State v. Koch

#26170-rev.-GAS
2012 S.D. 59IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
COURTNEY JO KOCH, Defendant and Appellant.
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APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT
SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
LINCOLN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
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THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE E. LONG
Judge
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MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General
MAX A. GORS
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellee.
DREW C. DUNCAN
DANIEL K. BRENDTRO of
Zimmer, Duncan & Cole, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota Attorneys for defendant
and appellant.
****
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON MAY 21, 2012
OPINION FILED 08/01/12
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SEVERSON, Justice.
[¶1.] Courtney Koch was arrested for DUI on February 27, 2011. The
magistrate judge entered an order suppressing all evidence obtained from the initial
traffic stop. The State appealed to the circuit court. Koch moved to dismiss the
appeal, which the circuit court denied. This Court granted Koch’s petition for
intermediate appeal. The issue is whether the circuit court had jurisdiction to
entertain the State’s appeal from the magistrate’s order suppressing the evidence.
Because the magistrate’s order does not finally dispose of the case, it is not a final
order appealable to the circuit court.
Facts and Procedural History
[¶2.] The facts of this case are not in dispute. On February 27, 2011, Sioux
Falls police responded to a report of a vehicle stuck in a snow bank. By the time
they arrived, the vehicle had been pulled out of the snow. The vehicle’s driver,
Koch, was in the passenger seat of the pickup that had pulled her vehicle from the
snow. The responding officer noted the odor of alcohol on Koch, not the driver of the
pickup. The police investigated Koch for driving under the influence and eventually
arrested her for that offense.
[¶3.] At a suppression hearing, the magistrate judge entered an order
suppressing all evidence obtained from the stop of the vehicle. This included the
results of all fluid tests and field-sobriety tests. * The State appealed to the circuit
* The magistrate court’s order stated:
That any and all evidence, including all physical and eye witness
evidence obtained pursuant to the stop and detention of the Defendant,
(continued…)
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court. Koch moved to dismiss the appeal, arguing that the circuit court lacked
jurisdiction to hear an appeal from the magistrate’s intermediate order. The circuit
court disagreed and denied Koch’s motion to dismiss the appeal. Koch sought
intermediate appeal from this Court of the order denying her motion to dismiss.
This Court granted the petition for intermediate appeal.
Analysis
[¶4.] The issue presented is whether the circuit court has jurisdiction to
hear an appeal by the State from a magistrate court’s order suppressing evidence.
Issues of jurisdiction are reviewed de novo. Sazama v. State ex rel. Muilenberg,
2007 S.D. 17, ¶ 9, 729 N.W.2d 335, 340.
[¶5.] Koch and the State agree that the relevant statutes contemplate
appeal from magistrate to circuit court of final orders only. The relevant statutes
provide:
Except where an appeal is denied by law, there shall be a right
of appeal to the circuit court from any final order or judgment of
the magistrate court. Appeals from such final orders and
judgments must be taken within ten days after the attestation
and filing of the order or judgment appealed from.
SDCL 15-38-22. “The circuit court has jurisdiction of appeals from all final
judgments, decrees or orders of all courts of limited jurisdiction, inferior officers or
____________________
(…continued)
any bodily fluid samples taken from the Defendant and any test
results obtained thereto, any and all statements received from the
Defendant or from the driver, Steven Keinholz, by law enforcement
following the stop of the vehicle, and all other photographs, test
results, and other fruits of the arrest, search, or other action by law
enforcement officers of the Defendant’s actions, person or property, is
suppressed and cannot be used by the State of South Dakota at trial
under any circumstance.
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tribunals, in the cases prescribed by statute.” SDCL 16-6-10. “Unless appeal is
denied by law, there is a right of appeal to the circuit court from any final order or
judgment of the magistrate court, and such appeal shall be taken in the manner
prescribed by law or rule for appeals to the circuit court.” SDCL 16-12A-27.1.
[¶6.] Koch first argues that the order suppressing evidence is not a “final
order” pursuant to these statutes because it is not dispositive—the criminal charge
against Koch still exists after the magistrate court’s order. On the other hand, the
State argues that the order effectively disposes of the case, and is therefore a final
order. As stated in the State’s brief: “As a practical matter, the Order also acquits
Koch because the Order leaves the State with no evidence upon which to obtain a
conviction.” The circuit court determined that the order, “which suppressed nearly
all of the State’s evidence, constitutes a ‘final order’ under SDCL 15-38-22.” If the
order is final, the motion to dismiss was properly denied; if not final, the circuit
court erred in exercising jurisdiction over the appeal. This precise issue has not
been explicitly addressed by this Court.
[¶7.] Defining “final” for purposes of appealability is not an effortless task.
“Of course appealability of a judgment depends on its being ‘final’ in the legalistic
sense. But there is no more ambiguous word in all the legal lexicon.” Fed. Trade
Comm'n v. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., 344 U.S. 206, 215, 73 S. Ct. 245,
251, 97 L. Ed. 245 (1952) (Black, J., dissenting). Koch quotes Black’s Law
Dictionary 1206 (9th ed. 2009) for the following definition of “final order:” “An order
that is dispositive of the entire case.” Koch argues that such a definition requires
that the case be finally disposed of, meaning there is nothing further to be done.
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Koch argues that here, after the motion to suppress was granted, the case
remained. The State could dismiss the charges, proceed with the evidence
remaining, or attempt to find new evidence to bolster the prosecution. The State
counters by arguing that the suppression order effectively disposed of the case,
rendering the suppression order dispositive and therefore final.
[¶8.] Koch cites authority from Nebraska, Arkansas, and Idaho regarding
finality of orders. But none of those cases define a “final order” in the context of
orders suppressing evidence. See Villines v. Harris, 208 S.W.3d 763, 766 (Ark.
2005) (finding an order not final because the amount of damages in a dispute over
damage to property had yet to be decided and a later hearing would be conducted to
accomplish that task); Williams v. State Bd. of Real Estate Appraisers, 239 P.3d
780, 783 (Idaho 2010) (finding a denied motion to dismiss an administrative
complaint alleging improper conduct by a real estate appraiser was not final
because it “did not determine or dismiss the issues of misconduct alleged in the
complaint.”); Donscheski v. Donscheski, 771 N.W.2d 213, 219 (Neb. App. 2009)
(determining that a journal entry in a child custody dispute was not final because it
did not dispose of all issues, the issues of parenting time and child support were
taken under advisement). When addressing its appellate jurisdiction as conferred
by Congress, our Territorial Supreme Court discussed “final decisions” as follows:
In that section is plainly expressed the power to hear and
determine writs of error and appeals from final decisions of the
district courts in all cases; not from interlocutory orders or
decisions, nor from orders made or decisions pronounced during
the progress of the cause, but from final decisions, or, what is
the equivalent term, when applied to an action, from final
judgments. No judgment is final which does not terminate the
litigation between the parties to the suit.
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Harris Manufacturing Co. v. Walsh, 3 N.W. 307, 308-09 (Dakota 1879).
[¶9.] The State provides authority holding that orders suppressing evidence
and effectively disposing of the case are sufficiently final as to be appealable. The
State first cites a United States Supreme Court decision that identified an order
suppressing evidence as a “final judgment.” New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 651
n.1, 104 S. Ct. 2626, 2629 n.1, 81 L. Ed. 2d 550 (1984). The order at issue was final
because later review of the suppression issue would be impossible if the case
continued (if the defendant was acquitted, the State could not appeal; if the
defendant was convicted, the suppression issue would be moot). Id. But here,
appealability of the order is not the concern. The South Dakota Legislature has
provided a mechanism for appellate review of magistrate orders granting
suppression. SDCL 23A-32-5. This section provides:
An appeal by a prosecuting attorney may be taken to the
Supreme Court from:
(1) An order of a circuit court or a magistrate suppressing or
excluding evidence or requiring the return of seized property in
a criminal proceeding;
(2) An order of a circuit court or a magistrate sustaining a
motion to dismiss a complaint on statutory grounds or
otherwise.
An appeal under this section may not be taken after a defendant
has been put in jeopardy and is not a matter of right but of
sound judicial discretion. Appeals from such orders shall be
taken in the same manner as intermediate appeals in
subdivision 15-26A-3(6). No appeal taken under this section
shall delay any trial unless a stay be granted in the discretion of
the Supreme Court.
The mechanism available for a prosecutor to appeal a magistrate court’s
suppression order is precisely the same as that available to appeal the same type of
order from circuit court. Id. The availability of appellate review in the present
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context distinguishes this situation from that faced by the Supreme Court in
Quarles.
[¶10.] The State then cites authority from other states holding that orders
suppressing evidence are sufficiently final as to be appealable. Commonwealth v.
Bosurgi, 190 A.2d 304 (Pa. 1963); State v. Williams, 445 N.E.2d 582 (Ind. 1984);
State v. Davidson, 477 N.E.2d 1141, 1144 (Ohio 1985). These cases are also
distinguishable. In Bosurgi, the order suppressing evidence was either final, and
therefore appealable, or not appealable at all. Bosurgi, 190 A.2d at 308 (“The
evidence suppressed may well mark the difference between success and failure in
the prosecution; to deny the Commonwealth its only opportunity of securing an
appellate review to determine whether the evidence was properly suppressed is
highly unfair to the Commonwealth and the interests of society which it
represents.”). As in Quarles, if the Bosurgi court did not determine the suppression
order to be final, there would be no avenue for appellate review.
[¶11.] In both Davidson and Williams, state statutes authorized appeal when
the prosecutor certified the order suppressing evidence would prevent prosecution.
The issue in those cases was whether the order suppressing evidence “destroys the
ability of the State to prosecute.” Davidson, 477 N.E.2d at 1145. In Davidson, a
state statute allowed an appeal from the motion to suppress as of right when “the
prosecuting attorney certifies that . . . the granting of the motion has rendered the
state’s proof with respect to the pending charge so weak in its entirety that any
reasonable possibility of effective prosecution has been destroyed.” Id. at 1144.
Likewise in Williams, a state statue provided that the state could appeal “from an
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order granting a motion to suppress evidence, if the ultimate effect of the order is to
preclude further prosecution.” Ind. Code § 35-1-47-2(5) (Burns 1982 Supp). In both
Davidson and Williams, the relevant code sections specifically authorized appeal by
the State when the order suppressing evidence precluded prosecution. No such
statute exists in South Dakota.
[¶12.] Here, as discussed above, the State had an avenue for appealing the
suppression order. See SDCL 23A-32-5. That the Legislature specifically provided
an avenue for appeal, independent of appeal by right due to the order’s finality,
indicates the Legislature did not intend for the appealability of suppression orders
to hinge on their “finality.” Otherwise, there would have been no reason to allow
the State to petition for intermediate review of the magistrate’s order suppressing
evidence; such orders would have been appealable to the circuit court if sufficiently
final. Because the magistrate court’s order did not dispose of the case, it is not
“final” for purposes of appeal to the circuit court. The State’s avenue to appeal the
magistrate court’s decision was through SDCL 23A-32-5.
[¶13.] The State argues, and the circuit court found, that State v. Roadifer,
supports the proposition that the order suppressing evidence is final. 346 N.W.2d
438 (S.D. 1984). In Roadifer, this Court considered an appeal in a similar context
as that presented. Defendant moved to suppress certain evidence from a DUI stop.
Id. at 439. The magistrate court granted the motion to suppress. Id. The circuit
court affirmed. Id. After granting intermediate appeal, this Court reversed the
circuit court’s decision affirming the magistrate court’s order suppressing the
evidence. Id. at 441. The Court did not comment on the jurisdictional propriety of
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the appeal from magistrate to circuit court, but the jurisdictional question was not
presented. “It is the rule in this state that jurisdiction must affirmatively appear
from the record and this [C]ourt is required sua sponte to take note of jurisdictional
deficiencies, whether presented by the parties or not . . . .” Decker ex rel. Decker v.
Tschetter Hutterian Brethren, Inc., 1999 S.D. 62, ¶ 14, 594 N.W.2d 357, 362 (citation
omitted). But the combination of this language, and this Court’s silence in a
similar, but not identical context, does not override the constitutional declaration
that the appellate jurisdiction of the circuit court is only as provided by the
Legislature.
[¶14.] The South Dakota Constitution provides for appellate jurisdiction of
the circuit courts:
The circuit courts have original jurisdiction in all cases except as
to any limited original jurisdiction granted to other courts by the
Legislature. The circuit courts and judges thereof have the
power to issue, hear and determine all original and remedial
writs. The circuit courts have such appellate jurisdiction as may
be provided by law.
S.D. Const. art. V, § 5. In the context of appealing orders of a magistrate court
suppressing evidence, the Legislature granted this Court appellate jurisdiction to
entertain such appeals, not the circuit court. See SDCL 23A-32-5. This Court’s
silence on an issue should not be read so as to interpret the relevant statutes as
providing circuit courts appellate jurisdiction to consider magistrate orders
suppressing evidence—especially in light of the constitutional questions inherent in
such an interpretation.
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Conclusion
[¶15.] Because the relevant order does not finally dispose of the criminal
charges against Koch, the order suppressing evidence is not a final order. The
circuit court was without jurisdiction to consider the State’s appeal from the
magistrate’s order suppressing evidence. Denial of Koch’s motion to dismiss is
reversed.
[¶16.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER, and
WILBUR, Justices, concur.
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