Appeal of Easton v. Hanson School District 30-1

#26434-a-DG
2013 S.D. 30IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
IN THE MATTER OF THE
APPEAL OF JENNY EASTON, Claimant and Appellee,
v.
HANSON SCHOOL DISTRICT 30-1, Employer and Appellant,
and
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
AND REGULATION, UNEMPLOYMENT
INSURANCE DIVISION, Agency and Appellee.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FIRST JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
HANSON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
THE HONORABLE SEAN M. O’BRIEN
Retired Judge
****
CHRIS A. NIPE of
Larson & Nipe
Mitchell, South Dakota Attorneys for claimant
and appellee.
THOMAS H. HARMON
Pierre, South Dakota Attorney for employer
and appellant.
AMBER L. MULDER of
South Dakota Department of
Labor and Regulation
Unemployment Insurance Division
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for agency
and appellee.
****
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON FEBRUARY 12, 2013
OPINION FILED 04/03/13
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GILBERTSON, Chief Justice
[¶1.] Jenny Easton was employed as a music teacher by the Hanson School
District (the District). In March 2011, Easton received notice that the District was
replacing her full-time position with a part-time position. The part-time position
would consist of 75 percent of the time of Easton’s full-time position, and would
include a 25 percent reduction in pay. The District offered Easton the part-time
position, which she rejected. In September 2011, Easton filed a claim for
unemployment benefits. An administrative law judge (ALJ) affirmed the initial
determination of the South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation,
Unemployment Insurance Division (the Division), which concluded that Easton was
eligible to receive unemployment benefits. However, the Secretary of the
Department of Labor (the Secretary) reversed the ALJ’s determination, finding that
Easton was not eligible to receive unemployment benefits. The circuit court
reversed the Secretary’s decision based on its determination that the part-time
position was not “suitable” employment and that Easton had “good cause” to reject
the offer. The District appeals.
FACTS
[¶2.] Easton began working for the District in 2004 as a full-time music
teacher. During the 2010-2011 school year, Easton was paid $29,300, plus $960 for
performing extracurricular duties. On March 16, 2011, the District notified Easton
that her position was being eliminated pursuant to SDCL 13-43-6.4, which allows
for the nonrenewal of a teacher’s contract due to a reduction in staff. Easton was
informed that the District planned to replace her full-time position with a part-time
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position that would consist of 75 percent of the time of Easton’s full-time position,
and that would not include co-curricular or extracurricular responsibilities.
Additionally, the new position would include a 25 percent reduction in pay,
decreased sick/vacation leave, and a reduction in retirement contributions. Easton
was told that the District Superintendent would recommend her for the part-time
position, but that the final employment decision would be made by the District’s
school board. The District offered Easton the new position (with a base salary of
$21,975) on April 6, 2011.
[¶3.] On April 21, 2011, Easton provided the District’s administrators and
school board with formal notice that she would not accept the part-time position. In
her letter to the District’s administrators and school board, Easton expressed
concern that the constraints of the new position would compromise her academic
integrity, the new position would be a disservice to students, there would not be
enough time for planning, and the reduction of job duties for the new position would
be minimal. Easton later clarified that the 25 percent reduction in pay was the
main reason she chose not to accept the new position. Further, Easton indicated
she believed the part-time position would prevent her from seeking full-time
employment elsewhere.
[¶4.] On September 2, 2011, Easton filed a claim for unemployment benefits.
The Division determined Easton was entitled to receive unemployment benefits
commencing on August 28, 2011. The District appealed this determination. An
ALJ conducted a telephonic hearing on October 21, 2011, and affirmed the
Division’s decision. Upon consideration of the factors listed in SDCL 61-6-17
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regarding the suitability of offered employment, the ALJ determined the part-time
position was not “suitable” work. Further, the ALJ determined Easton had “good
cause” to reject the new position pursuant to SDCL 61-6-16. 1 On November 9, 2011,
the District appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Secretary. The Secretary reversed
the ALJ’s decision. Although the Secretary recognized that the 25 percent reduction
in pay was significant, the Secretary determined Easton was not eligible to receive
unemployment benefits because the part-time position was suitable and Easton did
not have good cause to reject the new position.
[¶5.] Easton appealed the Secretary’s decision to the circuit court on
January 10, 2012. On June 29, 2012, the circuit court entered an order reversing
the Secretary’s decision. The circuit court determined the part-time position was
not suitable work. Alternatively, the circuit court determined that the 25 percent
reduction in pay gave Easton good cause to reject the new position. As a result, the
circuit court concluded Easton was eligible to receive unemployment benefits as of
August 28, 2011. The District appeals.
ANALYSIS AND DECISION
[¶6.] Whether the 25 percent reduction in pay made the new
position unsuitable and/or gave Easton good cause to reject the
new position.
1. The current version of SDCL 61-6-17 was formerly designated SDCL 61-6-16,
and the current version of SDCL 61-6-16 was formerly designated SDCL 61-
6-15. See 2012 S.D. Sess. Laws 591, ch. 252, § 59 (authorizing the code
counsel to reorganize SDCL chapter 61-6, entitled “Unemployment Benefits”).
The text of these sections was not changed as a result of the reorganization.
Thus, for purposes of this appeal, all references will be made to the current
versions of these statutes.
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[¶7.] The standard of review for administrative appeals is set forth in SDCL
1-26-36. Manuel v. Toner Plus, Inc., 2012 S.D. 47, ¶ 8, 815 N.W.2d 668, 670.
According to SDCL 1-26-36, reviewing courts are required to “give great weight to
the findings made and inferences drawn by the agency on questions of fact.”
“However, questions of law are reviewed de novo.” Manuel, 2012 S.D. 47, ¶ 8, 815
N.W.2d at 670 (citing Vollmer v. Wal-Mart Store, Inc., 2007 S.D. 25, ¶ 12, 729
N.W.2d 377, 382). “Mixed questions of law and fact require further analysis.” Id.(quoting Darling v. W. River Masonry, Inc., 2010 S.D. 4, ¶ 10, 777 N.W.2d 363, 366).
“If . . . the question requires us to consider legal concepts in the mix of fact and law
and to exercise judgment about the values that animate legal principles, then . . .
the question should be classified as one of law and reviewed de novo.” Id. This
Court has previously recognized that “[t]he issues of job suitability and good cause
are ones of law and subject to our review.” Reetz v. Lutheran Health Sys., 2000 S.D.
74, ¶ 14, 611 N.W.2d 230, 235, overruled on other grounds by Wells v. Howe Heating
& Plumbing, Inc., 2004 S.D. 37, 677 N.W.2d 586 (quoting Gettig Eng’g v. Com.,
Unemp. Comp. Bd., 473 A.2d 749, 752 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1984)). In this case we
address the issue of whether the part-time position Easton was offered by the
District was suitable and/or whether Easton had good cause to reject the part-time
position. Thus, as this case involves questions of law, our review is de novo.
[¶8.] “Entitlement to unemployment compensation benefits is governed
entirely by statute.” Manuel, 2012 S.D. 47, ¶ 9, 815 N.W.2d at 670 (quoting In re
Adams, 329 N.W.2d 882, 884 (S.D. 1983)). With regard to eligibility for
unemployment benefits, SDCL 61-6-16 provides:
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If the Department of Labor and Regulation finds that an
unemployed individual has failed, without good cause, either to
apply for available suitable work when so directed by the
department or to accept suitable work when offered to the
individual, the claimant shall be denied benefits, including
extended benefits, until the individual has been reemployed at
least six calendar weeks in insured employment during the
individual’s current benefit year and earned wages of not less
than the individual’s weekly benefit amount in each of those six
weeks. The department may promulgate rules pursuant to
chapter 1-26 for determining suitable work.
(Emphasis added.) Therefore, under SDCL 61-6-16, an individual will be denied
unemployment benefits if the individual rejects a suitable offer of employment
without good cause. 2 See also Reetz, 2000 S.D. 74, ¶ 9, 611 N.W.2d at 233.
[¶9.] In Reetz v. Lutheran Health Systems, this Court explained that “[t]he
standards implemented by various courts for determining the existence of ‘good
cause’ for refusing work are fairly uniform.” 2000 S.D. 74, ¶ 13, 611 N.W.2d at 234.
In determining whether the claimant in Reetz had good cause to reject the offer of
employment, this Court applied the following standard set forth by the
Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court in Gettig Engineering v. Commonwealth of
2. SDCL 61-6-17 provides a list of factors to be considered in determining the
suitability of offered employment. According to SDCL 61-6-17:
In determining whether or not any work is suitable for an
individual, the department shall consider the degree of risk
involved to the individual’s health, safety, and morals, the
individual’s physical fitness and prior training, the individual’s
experience and prior earnings, the individual’s length of
unemployment and prospects for securing local work in the
individual’s customary occupation, and the distance of the
available work from the individual’s residence.
(Emphasis added.) The sole consideration in this case is whether the 25
percent reduction in pay made the new position unsuitable and/or gave
Easton good cause to refuse to accept the new position. For purposes of this
appeal, the analysis of the suitability of the new position and whether Easton
had good cause to reject the new position are synonymous.
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Pennsylvania, Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 473 A.2d 749, 752
(Pa. Commw. Ct. 1984): “[i]n resolving the issue of whether Claimant had good
cause to refuse work, the Claimant must prove that she acted reasonably and in
good faith and that she had substantial reasons for refusing the employment.” Id. ¶
14, 611 N.W.2d at 235. Other courts have recognized that a significant reduction in
pay constitutes “good cause” to refuse an offer of employment, or to leave
employment, depending on the circumstances. 3 See Bunny’s Waffle Shop v. Cal.
Emp’t Comm’n, 151 P.2d 224 (Cal. 1944) (concluding that the 25 percent wage cut
gave employees good cause to leave work); Keystone Steel & Wire Div., Keystone
Consol. Indus. v. Ill. Dep’t of Labor, 346 N.E.2d 399 (Ill. App. Ct. 1976) (determining
that employees, whose employer offered them jobs that were inferior to their prior
positions and included pay reductions of 30-47 percent, had good cause to reject the
offers and leave their employment); Scott v. Photo Ctr., Inc., 235 N.W.2d 616 (Minn.
1975) (determining that the 25 percent reduction in employee’s pay, which was
attributable to employer’s new method of calculating wages, was substantial, and
that employee had good cause to leave work); Johns-Manville Prods. Corp. v. Bd. of
Review, Div. of Labor and Indus., 300 A.2d 572 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1973)
(concluding that the 22-25 percent reduction in wages associated with the offered
positions was substantial, and that employee had good cause to reject the offered
positions and leave work).
3. As was noted in Reetz, although there are differences between cases “written
in the context of good cause for voluntarily quitting employment” and cases
written in the context of “good cause for refusing employment, there is a
nexus between the[ ] two standards.” 2000 S.D. 74, ¶ 16, 611 N.W.2d at 235.
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[¶10.] Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude Easton acted
reasonably and in good faith when she decided to reject the part-time position she
was offered by the District. Further, we conclude that the 25 percent reduction in
pay constitutes a substantial reason for refusing to accept the part-time position. If
Easton would have accepted the new position, her base salary would have been
reduced from $29,300 to $21,975 (which is a reduction of $7,325). At Easton’s level
of income, a 25 percent reduction in salary is significant (which even the Secretary
acknowledged), and would likely have a substantial effect on Easton’s lifestyle. As a
result, we conclude Easton had good cause to reject the part-time position.
[¶11.] The District argues this case is factually similar to Reetz and that this
Court’s decision in Reetz should control the outcome of this case, resulting in a
denial of Easton’s claim for unemployment benefits. However, although the facts of
this case share some similarities to the facts in Reetz, Reetz is distinguishable on
the critical issue of compensation. In Reetz, the claimant had been working at a
nursing home for 25 years. 2000 S.D. 74, ¶ 2, 611 N.W.2d at 231. In March 1998,
the claimant was informed that her job was being eliminated due to a restructuring
of the company. Id. ¶ 3, 611 N.W.2d at 231. The claimant was given applications
for comparable positions within the nursing home, and was told she could apply. Id.
[¶12.] Before submitting any applications, the claimant discovered an e-mail
the claimant believed indicated that she would not be hired for the available
positions. Id. ¶¶ 3-4, 611 N.W.2d at 232. The claimant was seriously offended by
the e-mail, and did not apply for any positions. Id. ¶¶ 4-5, 611 N.W.2d at 232. The
claimant then sent an administrator a letter requesting severance pay. Id. ¶ 5, 611
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N.W.2d at 232. In response, the claimant received a letter denying her request. Id.
Nevertheless, the nursing home offered the claimant a new position despite her
failure to apply. Id. ¶ 6, 611 N.W.2d at 232. According to the terms of the new
position, the claimant would work four days per week, 4 receive her current rate of
pay, and remain eligible for performance bonuses. Id. ¶ 6, 611 N.W.2d at 232-33.
However, the claimant would not be eligible for increases in her rate of pay because
she was already at the maximum pay rate for that position. Id. The claimant
rejected the offer of employment and filed a claim for unemployment benefits. Id. ¶
7, 611 N.W.2d at 233.
[¶13.] On appeal, this Court concluded the case should be reviewed as a
“refusal of suitable work [without good cause]” case pursuant to SDCL 61-6-16. Id.
¶ 12, 611 N.W.2d at 234. Ultimately, this Court concluded the claimant was not
eligible for unemployment benefits. Id. ¶ 19, 611 N.W.2d at 236. This Court
determined the claimant did not have good cause to refuse the offer of employment.
Id. ¶ 15, 611 N.W.2d at 235. Specifically, this Court noted that the claimant did not
demonstrate or even assert the position she was offered was not suitable. Id.
Additionally, this Court pointed out that the nursing home “made every effort to
accommodate [the claimant] in terms of wages, hours and acceptable schedule . . .
[which] calls into question the reasonableness of [the claimant’s] actions.” Id. In
reaching its conclusion, this Court rejected the claimant’s assertion that the e-mail
4. In Reetz, there is no indication as to how many days per week the claimant
previously worked in the position that was eliminated.
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she discovered gave her good cause to refuse to accept the offer of employment. 5 Id.
¶ 16, 611 N.W.2d at 235.
[¶14.] Unlike in Reetz, where the position offered included the same rate of
pay, in this case the position Easton was offered by the District included a 25
percent reduction in pay. Further, unlike in Reetz, in this case, Easton consistently
asserted the new position was not suitable. Thus, due to the factual differences,
Reetz does not control our disposition of this case.
[¶15.] Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude Easton is eligible for
unemployment benefits because the 25 percent pay reduction made the part-time
position unsuitable and gave Easton good cause to reject the new position. As a
result, the circuit court did not err in reversing Secretary’s determination that
Easton was ineligible for unemployment benefits. Therefore, we affirm.
[¶16.] KONENKAMP, ZINTER, SEVERSON, and WILBUR, Justices, concur.
5. It appears as though the only basis for the claimant’s assertion that she had
“good cause” to reject the position was the offensive nature of the email,
which led the claimant to believe the nursing home was trying to “get rid of
[her].” Id. ¶ 4, 611 N.W.2d at 232.
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