limited remand, for which our instructions must exactly govern. “When the
scope of remand is limited, the entire case is not reopened, but rather, the lower
tribunal is only authorized to carry out the appellate court’s mandate.” In re
Conditional Use Permit Granted to Van Zanten, 1999 S.D. 79, ¶ 13, 598 N.W.2d 861,
864 (citing 5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate Review § 787 (1995)). This procedure mirrors
that performed by the United States Supreme Court: “[W]hen the direction
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(. . . continued)
Argument to show that a subordinate court is bound to proceed
in such an event and dispose of the case as directed . . . is
unnecessary, as any other rule would operate as a repeal of the
Constitution and the laws of Congress passed to carry the
judicial power conferred by the Constitution into effect.
Tyler v. Magwire, 84 U.S. 253, 282-83, 21 L. Ed. 576 (1872). The integrity of
a hierarchical system of appellate review is not something to be lightly cast
aside. As the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals explained:
The principle of hierarchy is no empty shell. It protects the very
value and essential nature of an appeal, namely the chance
afforded litigants for review of a judgment and for correction,
generally by a larger judicial body, of errors that may have
serious consequences or work significant injustice.
Doe v. Chao, 511 F.3d 461, 465 (4th Cir. 2007).
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contained in the mandate is precise and unambiguous, it is the duty of the [lower
court] to carry it into execution, and not to look elsewhere for authority to change its
meaning.” West v. Brashear, 39 U.S. 51, 54, 10 L. Ed. 350 (1840).
[¶12.] We strictly and purposely limited our remand instructions in Piper II
to correct the specific error that had occurred—the denial of a jury at sentencing. In
Piper II, we “vacate[d] Piper’s death sentence and remand[ed] for a new sentencing
proceeding that afford[ed] Piper the right to have a jury decide whether the death
penalty should be imposed.” Piper II, 2009 S.D. 66, ¶ 21, 771 N.W.2d at 360. As
evidenced by authorities cited in the opinion, namely State v. Apple, 2008 S.D. 120,
¶¶ 22-23, 759 N.W.2d 283, 291, and State v. Goodwin, 2004 S.D. 75, ¶ 18, 681
N.W.2d 847, 854, we were aware of the possibility of remanding the case to the
circuit court for the explicit purpose of permitting Piper to withdraw his guilty
pleas. Yet, we unanimously did not give that instruction. This was because, as
both the circuit court and Piper acknowledged, the sufficiency of Piper’s admission
of guilt was not before us in Piper II, and our limited scope of remand was written
accordingly.
[¶13.] In spite of this fact, however, the circuit court considered Piper’s
motion to withdraw his guilty pleas and denied it on the merits. This was in excess
of what was permitted by our limited remand. Rather, the circuit court should have
denied the motion to withdraw on the basis of the limited nature of the remand.
The circuit court reached the correct result—denial of the motion to withdraw—
albeit for the wrong reason. See, e.g., State v. Hart, 1998 S.D. 93, ¶ 43, n.9, 584
N.W.2d 863, 871 n.9; Kehn v. Hoeksema, 524 N.W.2d 879, 880-81 (S.D. 1994)
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(affirming the decision of the circuit court because it reached the right result for the
wrong reason). Thus, we affirm the denial of the motion and decline to address the
merits of Piper’s request to withdraw his pleas as being beyond the scope of our
remand in Piper II.
[¶14.] 2. Whether Piper’s sentence was lawfully imposed.
[¶15.] “In every case [in South Dakota] where the death penalty is imposed,
this Court is required to conduct an independent review of the sentence.” Piper I,
2006 S.D. 1, ¶ 26, 709 N.W.2d at 797 (citing SDCL 23A-27A-9). We must decide:
(1) Whether the sentence of death was imposed under the
influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; and
(2) Whether the evidence supports the jury’s . . . finding of a
statutory aggravating circumstance as enumerated in § 23A-
27A-1; and
(3) Whether the sentence of death is excessive or
disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases,
considering both the crime and the defendant.
SDCL 23A-27A-12. 6
[¶16.] Whether the sentence of death was imposed under the
influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor.
[¶17.] Piper’s death sentence was not imposed under the influence of passion,
prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor. SDCL 23A-27A-12(1). The jury received
relevant evidence regarding the impact of the crime on Poage’s mother and sister,
6. Piper raises only one argument concerning the lawful imposition of the death
sentence by the jury. He argues that, because co-defendant Hoadley testified
at the July 2011 sentencing hearing that Piper played a less active role in the
murder, Piper’s sentence is now internally disproportionate to Hoadley’s life
sentence. Because our review of the imposition of the death sentence is
mandatory under SDCL 23A-27A-9, our review must consist of an
examination of all three statutory factors contained within SDCL 23A-27A-
12, including the proportionality of Piper’s sentence.
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Piper’s history, and evidence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Our
review of the record contains no independent basis to invalidate the sentence due to
the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor.
[¶18.] Whether the evidence supports the jury’s finding of a statutory
aggravating circumstance as enumerated in § 23A-27A-1.
[¶19.] There is evidence in the record from Piper’s sentencing hearing that
supports the jury’s finding of three aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable
doubt. SDCL 23A-27A-12(2). See SDCL 23A-27A-1(3), (6), & (9). “In order to be
eligible for the death penalty, one of the . . . aggravating circumstances
[enumerated] in SDCL 23A-27A-1 must be found beyond a reasonable doubt.” Piper
I, 2006 S.D. 1, ¶ 28, 709 N.W.2d at 797.
[¶20.] In this case, the jury found the existence of three aggravating
circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt pursuant to SDCL 23A-27A-1(3), (6), and
(9). The jury determined the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Piper
“committed the offense for the benefit of [himself] or another, for the purpose of
receiving money or any other thing of monetary value” pursuant to SDCL 23A-27A-
1(3). The record demonstrates the jury was presented with evidence that Piper,
Page, and Hoadley killed Poage for the purpose of stealing items from Poage’s
house. Piper and Page initially formed the plan to rob Poage and later informed
Hoadley of their plan. After brutally murdering Poage, the trio returned to the
Poage home and stole electronics, antique watches, coin collections, and other items
of limited value. Piper, Page, and Hoadley fled South Dakota in Poage’s Chevrolet
Blazer. They obtained Poage’s ATM card and pin number and successfully
withdrew money from Poage’s bank account following Poage’s murder.
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[¶21.] Additionally, the jury found that the State proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that “the offense was committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with,
or preventing a lawful arrest or custody in a place of lawful confinement” pursuant
to SDCL 23A-27A-1(9). The jury heard Piper’s statements to law enforcement
during two interviews on April 28, 2000. From these statements, it can be gleaned
that Piper, Page, and Hoadley killed Poage in order to eliminate Poage as a witness
to the robbery—the objective of the whole scheme that evening.
[¶22.] Furthermore, Piper and his co-defendants transported Poage to a
wooded, sparsely-populated, and rugged location, where they murdered Poage and
disposed of his body. Testimony at the sentencing hearing indicated that the
nearest house to the location where Poage’s body was recovered was approximately
2.85 miles away. There was evidence in the record that, immediately following the
murder and the ransacking of the Poage home, Piper and his co-defendants left
South Dakota and went to Piper’s sister’s home in Missouri. Prior to their return to
Rapid City, the group pawned many of Poage’s possessions and utilized his ATM
card at several locations in Nebraska and South Dakota. When taken as a whole,
there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding beyond a reasonable doubt
the alleged aggravating circumstances under SDCL 23A-27A-1(9).
[¶23.] The jury also found that “the offense was outrageously or wantonly
vile, horrible, or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or an
aggravated battery to the victim” under SDCL 23A-27A-1(6). Depravity of the mind
is defined as:
(1) the defendant committed torture upon the living victim; (2)
the defendant subjected the body of the deceased victim to
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mutilation or serious disfigurement; (3) the defendant relished
the murder; (4) the defendant inflicted gratuitous violence upon
the victim; (5) the senselessness of the crime; or (6) the
helplessness of the victim.
Piper I, 2006 S.D. 1, ¶ 30, 709 N.W.2d at 799 (quoting State v. Rhines (Rhines I),
1996 S.D. 55, ¶ 143, 548 N.W.2d 415, 448). The other terms of SDCL 23A-27A-1(6)
are defined as:
Torture requires: (1) the unnecessary and wanton infliction of
severe pain, agony, or anguish; and (2) the intent to inflict such
pain, agony or anguish . . . . Unnecessary pain implies suffering
in excess of what is required to accomplish the murder.
Aggravated battery requires the infliction of serious physical
abuse upon the victim, by depriving him of a member of his
body, or by rendering a member of his body useless, or by
seriously disfiguring his body or a member thereof . . . and by
proving specific intent to inflict unnecessary pain in excess of
what was required to accomplish the murder.
Piper I, 2006 S.D. 1, ¶ 30, 709 N.W.2d at 799 (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted).
[¶24.] The jury was presented with evidence that, after Page pointed a pistol
at Poage and ordered Poage to the floor, Piper kicked Poage in the face hard enough
to render Poage unconscious. Piper then watched as his co-defendants bound
Poage’s hands and feet and placed him upright in a chair. Piper stood on a four-way
tire iron on Poage’s feet to prevent him from moving. Poage was forced to drink a
concoction of crushed up pills, beer, and hydrochloric acid. And all the while Poage
pleaded for an explanation as to why the men were harming him.
[¶25.] Next, the trio ushered Poage to his Blazer, placed Poage in the
backseat, and threatened to kill him if he tried to escape. Piper drove the group in
Poage’s Blazer to Higgins Gulch.
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[¶26.] Once at Higgins Gulch, Poage was forced, in freezing temperatures and
12-inches of snow, to strip his body of his clothing, except for his shoes, socks, and
undershirt. From the evidence, Poage endured their attempt to bury him in the
snow and to drown him in the ice-cold waters of the creek. Poage was repeatedly
kicked, which caused disfiguring injuries to Poage’s ears and head. Piper admitted
to law enforcement that he kicked Poage multiple times in his head and body while
wearing combat-style boots. When Poage attempted to make an escape from the
men, Piper ordered Page to chase Poage. The jury heard evidence that Poage asked
to warm himself inside the Blazer, but the group refused to allow Poage to enter the
vehicle because he was bleeding. Following instructions, Poage went to the ice-cold
creek and washed his body. However, after complying with his captors’ demands,
Poage was not allowed into the vehicle. Later, Page and Hoadley dropped large
stones on Poage’s head, while Piper stood by and did nothing to aid a helpless
Poage. Throughout the events of that evening, Poage pleaded with the co-
defendants offering all of his possessions to the group in exchange for his life.
[¶27.] For the first time in open court at the sentencing hearing, Piper
presented evidence that he took part in stabbing Poage. 7 Dr. Dewey Ertz, a
licensed psychologist who examined Piper on two occasions, testified on direct
examination by defense counsel:
Q: Did [Piper] tell you whether or not he had stabbed Chester
Poage?
7. In the opening statement, counsel for Piper stated, “And this is something
else that I believe this evidence will show here, is that [Piper] did stab
Chester Poage. That’s not something that’s been established before. Now we
admit that.”
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A: He told me that he had.
Q: Now, that wasn’t something that was in his interview that
you viewed with the police officers.
A: No, it was not.
Evidence presented at the sentencing hearing revealed that Poage was stabbed
three times in his head and neck.
[¶28.] The jury was presented with evidence that Poage’s murder involved
“gratuitous violence.” Indeed, Piper admitted to law enforcement that he taunted
and laughed at the victim throughout the four-hour ordeal.
[¶29.] Furthermore, the crime was senseless in that Piper and his co-
defendants gained little, monetarily, after Poage offered all of his possessions in
exchange for his life. Based on the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing,
there is sufficient support for the jury’s finding beyond a reasonable doubt the
alleged aggravating circumstance under SDCL 23A-27A-1(6).
[¶30.] Under SDCL 23A-27A-1, the judge “shall include in instructions to the
jury for it to consider[ ] any mitigating circumstances[.]” SDCL 23A-27A-2, the
presentencing hearing statute, mandates “[a]t such hearing the jury shall receive
all relevant evidence, including . . . (4) [a]ll evidence concerning any mitigating
circumstances.” At the sentencing hearing, the jury was presented with the
following mitigating evidence. As a child, Piper was involved in Boy Scouts,
swimming, football, and martial arts. Piper had problems socializing at school, was
impulsive, was diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder, and had
other learning issues. Following graduation, Piper began college at the University
of Alaska at Anchorage, but eventually dropped out. And, while in prison, Piper
completed 42 college credit hours through Ohio University and was baptized into
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the Catholic faith. Lastly, Piper provided a statement at the end of the sentencing
hearing apologizing to both the Poage family and his own family. 8
[¶31.] Whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate
to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the
crime and the defendant.
[¶32.] Finally, Piper’s death sentence is not excessive or disproportionate
compared to the penalty imposed in similar cases when considering the nature of
the crime and extent of Piper’s actions. SDCL 23A-27A-12(3).
[S]imilar cases for purposes of SDCL 23A-27A-12(3) are those
cases in which a capital sentencing proceeding was actually
conducted, whether the sentence imposed was life or death.
Because the aim of proportionality review is to ascertain what
other capital sentencing authorities have done with similar
capital murder offenses, the only cases that could be deemed
similar . . . are those in which imposition of the death penalty
was properly before the sentencing authority for determination.
State v. Robert, 2012 S.D. 60, ¶ 28, 820 N.W.2d 136, 145 (quoting Rhines I, 1996
S.D. 55, ¶ 185, 548 N.W.2d at 455-56) (internal quotation marks omitted). “For
8. Piper stated in court:
I’m here because I’m responsible for the death of Allan Poage,
and that’s a responsibility that I’m going to pay for for the rest
of my life. When I did this I was very young, and if there was
anything that I could do to change what I did that night I would
do it.
To Mrs. Poage, to you and your loved ones, I am so very sorry for
what I have done to your son and for what this has done to you.
I know I will never deserve your forgiveness.
To my mom and dad, what I have done I’ll never be able to make
up to you. The shame that I brought to you, and the fact that
you still both love me is my greatest blessing.
I owe so many other apologies, ones that I’ll never be able to
make. And I am so sorry for what I did.
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purposes of comparative proportionality review, ‘a death sentence is comparatively
excessive if other defendants with similar characteristics generally receive
sentences other than death for committing factually similar offenses in the same
jurisdiction.’” State v. Berget, 2013 S.D. 1, ¶ 21, 826 N.W.2d 1, 12 (quoting Rhines I,
1996 S.D. 55, ¶ 205, 548 N.W.2d at 457). We have previously recognized that “[t]he
disparity in suffering endured by victims is an important and legitimate
consideration when evaluating the proportionality of a death sentence.” Rhines I,
1996 S.D. 55, ¶ 207, 548 N.W.2d at 458.
[¶33.] Piper raises only one argument concerning the proportionality of his
sentence. Piper asserts that his sentence is internally disproportionate; i.e.,
disproportionate to the life sentence a jury gave to Piper’s co-defendant Hoadley.
Piper is asking this Court to revisit its earlier proportionality ruling in Piper I in
light of Hoadley’s new testimony at the July 2011 sentencing hearing, which
portrayed Piper as more of a bystander in the murder than an active participant.
See 2006 S.D. 1, ¶¶ 69-96, 709 N.W.2d at 810-18. Piper now argues that Hoadley
testified under oath and was subject to cross-examination, which, Piper contends,
was the reason this Court gave in Piper I for not considering Hoadley’s out-of-court
statements.
[¶34.] We again rely on Piper’s own statements—to law enforcement, to
friends, to cellmates, and to medical professionals—as to the degree of Piper’s
involvement in the crime. Though Hoadley’s recent version indicates that Piper had
minimal involvement with the events at the gulch, Hoadley earlier told a different
version of events detailing Piper’s active involvement in the crime to friend-turned-
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police-informant Danny Burkhart. 9 Hoadley’s current version of events was
testified to 11 years after the murder while Hoadley’s statements to Burkhart
occurred shortly after the murder. And, at Piper’s sentencing hearing in July 2011,
Hoadley admitted that in making his statements to Burkhart, he had “no motiv[e]
to make up [a] story at that time[.]”
[¶35.] From the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing, excluding
Hoadley’s testimony, Piper’s degree of involvement in Poage’s murder was not equal
to co-defendant Hoadley’s involvement. “‘[A] death sentence should not be
invalidated simply because a jury determined that another defendant, who
committed an analogous crime, deserved mercy.’” Id. ¶ 96, 709 N.W.2d at 818
(quoting Rhines I, 1996 S.D. 55, ¶ 206, 548 N.W.2d at 457). Piper and co-defendant
Page initially formed the plan to rob Poage and it was not until later that they
informed Hoadley of their plan. Piper kicked Poage in the head rendering Poage
unconscious. Piper held Poage’s feet down with a tire iron while Page forced Poage
to drink a toxic liquid. During these events, Piper indicated to law enforcement
that Hoadley was a bystander. Piper drove the group to Higgins Gulch in Poage’s
Blazer. There is evidence in the record that Piper kicked Poage several times in the
head and body at the gulch and taunted Poage. Piper presented evidence at the
sentencing hearing that he did take part in the stabbing of Poage. Because Piper’s
level of involvement in the crime itself was greater than co-defendant Hoadley’s
9. The statements that Hoadley made to Burkhart occurred prior to Hoadley’s
arrest and were tape recorded.
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involvement, Piper’s death sentence is not internally disproportionate to co-
defendant Hoadley’s life sentence.
[¶36.] Piper’s sentence is proportionate when compared to the penalty
imposed in similar cases when considering the nature of the crime and extent of
Piper’s actions. This Court has recently updated the list of cases that are applicable
to our proportionality review. See Robert, 2012 S.D. 60, ¶¶ 29-31, 820 N.W.2d at
145-46. We now review and include the summary of State v. Robert in our
“universe” of cases for comparison and take judicial notice of the case summaries set
forth in previous decisions. See id. (summarizing State v. Wright, 2009 S.D. 51, 768
N.W.2d 512, as a case where a jury, faced with a decision of whether to impose the
death penalty, sentenced the defendant to life in prison and taking judicial notice of
the “universe” of cases). See also State v. Page, 2006 S.D. 2, ¶ 60, 709 N.W.2d 739,
760-61 (taking judicial notice of co-defendant Piper’s case and the case summaries
set forth in Rhines I and in Moeller II and stating that co-defendant Hoadley’s
conviction was a case where the jury, faced with the decision of whether to impose
the death penalty, imposed a life sentence); Piper I, 2006 S.D. 1, ¶ 38, 709 N.W.2d
at 801 (taking judicial notice of co-defendant Page’s case and the case summaries
set forth in Rhines I and in Moeller II and stating that co-defendant Hoadley’s
conviction was a case where the jury imposed a life sentence); Rhines I, 1996 S.D.
55, ¶¶ 187-204, 548 N.W.2d at 456-57 (summarizing six cases where the jury
imposed a life sentence and one case where the jury imposed a death sentence). 10
10. The universe of cases in which a capital sentencing proceeding was conducted
includes: State v. Howard Adams; State v. Steven Bittner; State v. William J.
(continued . . .)
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[¶37.] Eric Robert and his co-defendant, Rodney Berget, inmates at the South
Dakota State Penitentiary, brutally assaulted correctional officer, Ronald Johnson,
by striking him in the face and head with a lead pipe causing disfiguring injuries.
See generally Robert, 2012 S.D. 60, 820 N.W.2d 136. The two men then wrapped
Johnson’s head in plastic wrap to prevent Johnson from crying for help and from
breathing. Johnson died from the injuries he received in the attack. Following the
attack, Robert and Berget dragged Johnson’s lifeless body to a concealed area where
Robert dressed himself in Johnson’s uniform and Berget climbed into a box placed
on a four-wheel cart. The men attempted to escape the prison. When they were
unsuccessful, Robert and Berget surrendered to prison officials.
[¶38.] Robert pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and opted to have a
sentencing hearing before the circuit court instead of a jury. The circuit court found
that the State had proved beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of two
aggravating circumstances: the crime was committed against a law enforcement
official and the crime was committed by a person in lawful confinement.
[¶39.] At Robert’s sentencing hearing, the court was presented evidence of
Robert’s violent and abusive past, including a kidnapping conviction, his
rehabilitative prospects, and the severity and depravity of the crime. Even though
Robert waived the presentation of mitigating evidence, the court considered the
________________________
(. . . continued)
Helmer; State v. Donald Moeller; State v. James Elmer Smith; State v. Edwin
Swallow; State v. David Waff; State v. Charles Russell Rhines; State v. Robert
Leroy Anderson; State v. Darrell Hoadley; State v. Elijah Page; State v. Briley
Piper; State v. Daphne Wright; and State v. Eric Robert. Because we reversed
Rodney Berget’s death sentence in State v. Berget, 2013 S.D. 1, ¶ 119, 826
N.W.2d 1, 37, Berget is not considered in our “universe” of cases.
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mitigating evidence it could find, including Robert’s high intelligence, college degree
from the University of Wisconsin, and his ability, because of his education and work
history, to function as a productive member of society. The circuit court sentenced
Robert to death.
[¶40.] Similar to the disfiguring injuries that Robert and his co-defendant
inflicted upon Johnson, Piper and his co-defendants caused disfiguring injuries to
Poage. Robert and his co-defendant delivered several blows to Johnson’s head,
which led to the exposure of Johnson’s brain in at least three locations. In the
present case, the evidence presented to the jury indicated that Poage had been
kicked in his head to the point that his ears had been forcibly detached. Poage had
also been stabbed several times in the head. Piper admitted to kicking Poage
several times, once in the face at the Spearfish home, and then several more times
in the head and body at the gulch. Piper presented evidence at trial that he took
part in the stabbing. However, in contrast to the beating and ultimate killing of
Johnson, the brutality and torture of Poage lasted several hours.
[¶41.] Piper was the first of the three men to direct an assault against Poage.
The force with which Piper kicked Poage in the face was so hard that it rendered
Poage unconscious. Following that attack, Piper held a tire iron to Poage’s feet
while co-defendant Page forced Poage to drink a toxic liquid. Piper drove the men
in Poage’s vehicle to the gulch. At the gulch, evidence in the record indicates that
Piper kicked Poage several more times and stabbed him. During this time, Piper
made jokes and comments as to the beatings and as to the amount of pain inflicted
upon Poage at the hands of his co-defendants. The jury heard evidence that Poage
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asked to warm himself inside the Blazer and the group refused to allow Poage to
enter the vehicle because he was bleeding. Following instructions, Poage went to
the ice-cold creek and washed his body. However, after complying, Poage was not
allowed inside the vehicle. Throughout the evening, Poage begged for his life and
repeatedly asked the men why they were hurting him. Lastly, in contrast to his
statements of remorse at this sentencing hearing, Piper bragged when he told his
friends and cellmate about the events of the evening.
[¶42.] The mitigating evidence presented to the jury indicates that Piper had
a relatively decent childhood. Piper was involved in Boy Scouts, sports, and martial
arts. Similar to Robert, Piper had the opportunity to go to college and the record
indicates that he did go to the University of Alaska at Anchorage for a short time
following his graduation from high school.
[¶43.] Perhaps, most important, the jury heard evidence of Piper’s
manipulative personality. Piper and co-defendant Page initially decided together to
rob Poage and later told Hoadley of their idea. When Poage attempted to escape
from his captors at the gulch, Piper instructed Page to run after him. Furthermore,
during Piper’s incarceration he exhibited his manipulative personality. When he
was initially imprisoned, the jury heard evidence that Piper attempted to coerce
other inmates to join his escape plot from the Lawrence County jail. The record also
indicates Piper manipulated a nun by convincing her to write a letter to another
incarcerated individual, a violation of prison policy. 11 Prison officials, who have
11. In response to the State’s question of whether the nun knew it was a
violation of prison policy for an inmate to write another inmate, the nun
(continued . . .)
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worked with Piper, Page, and Hoadley, testified that Piper had a leadership
personality while Page and Hoadley were described as “followers.” We conclude
that Piper’s death sentence is not excessive or disproportionate compared to other
similar cases when considering the nature of the crime and extent of Piper’s actions.
CONCLUSION
[¶44.] We affirm the denial of Piper’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas, not
on the merits as determined by the circuit court, but because of the limited nature
of our remand in Piper II. In addition, Piper’s death sentence was lawfully imposed
by the jury. Thus, we affirm Piper’s death sentence.
[¶45.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER and
SEVERSON, Justices, concur.
________________________
(. . . continued)
testified “I - - I did not - - I did not think of it at the time, and now, yes, I
know that is, but I - - when I wrote the letter I did not realize it.”
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