State v. Birdshead

#27832-a-LSW
2016 S.D. 87
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CHARLES BIRDSHEAD, Defendant and Appellant.
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
PENNINGTON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
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THE HONORABLE WALLY EKLUND
Judge
****
MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General
CRAIG M. EICHSTADT
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellee.
JAMY PATTERSON
Rapid City, South Dakota Attorney for defendant
and appellant.
****
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON NOVEMBER 7, 2016
OPINION FILED 12/07/16
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WILBUR, Justice
[¶1.] In this second appeal, the defendant challenges the circuit court’s
ruling on limited remand that the State did not violate the defendant’s due process
rights or commit a Brady violation in regard to the production of certain records.
We affirm.
Background
[¶2.] In 2013, a jury found Charles Birdshead guilty of first-degree
manslaughter, commission of a felony with a firearm, and possession of a controlled
weapon. Birdshead appealed his convictions, asserting eight issues for this Court’s
review. See State v. Birdshead (Birdshead I), 2015 S.D. 77, 871 N.W.2d 62. One
issue from the first appeal is relevant to this appeal—whether the State committed
a Brady violation when it denied Birdshead access to the Unified Narcotics
Enforcement Team (UNET) files. See id. ¶ 46. This Court could not determine if a
Brady violation occurred because the UNET files were not in the record. We,
therefore, issued a limited remand. We directed the circuit court “to include the
UNET files within the record and reconsider the Brady issue as to the UNET files.”
Id. ¶ 49.
[¶3.] On remand, the circuit court issued a letter to the parties. The court
informed the parties that it “reviewed the entire file [on remand] and the
UNET/intelligence files are not contained therein.” It asked “the State to submit
the records which it was ordered to provide on May 7, 2013, for [the court’s] in-
camera review so that [the court] may determine whether a Brady violation
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occurred.” The court indicated that it would issue a written decision after reviewing
the evidence.
[¶4.] Birdshead responded with a motion for a new trial. He asserted that
the circuit court could not comply with this Court’s remand directive because the
record as it existed before the trial did not contain the UNET files. In Birdshead’s
view, the fact the record never contained the files meant that the State violated the
circuit court’s discovery order in 2013 by not submitting any UNET files prior to
trial. Birdshead also requested a new trial because of newly discovered evidence
that one of the State’s key witnesses committed perjury.
[¶5.] On January 11, 2016, the circuit court held a hearing. The court
indicated that it had mistakenly believed it had received the UNET records prior to
the 2013 trial. The court concluded that it could nevertheless review the
information it directed the State to submit on remand and rule whether the UNET
records contained Brady material and whether Birdshead should receive a new
trial. Birdshead requested an evidentiary hearing. The court denied Birdshead an
evidentiary hearing on his claim that newly discovered evidence warranted a new
trial, and, ultimately, denied his motion for a new trial. The court did not give a
reason for the denial.
[¶6.] In regard to the UNET records, the court held an evidentiary hearing
on February 1, 2016. Birdshead again argued that the State violated the circuit
court’s discovery order when it submitted no UNET files in 2013 and when it
submitted UNET files in 2015 only on those witnesses the State had called to testify
at trial. According to Birdshead, the court’s 2013 discovery order meant the State
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had to conduct a UNET record search on all the witnesses on the State’s pre-trial
witness list. He argued that to conclude otherwise would deprive him of the right to
determine whether Brady material existed on potential witnesses. Birdshead also
requested access to review the materials submitted to the circuit court by the State
and to examine the procedure in which the records were produced to the circuit
court.
[¶7.] In response, the State argued that it did not violate the circuit court’s
2013 discovery order. The State claimed that the language of the court’s order
required the State to produce UNET records on witnesses it intended to call at trial,
not the 40-plus witnesses on its pre-trial witness list. So, in the State’s view, it was
required on remand to conduct a search on the witnesses that it had in fact called to
testify at Birdshead’s 2013 trial.
[¶8.] At the hearing, Birdshead called Gina Nelson, a prosecutor for the
Pennington County State’s Attorney Office, and Pat West, the supervisor for the
Division of Criminal Investigation in western South Dakota, to testify. West
testified that he conducted the 2015 search for any files, records, or documents
related to the witnesses the State had called to testify at Birdshead’s 2013 trial.
The search, according to West, produced 77 pages of information. West relayed that
he had someone from his office deliver the information to the circuit court. Attorney
Nelson testified that she had not seen the information contained in the 77 pages. In
regard to the State’s compliance with the court’s discovery order prior to
Birdshead’s trial, Attorney Nelson testified that, in 2013, she had asked that a
UNET file search be conducted prior to trial, although she could not recall exactly
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what names she had asked to be searched. The court continued the hearing to allow
Birdshead an opportunity to examine Sergeant Tony Harrison of the Pennington
County Sheriff’s Office.
[¶9.] In the second evidentiary hearing, Sergeant Harrison testified that in
2013, someone from the State’s Attorney Office had asked him to conduct a UNET
file search on “several” persons. Sergeant Harrison testified that he kept no record
of the State’s Attorney Office’s 2013 request, the parameters of the search he
conducted, or the results. He testified from memory that his 2013 search produced
no UNET files for the persons on the State’s Attorney Office’s list.
[¶10.] At the conclusion of the continued hearing, Birdshead argued that the
State continued to violate the circuit court’s 2013 discovery order because the State
had yet to produce the UNET search results for all 40-plus witnesses on the State’s
pre-trial witness list. The circuit court disagreed with Birdshead’s interpretation of
the court’s 2013 discovery order. The court quoted exchanges between counsel and
the court in April and May 2013, during which Birdshead’s counsel agreed that a
proper interpretation of the court’s discovery order meant that the State was
required to produce the “UNET/intelligence files” on the witnesses the State
intended to call at trial, not all the witnesses on the State’s pre-trial witness list. In
regard to the UNET information produced in 2015, the circuit court ruled that the
State did not violate the court’s discovery order when it requested a UNET record
search only on those witnesses the State had called to testify in 2013. In regard to
the information produced, the court ruled that the records contained no evidence
warranting a new trial.
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[¶11.] The State issued proposed findings and conclusions, and Birdshead
issued objections and proposed findings and conclusions. The court identified that a
representative from UNET had provided the court with records on two individuals
in December 2015 for an in-camera review. The court held that the UNET records
contained “no evidence favorable to the accused; as either inculpatory or
exculpatory information.” The court also found that the UNET records contained no
impeachment evidence. The court noted that the records contained information
about a testifying witness, Shy Bettelyoun. The record described her as a drug
dealer. But, during Birdshead’s trial, Birdshead examined Bettelyoun and learned
that Bettelyoun was under federal indictment as a drug dealer. So the court
concluded that the information was made available for the jury’s consideration at
trial. The court held upon its review that the State committed no Brady violation as
it pertained to the UNET records. The court denied Birdshead relief.
[¶12.] Birdshead appeals, asserting two issues for our review:
1. Whether the State committed a Brady violation and
violated Birdshead’s due process rights when it failed to
disclose certain records for an in-camera review prior to
Birdshead’s jury trial.
2. Whether the circuit court abused its discretion and
violated Birdshead’s due process rights when it denied
Birdshead a new trial.
Analysis
1. Discovery Order Violation and Brady Violation
[¶13.] Birdshead argues that there is an inadequate record for this Court to
review whether his due process rights were violated in 2013 because the State
produced no UNET records in 2013, and the circuit court did not in fact review any
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UNET records prior to his trial. Birdshead relies on his view that our decision in
Birdshead I hinged on our belief that the State in fact produced the records for the
circuit court’s review and that the circuit court had reviewed the records.
[¶14.] Whether Birdshead’s due process rights were violated in 2013 depends
on what could have been produced in 2013 and if what could have been produced
contains evidence material to the issue of Birdshead’s guilt.* “[I]n order to find
error, the defendant must establish that the belated disclosure of evidence was
material to the issue of guilt, because if it was not material, it could not be violative
of due process.” State v. Moeller, 2000 S.D. 122, ¶ 76, 616 N.W.2d 424, 446 (internal
citation omitted).
[¶15.] In response, Birdshead argues that this Court (and the circuit court)
cannot determine if a Brady violation occurred in 2013 because the State has yet to
comply with the circuit court’s 2013 discovery order. The circuit court’s 2013
discovery order provided “that the State disclose, for in-camera review, any
information contained in criminal cases and/or UNET/intelligence files on any
witness the State intends to call at the jury trial in this matter.” Birdshead claims
that the only way to know who the State “intended” to call in 2013 would be to look
at who the State listed on its pre-trial witnesses list in 2013. As an example,
* In a footnote, Birdshead argues that he was prejudiced because he could not
in 2013, and cannot now, determine whether the information the court
reviewed in camera contained evidence material to the issue of guilt.
Birdshead does not have an absolute right to see the UNET records. The
circuit court, by conducting an in-camera review of the information, protected
the confidentiality of the UNET documents while ensuring Birdshead’s due
process rights were not violated. This Court provides the same protection by
independently reviewing the information the circuit court examined.
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Birdshead refers to witness Milk. The State did not call Milk at trial, Birdshead
did. But according to Birdshead, the State intended to call Milk in its case-in-chief
because Milk’s testimony was central to the State’s conviction of Birdshead.
[¶16.] Before we examine whether a Brady violation occurred in 2013, we
address Birdshead’s claim that the State violated the circuit court’s 2013 discovery
order. We review the violation of a discovery order for an abuse of discretion. State
v. Muhm, 2009 S.D. 100, ¶ 37, 775 N.W.2d 508, 521. We “presume the evidentiary
rulings made by a trial court are correct, and review those rulings under an abuse of
discretion standard.” State v. Krebs, 2006 S.D. 43, ¶ 19, 714 N.W.2d 91, 99.
[¶17.] The circuit court rejected Birdshead’s interpretation of the 2013
discovery order and ruled that the State complied with the discovery order by
requesting a UNET record search on the witnesses the State had called to testify in
the 2013 trial. As support, the court relied on the exchange during the April and
May 2013 hearings between the court and counsel. In those hearings, Birdshead’s
counsel agreed that the discovery order did not include all the witnesses on the
State’s pre-trial witness list—only the witnesses the State intended to call at trial.
After quoting this language aloud to Birdshead’s counsel at the 2015 hearing, the
circuit court said, “So that was the state of the record as of May 6, 2013.” Counsel
for Birdshead responded, “Right.” Birdshead has not established that the circuit
court abused its discretion in interpreting its 2013 discovery order.
[¶18.] We next address the circuit court’s conclusion that the State did not
commit a Brady violation. A violation of a defendant’s due process rights occurs
when the State suppresses evidence favorable to the defendant when the evidence is
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material either to guilt or punishment. Birdshead I, 2015 S.D. 77, ¶ 44, 871 N.W.2d
at 77 (quoting Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196-97, 10 L.
Ed. 2d 215 (1963)). “Such evidence is material ‘if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.’” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 280, 119 S. Ct. 1936,
1948, 144 L. Ed. 2d 286 (1999). As the United States Supreme Court noted in
Strickler,
There are three components of a true Brady violation: The
evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either
because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that
evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either
willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.
Id. at 281-82, 119 S. Ct. at 1948. See also Thompson v. Weber, 2013 S.D. 87, ¶ 38,
841 N.W.2d 3, 12. “Prejudicial error is ‘that which in all probability must have
produced some effect upon the final result and affected rights of the party assigning
it.’” State v. Spiry, 1996 S.D. 14, ¶ 11, 543 N.W.2d 260, 263 (quoting K & E Land &
Cattle, Inc. v. Mayer, 330 N.W.2d 529, 533 (S.D. 1983)).
[¶19.] The circuit court directed the State to produce documents in
compliance with its 2013 discovery order. The State submitted documents, and the
court added those documents to the record in two sealed manila envelopes. Both
envelopes display the respective dates the envelopes were received. One envelope
has “Attn: Judge Eklund” on the cover, the judge’s initials, and a notation of “77
pages.” The other envelope denotes that it was “received in open court February 1,
2016 From Pat West.” We have reviewed the documents in these envelopes and the
related hearing transcripts. Based on our independent review, we conclude that the
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circuit court’s portrayal of the information is accurate. The documents do not
contain evidence favorable to Birdshead in exculpation or impeachment. The court
did not err when it concluded that the State committed no Brady violation.
2. Motion for a New Trial
[¶20.] Birdshead asserts that a new trial is warranted because of misconduct
of an adverse party, inadvertence or mistake, and newly discovered evidence, citing
SDCL 15-6-60(b). Birdshead claims that the State committed misconduct when it
did not produce UNET records prior to the 2013 trial. He also asserts that, at the
very least, the circuit court’s failure to ensure it reviewed the UNET records prior to
the 2013 trial constitutes a mistake. In regard to his claim that newly discovered
evidence warrants a new trial, Birdshead argues that witness Milk perjured his
testimony at Birdshead’s trial and that Attorney Mark Vargo told Milk that
Attorney Vargo would try to get Milk out of the parole violation he was facing if he
cooperated with the prosecution.
[¶21.] Birdshead did not file a motion for a new trial under SDCL 23A-29-1.
Birdshead, however, claims that he timely filed his motion for a new trial under
SDCL 15-6-60(b) because this Court did not file the remitter on Birdshead I until
February 7, 2014, and he did not learn of the circuit court’s failure to review the
UNET records in 2013 until after this Court’s decision in Birdshead I. While we
agree that Birdshead could not have known how this Court would decide Birdshead
I, Birdshead cites no authority for the proposition that SDCL 15-6-60(b) applies in
this case. More importantly, Birdshead’s motion for a new trial on the basis of the
UNET records was unnecessary. Our remand directive required the circuit court to
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consider whether Birdshead would be entitled to a new trial related to the UNET
records.
[¶22.] In regard to his motion for a new trial because of newly discovered
evidence about witness Milk, Birdshead argues that the circuit court was required
to hold an evidentiary hearing. We disagree. “When the scope of remand is limited,
the entire case is not reopened, but rather, the lower tribunal is only authorized to
carry out the appellate court’s mandate.” State v. Piper (Piper III), 2014 S.D. 2,
¶ 11, 842 N.W.2d 338, 343 (quoting In re Conditional Use Permit to Van Zanten,
1999 S.D. 79, ¶ 13, 598 N.W.2d 861, 864). Our remand directive in Birdshead I did
not resurrect the circuit court’s original jurisdiction. See id. ¶ 10. It placed before
the circuit court only the issue whether a Brady violation occurred in regard to the
UNET records. We have said that where a direct appeal is no longer an option,
habeas corpus is a possible avenue for post-conviction relief. State v. Pentecost,
2015 S.D. 71, ¶ 6, 868 N.W.2d 590, 592 (quoting State v. Anderson, 2005 S.D. 22,
¶ 24, 693 N.W.2d 675, 682).
[¶23.] Alternatively, Birdshead claims that plain error occurred and that,
because of the cumulative errors in his case, he was denied due process. “In South
Dakota, due process does not guarantee a defendant the right to an error-free
trial[;] nevertheless it must be a fair trial.” State v. Hayes, 2014 S.D. 72, ¶ 37, 855
N.W.2d 668, 680 (quoting State v. Smith, 1999 S.D. 83, ¶ 52, 599 N.W.2d 344, 355).
Although Birdshead did not have an error-free trial, Birdshead has failed to prove
he was denied a fair trial. See State v. Wright, 2009 S.D. 51, ¶ 69, 768 N.W.2d 512,
534.
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[¶24.] Affirmed.
[¶25.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and ZINTER and SEVERSON, Justices,
and MACY, Circuit Court Judge, concur.
[¶26.] MACY, Circuit Court Judge, sitting for KERN, Justice, disqualified.
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