DocketNumber： No. 9671-06L
Citation Numbers： 94 T.C.M. 362, 2007 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 306, 2007 T.C. Memo. 303
Judges： "Chiechi, Carolyn P."
Filed Date： 10/4/2007
Status： Non-Precedential
Modified Date： 4/17/2021
MEMORANDUM OPINION
CHIECHI, Judge: This case is before the Court on respondent's motion for summary judgment (respondent's motion). We shall grant respondent's motion.
The record establishes and/or the parties do not dispute the following.
Petitioner resided in Dubuque, Iowa (Dubuque), at the time he filed the petition in this case.
On April 2, 2003, petitioner filed a Federal income tax (income tax) return for his taxable year 2001 (2001 income tax return). In his 2001 income tax return, petitioner showed income tax due of $ 6,036, which he did not pay when he filed that return.
At a time not disclosed by the record, respondent determined that petitioner made a mathematical error in his 2001 income tax return. Respondent corrected that mathematical error, which resulted in a reduction of the income tax due of $ 6,036 shown in that return. The correct amount of income tax that petitioner should have shown due in that return is $ 5,736.
On May 12, 2003, respondent assessed the correct amount of income tax due of $ 5,736 that petitioner should have shown in his 2001 income tax return, additions *307 to tax under
On April 15, 2003, petitioner filed an income tax return for his taxable year 2002 (2002 income tax return). In his 2002 income tax return, petitioner showed tax due of $ 244, which he did not pay when he filed that return.
On May 19, 2003, respondent assessed the income tax due of $ 244 shown in petitioner's 2002 income tax return, an addition to tax under
Respondent issued to petitioner the notice and demand for payment required by
On October 7, 2004, respondent filed a notice of Federal tax lien with respect to petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability.
On October 8, 2004, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of Federal tax lien filing and your right to a hearing (notice of tax lien) with respect to petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability.
On November 8, 2004, petitioner's authorized representative mailed to respondent Form 12153, Request for a Collection Due Process Hearing (petitioner's Form 12153), and requested a hearing with respondent's Appeals Office (Appeals Office). In that form, petitioner's authorized representative indicated disagreement with the notice of tax lien *309 tax payer [sic] believes he should be given the opportunity to work out a fair payment plan or settlement as he is unable to pay said taxes in full."
On March 1, 2005, a settlement officer with the Appeals Office (settlement officer) sent *310 a letter (settlement officer's March 1, 2005 letter) to petitioner with respect to petitioner's Form 12153. In that letter, the settlement officer stated in pertinent part:
I have scheduled a telephone conference on April 14, 2005 at 1:00 PM. I will call your representative at * * * the number you indicated on your CDP request. If this time is not convenient, the phone number has changed, or you prefer a face-to-face conference or a hearing by correspondence, please let me know within fourteen (14) days.
* * * * * * *
During the hearing, I must consider:
o Whether the IRS met all the requirements of any applicable law or administrative procedure.
o Relevant issues you wish to discuss. These can include:
1. Collection alternatives to the lien. These could include full payment of the liability, or, if you qualify: installment agreement, offer in compromise or temporary delay of collection action,
2. Challenges to the appropriateness of collection action. For example, bankruptcy may impact appropriateness. We will determine if the Notice of Federal Tax Lien filing was appropriate, and whether you qualify for a lien withdrawal or other lien option.
3. Spousal defenses.
4. Whether you owe the tax, *311 but only if you have not otherwise had an opportunity to dispute it with Appeals.
o The balance between the need for efficient tax collection and your legitimate concern that the collection action be no more intrusive than necessary.
* * * * * * *
Our records indicate that you may have some business tax returns that you are required to file. No Forms 941 have been filed for 2002, although you did file Form 940 for that year reporting wages. In 2003, you filed Forms 941 for only the first and second quarters, and did not file Form 940 for the year. Neither were any further Forms 941 filed for the third quarter of 2003 or any quarters thereafter.
Before alternatives to the Federal Tax Lien may be considered, except for full payment, you must be in full compliance with all filing and payment requirements, including any business returns for which you are liable.
Accordingly, you must file all delinquent tax returns and bring all delinquent payments up to date, including any required Estimated Income Tax Payments. Additional time will not be extended to file delinquent returns or make delinquent payments, so that collection alternatives may be considered.
Assuming that you will be in full compliance, *312 I enclose a Collection Information Statement that you should complete and return to my office, if you are unable to pay the amount due in full. This information will be used to determine how the tax can be paid, and to consider alternatives to the proposed lien and levy. Please note supporting documentation requested in each section.
Please send me the items above within fourteen (14) days from the date of this letter. I cannot consider collection alternatives in your hearing without the information requested above. [Reproduced literally.]
On March 16, 2005, the settlement officer sent petitioner a letter rescheduling the telephonic conference from April 14 to May 3, 2005.
On March 16, 2005, petitioner's authorized representative sent a letter to the settlement officer (petitioner's March 16, 2005 letter). Petitioner's authorized representative enclosed with that letter (1) completed Form 433-A, Collection Information Statement for Wage Earners and Self-Employed Individuals (Form 433-A), dated March 15, 2005 (petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A); (2) a copy of completed Form 433-A dated September 16, 2003, that petitioner had previously sent to respondent; (3) completed Form 940, Employer's *313 Annual Federal Unemployment (FUTA) Tax Return (Form 940), for his taxable year 2003; and (4) copies of (a) an exchange of correspondence during the summer of 2003 that included letters between petitioner's authorized representative and a revenue officer with respondent's collection division and (b) petitioner's completed Form 656, Offer in Compromise (offer-in-compromise), dated September 16, 2003, that petitioner had previously sent to respondent.
Petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A contained several sections identified as sections 1 through 9. In section 5 of that form, petitioner indicated that he maintained a checking account that had a balance of $ 350. In sections 5 and 6 of petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A, petitioner provided the responses indicated to the following questions:
16. LIFE INSURANCE. Do you have life insurance with a cash value? [X] No []Yes
* * * * * * *
17a. Are there any garnishments against your wages?
[X] No [] Yes
* * * * * * *
17b. Are there any judgments against you? [] No [X] Yes
* * * * * * *
17e. In the past 10 years did you transfer any assets out of your name for less than their actual value?
[X] No [] Yes
* * * * * * *
17f. Do you anticipate any increase *314 in household income in the next two years?
[X] No [] Yes
* * * * * * *
17g. Are you a beneficiary of a trust or estate?
[X] No [] Yes
* * * * * * *
17h. Are you a participant in a profit sharing plan?
[X] No [] Yes
In section 7 of petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A, petitioner indicated that he owned (1) a 1991 Cadillac valued at $ 1,500, (2) "Furniture/Personal Effects" valued at $ 1,000, (3) inventory valued at $ 15,000 with respect to which there was an $ 8,000 outstanding loan balance, and (4)(a) a one-half interest in a duplex on University Avenue in Dubuque (University Avenue property) valued at $ 40,000 and (b) a one-half interest in a duplex on Wilson Street in Dubuque (Wilson Street property) valued at $ 40,000. (We shall refer collectively to the University Avenue property and the Wilson Street property as the real properties.) According to petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433A, petitioner had borrowed $ 50,000 from his brother with respect to one of the real properties.
In section 8 of petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A, petitioner indicated that he owned various accounts and/or notes receivable with a total amount due of $ 3,000.
In section 9 of petitioner's March 15, 2005 *315 Form 433-A, petitioner listed various income items and various living expense items. With respect to the income items listed in that section, petitioner indicated that he had total monthly income of $ 1,010 consisting of $ 500 of monthly net income from business and $ 510 of monthly net rental income. With respect to the expense items listed in section 9 of petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A, petitioner indicated that he had total monthly living expenses of $ 1,128 consisting of $ 393 of monthly expenses for food, clothing, housekeeping supplies, and personal care products, $ 400 of monthly expenses for housing and utilities, $ 200 of monthly expenses for transportation, $ 35 of monthly expenses for taxes, and $ 100 of other unidentified monthly expenses.
On March 21, 2005, in response to petitioner's March 16, 2005 letter, the settlement officer sent a letter to petitioner's authorized representative (settlement officer's March 21, 2005 letter). In that letter, the settlement officer stated in pertinent part:
In response to your March 16, 2005 letter, this will advise you that I received and processed Form 940 and the related remittance for American Office Equipment [petitioner's *316 business]. However, our records indicate that Mr. Mootz still has a Form 941 filing requirement for some portion of calendar year 2002, since the Form 940 that he filed for that year reports $ 5,460.00 in taxable wages for unemployment purposes. Also, your letter to Revenue Officer * * * dated April 1, 2003 confirms that wages were paid to an employee named * * * that were not reported on Forms 941 or W-3.
Accordingly, Mr. Mootz has to file Form(s) 941 that reflect the wages he actually paid in 2002, whether more or less than the amount set forth above. I am sure you are aware that wages of part time employees are fully taxable for federal purposes.
I *317 have determined that Mr. Mootz actually submitted two offers, one on June 19, 2003, and a second on September 22, 2003. Records indicate that both were returned shortly after submission due to lack of filing compliance, and/or failure to maintain currency on business filings and payment for two consecutive quarters prior to the quarter in which the offer was submitted. Hence, there is no offer currently pending. Until Mr. Mootz becomes fully compliant with all filing and payment requirements, he is not eligible to have an offer considered.
In that regard, please advise whether or not Mr. Mootz is required to make Estimated Income Tax Payments for 2005 based on his current income, and provide a copy of his 2004 Form 1040. Please submit this information no later than five days before our conference that I had to reschedule to May 3, 2005. [Reproduced literally.]
On April 11, 2005, in response to the settlement officer's March 21, 2005 letter, petitioner's authorized representative sent to the settlement officer (1) a copy of petitioner's income tax return for his taxable year 2004; (2) Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for each quarter of taxable year 2002; and (3) information *318 relating to petitioner's estimated tax payments for his taxable year 2005.
On May 3, 2005, the settlement officer held a telephonic conference with petitioner's authorized representative (May 3, 2005 conference). During that conference, the settlement officer asked petitioner's authorized representative questions about some of the answers in petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A, including whether the $ 40,000 value shown for each of the real properties represented petitioner's one-half interest in each such property and the purpose for which petitioner had borrowed $ 50,000 from his brother. The only question that petitioner's authorized representative was able to answer was with respect to the $ 40,000 value shown in petitioner's March 15, 2005 Form 433-A. In response to that question, petitioner's authorized representative informed the settlement officer that he believed that the $ 40,000 shown in that form represented the value of petitioner's one-half interest in each of the real properties. Petitioner's authorized representative told the settlement officer that he would obtain from petitioner answers to the remaining questions that the settlement officer asked. Petitioner's authorized *319 representative also informed the settlement officer during the May 3, 2005 conference that he was aware of one pending judgment against petitioner, *320 May 5, 2005, petitioner's authorized representative sent a letter to the settlement officer (May 5, 2005 letter). In that letter, petitioner's authorized representative stated in pertinent part:
I had a long talk with Mr. Mootz today. * * *
Enclosed are copies of the signed four (4) 941s for 2002. He indicates he filed them, without payment, in late April.
* * * * * * *
As to judgments, there is a 2001/2002 Discover Card judgment in Dubuque County Small Claims Court of about $ 6,000.00 and a 2000 judgment by Tri-State Adjustment for about $ 250.00. He also is currently being sued for about $ 12,000.00 by Asset Acceptance Corp in Dubuque County District Court. The matter is pending.
As to the two rental units on University Avenue and Wilson Street, he owns a one half (1/2) interest with his brother, Michael. Michael has over $ 100,000.00 coming for his investment in the purchases and improvements. However, there is no note and mortgage. While there hasn't been a recent appraisal of the properties, it appears Mr. Mootz's one half interest could be $ 50,000.00 or so for each. If the two properties were sold for a total of $ 200,000.00, it appears Michael could be entitled to the full purchases *321 price.
Mr. Mootz indicates he owes his mother about $ 120,000.00. There is no note or mortgage. Mr. Mootz has four brothers and it is highly unlikely he would inherit anything from his mother.
Mr. Mootz indicates that he has not had any employees since the period he reported having an employee.
Mr. Mootz had originally made a lump sum offer to the IRS of $ 10,000.00. He intended to borrow said sum from a relative as he would be unable to borrow money from conventional sources. After he made the offer I.R.S. apparently received $ 2,000.00 for the State of Iowa, forfeiting his $ 2,000.00 state sales tax bond. He should be given credit for said sum on his offer of compromise. [Reproduced literally.]
On June 17, 2005, the settlement officer reviewed the information that petitioner's authorized representative submitted in his May 5, 2005 letter. After that review, the settlement officer made the following pertinent entries in his "Case Activity Records":
R/E equity is estimated at $ 50K apiece in ea of rental properties, altho POA says that TP owes substantial sums to both brother and mother, neither of whom have notes or mortgages to secure their debts. Thus, TP legally has about $ 100K equity *322 in these properties, so an offer is out of the question. * * * Liens are filed on basically all IMF and BMF accounts at this time, so would precede any subsequent judgments, and may be ahead of those already on file * * * [Reproduced literally.]
The settlement officer also concluded that petitioner did not have sufficient income to fund an installment agreement.
On June 20, 2005, in response to the settlement officer's requests in the settlement officer's March 21, 2005 letter, petitioner's authorized representative mailed to the settlement officer copies of (1) petitioner's check in payment of estimated tax due on April 15, 2005, and Form 1040-ES, Payment Voucher 1, for petitioner's taxable year 2005 and (2) a bill from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that appears to relate to petitioner's Federal tax liability for 2004 and a check signed by petitioner in payment of that bill.
On June 22, 2005, the settlement officer held a telephonic conference with petitioner's authorized representative (June 22, 2005 conference). During that conference, petitioner's authorized representative agreed that petitioner was unable to fund an installment agreement. The settlement officer indicated that *323 an offer-in-compromise would probably not be accepted because of petitioner's equity in the real properties. Nonetheless, petitioner's authorized representative indicated that petitioner still wished to submit an offer-in-compromise.
On June 22, 2005, the settlement officer sent to petitioner's authorized representative the materials needed for petitioner to submit an offer-in-compromise and requested that petitioner return any such offer directly to the settlement officer by no later than July 6, 2005.
On June 29, 2005, petitioner's authorized representative sent a letter to the settlement officer (June 29, 2005 letter). In that letter, petitioner's authorized representative stated in pertinent part:
Enclosed is Mr. Mootz's signed Offer In Compromise and Mr. Mootz's check for $ 150.00 for the processing fee. Since Wayne originally attempted to settle this matter in 2003, he has made substantial payments to the I.R.S.
As to Wayne's interest in the two parcels of real estate, it should be noted he only owns a one half (1/2) interest. Arguably, the value of an undivided one half (1/2) interest to a third party would be limited at best. While his brother owns the other one half interest, *324 Wayne also owes him a substantial sum for expenses, etc. paid by his brother in connection with the real estate. While this sum has not been quantified by a note and/or mortgage Wayne contends it is a legal obligation. [Reproduced literally.]
Petitioner's authorized representative submitted with his June 29, 2005 letter petitioner's offer-in-compromise dated June 28, 2005 (petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise). *325 In item 5 of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, petitioner provided the responses indicated to the following questions:
Item 5 -- To: Commissioner of Internal Revenue Service
I/We * * * submit this offer to compromise the tax liabilities plus any interest, penalties, additions to tax, and additional amounts required by law (tax liability) for the tax type and period marked below: * * *
[X] 1040/1120 Income Tax -- Year(s) 2000 to 2002, inclusive
[X] 941 Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return -- Quarterly period(s) 1998 to 2001, inclusive
If you wish to appeal the examiner's findings, please submit information no later than March 31, 2006 to show the areas$ of disagreement and I will schedule a conference to discuss the examiner's findings and any additional information you submit.
If the offer cannot be recommended for acceptance, we will discuss other collection alternatives. [Reproduced literally.]
On March 29, 2006, petitioner sent a letter to the settle ment officer (petitioner's March 29, 2006 letter). In that letter, petitioner stated in pertinent part:
I have *329 worked with you and your people for the past four years. In that time you have levied against me and taken about $ 3,000 dollars. Also I have paid over $ 3,000 dollars in legal fees. From the very start your people told me we could work out a reasonable compromise. Now you refuse my offer.
* * * * * * * * * *
The property you have listed was paid for solely by my brother.
My inventory is very dated * * *
In view of these events, I do not feel I was treated fairly. [Reproduced literally.]
Petitioner did not provide any documents or other information corroborating the contentions advanced in petitioner's March 29, 2006 letter that petitioner's brother paid for the real properties and that petitioner's inventory was "very dated".
On March 30, 2006, the settlement officer telephoned (March 30, 2006 telephone call) petitioner's authorized representative and informed him (1) that petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise of $ 10,000 was not adequate and would not be accepted to resolve the various Federal tax liabilities of petitioner for various taxable years, including petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability, *331 (2) that it appeared *330 that the case should be returned to respondent's collection division, and (3) that he would be closing the case. During the March 30, 2006 telephone call, petitioner's authorized representative told the settlement officer that he had previously advised petitioner that petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise would probably not be accepted, but that petitioner had no other way to discharge his outstanding Federal tax liabilities.
The settlement officer prepared a written recommendation explaining the reasons why he had concluded that petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise *332 was not adequate and would not be accepted to resolve petitioner's Federal tax liabilities, including petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability. In that recommendation, the settlement officer stated in pertinent part:
The taxpayer sought to compromise, under authority of
I recommend that the offer be rejected, since a greater amount than the amount offered appears to be collectible.
Mr. Mootz (59), an unmarried person, has been self employed in office supply business for many years, with employment tax deficiencies going back to 1997. He has an unremarkable record of compliance with filing and payment of employment taxes, which comprise the bulk of the taxes at issue. *333 He allegedly has had no employees since mid-2003.
There are no minor children in the home, and no health issues that would support an Effective Tax Administration approach. He lives in a home that he owns with his brother, each having a 50% interest. They also own another parcel with the same manner of ownership. Although Mr. Mootz alleges that his brother loaned him the funds to obtain the 50% ownership interests, no mortgages of record exist to memorialize any such arrangement, so filed Notices of Federal Tax Lien enjoy priority over the alleged unsecured debt and secure the government's interest in both properties.
The examiner determined that the taxpayer had ability to pay $ 132,828, with Net Realizable Equity of $ 121,608 coming from $ 85,400 equity in real properties, along with business inventory, accounts receivable, vehicles and cash on hand. Future income value was set at $ 11,220.00.
The taxpayer was given opportunity to protest the examiner's findings, but provided no additional information to support reduction in the values assigned.
* * * * * * *
The examiner determined future income value based on an excess of $ 110.00/month, but failed to make contingent *334 allowances for health care or life insurance, both of which should have been factored into necessary living expenses. Since it was anticipated that the cost of these items would exceed the $ 110.00 projected excess per month, future income value was eliminated as unrealistic for the taxpayer's situation. * * *
The examiner's findings were shared and discussed with the taxpayer's representative, who advised that he had related to the taxpayer that the offer would not be acceptable due to his equity position in real property. Based on the taxpayer's lack of a meaningful response to these findings, I anticipate that he would be disinclined to withdraw the offer.
I recommend that the proposed rejection be sustained. [Reproduced literally.]
On April 17, 2006, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of determination with respect to petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability. That notice stated in pertinent part:
You submitted a timely Collection Due Process Hearing and a conference was held to discuss alternatives to the filed Notice of Federal Tax Lien. As a result of that conference, you submitted an Offer-in-Compromise, *335 which was investigated, but could not be recommended for acceptance because you demonstrated ability to pay the balance due in full from equity in assets. [BRIEF BACKGROUND Notice of filing of the Notice of Federal Tax Lien was sent October *336 8, 2004, while your Collection Due Process Hearing request was received November 8, 2004, within the thirty-day timeframe set forth in A Collection Due Process Hearing was scheduled for April 14, 2005 by letter dated March 1, 2005. The letter advised you that you had to be up to date with depositing, filing and paying all income taxes before collection alternatives could be considered. It also requested that you submit a Collection Information Statement to assist in determining the proper course of action. Due to scheduling conflicts, the conference was rescheduled to May 3, 2005. Following the conference, after you filed all delinquent returns and brought required payments up to date, you submitted an Offer-in-Compromise for consideration. The offer was investigated, but found not to be acceptable, since you have sufficient equity in real property and other assets to pay the amount due in full. You and your representative were advised of the findings and given opportunity to provide additional information concerning the value of the assets, but did not do so. Therefore, your offer cannot be recommended for acceptance. No *337 other collection alternatives were proposed to resolve your tax obligations or secure the government's interest in lieu of the Notice of Federal Tax Lien. Transcripts and the case history verify that: 1) the taxes at issue were assessed in accordance with 2) there were balances due when the Collection Due Process notice was issued, as required by 3) 4) Collection Due Process Notice was sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, to your last known address, which is the same as that on your request for hearing. 5) The Automated Collection staff attempted to resolve your case, but was unable to do so. Therefore, your file was forwarded to Appeals promptly upon receipt of your hearing request. 6) internal account transaction codes were entered *338 to place your accounts in suspended status pending the outcome of the due process hearing. 7) The Settlement Officer in your case has had no prior involvement with you concerning the tax periods at issue in this due process hearing, pursuant to requirements of 1) that you should be given opportunity to work out a fair payment plan or settlement, since you were unable to pay the taxes in full. 2) No other substantive issues were raised. Filing of the Notice of Federal Tax Lien was clearly intrusive, and has far-reaching adverse financial consequences, since it puts other creditors on notice of your federal tax debt, and creates difficulties with borrowing funds that *339 may be necessary to provide for basic health and welfare of the family, or production of income. Therefore, it is the policy of the Internal Revenue Service to provide taxpayers ample opportunity to resolve their tax matters before a Notice of Federal Tax Lien is filed, although a lien may be filed at any time it is deemed necessary to protect the government's interest. The case file reveals that Internal Revenue Service had multiple personal contacts with you concerning your delinquent taxes, but that such efforts did not result in a mutually agreeable resolution to your tax problem. Therefore, lien filing was deemed necessary. Appeals has determined that filing of the Notice of Federal Tax Lien was appropriate in your case, considering that you were not able to offer other means to protect the government's interest in your assets. Therefore, lien filing is considered to be the most efficient method to facilitate collection of the tax. [Reproduced literally.] The notice of determination made no determination with respect to the notice of intent to levy issued with respect to petitioner's taxable year 2001. See supra note 3. In petitioner's amended petition, petitioner alleged: "I would *340 like to work out a payment plan. I cannot raise enough capital to cover the entire amount. I have worked with you and need a reasonable settlement." The Court may grant summary judgment where there is no genuine issue of material fact and a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Petitioner does not dispute the existence or the amount of petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability or petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability in the pleadings that he filed in this case or in his response to respondent's motion. Although not altogether clear, petitioner appears to argue that respondent abused respondent's discretion in determining in the notice of determination to reject petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise. *341 As discussed above, in that offer-in-compromise, petitioner offered $ 10,000 to compromise Federal tax liabilities totaling between $ 32,449 and $ 48,183.10. See Where, as is the case here, the validity of the underlying tax liability is not properly placed at issue, the Court will review the determination of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for abuse of discretion. See Doubt as to collectibility exists *342 in any case where the taxpayer's assets and income are less than the full amount of the taxpayer's assessed liability. (i) Allowable Expenses. -- A determination of doubt as to collectibility will include a determination of ability to pay. In determining ability to pay, the Secretary will permit taxpayers to retain sufficient funds to pay basic living expenses. The determination of the amount of such basic living expenses will be founded upon an evaluation of the individual facts and circumstances presented by the taxpayer's case. * * * Part 5.8.1.1.3 of the IRM provides: 5.8.1.1.3 Policy (09-01-2005) (1) Policy Statement P-5-100 states: The Service will accept an offer in compromise when it is unlikely that the tax liability can be collected in full and the amount offered reasonably reflects collection potential. An offer in compromise is a legitimate alternative *343 to declaring a case currently not collectible or to a protracted installment agreement. The goal is to achieve collection of what is potentially collectible at the earliest possible time and at the least cost to the Government. In cases where an offer in compromise appears to be a viable solution to a tax delinquency, the Service employee assigned the case will discuss the compromise alternative with the taxpayer and, when necessary, assist in preparing the required forms. The taxpayer will be responsible for initiating the first specific proposal for compromise. The success of the offer in compromise program will be assured only if taxpayers make adequate compromise proposals consistent with their ability to pay and the Service makes prompt and reasonable decisions. Taxpayers are expected to provide reasonable documentation to verify their ability to pay. The ultimate goal is a compromise which is in the best interest of both the taxpayer and the government. Acceptance of an adequate offer will also result in creating for the taxpayer an expectation of a fresh start toward compliance with all future filing and payment requirements. (2) Offers will not be accepted if it is believed that *344 the liability can be paid in full as a lump sum or through installment payments extending through the remaining statutory period for collection (CSED), unless special circumstances exist. See IRM 5.14, Installment Agreements. (3) Absent special circumstances, a Doubt as to Collectibility (DATC) offer amount must equal or exceed a taxpayers [sic] reasonable collection potential (RCP) in order to be considered for acceptance. The exception is that if special circumstances [*346 ] exist as defined in IRM 5.8.4.3, Effective Tax Administration and Doubt as to Collectibility with Special Circumstance, or IRM 5.8.11, Effective Tax Administration, the offer may be accepted on the basis of hardship or Effective Tax Administration (ETA). Section 4.02(2) of An offer to compromise based on doubt as to collectibility generally will be considered acceptable if it is unlikely that the tax can be collected in full and the offer reasonably reflects the amount the Service could collect through other means, including administrative and judicial collection remedies. See Policy Statement P-5-100. This amount is the reasonable collection potential of a case. *345 In determining the reasonable collection potential of a case, the Service will take into account the taxpayer's reasonable basic living expenses. In some cases, the Service may accept an offer of less than the total reasonable collection potential of a case if there are special circumstances. On the record before us, we find that the settlement officer followed all of the guidelines that respondent has prescribed to determine whether an offer-in-compromise is adequate and should be accepted to resolve a dispute. In the settlement officer's March 1, 2005 letter, the settlement officer suggested to petitioner the possibility of an offer-in-compromise and outlined the filing and payment requirements that petitioner would be required to meet before that or any other collection alternative could be considered. During the May 3, 2005 conference, the settlement officer and petitioner's authorized representative discussed collection alternatives, including the possibility of an offer-in-compromise. Upon receiving petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, the settlement officer forwarded it to an offer examiner for investigation. The settlement officer gave petitioner the opportunity to respond to the recommendation of the offer *347 examiner and reviewed petitioner's response to that recommendation. While petitioner advanced certain contentions in petitioner's March 29, 2006 letter, supra note 7. Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that respondent did not abuse respondent's discretion in making the determinations in the notice of determination *348 with respect to petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability. On that record, we sustain those determinations. We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of petitioner that are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot. On the record before us, we shall grant respondent's motion. To reflect the foregoing,
1. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at all relevant times. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. Respondent credited respective refunds of $ 661.06 and $ 109.45 due to petitioner from certain other taxable years against the liability for petitioner's taxable year 2001.↩
3. In petitioner's Form 12153, petitioner's authorized representative indicated disagreement with not only the notice of tax lien that respondent issued to petitioner but also a notice of intent to levy and your right to a hearing (notice of intent to levy) that respondent issued to petitioner. In this connection, the record indicates that on Aug. 2, 2004, respondent issued a notice of intent to levy with respect to petitioner's taxable year 2001. Petitioner's authorized representative did not mail Form 12153 with respect to that notice of intent to levy until Nov. 2, 2004, which was more than 30 days after the date on which respondent issued that notice. As discussed below, the notice of determination concerning collection action(s) under
4. As discussed below, petitioner's authorized representative later advised the settlement officer that the pending judgment was in the amount of $ 12,000.↩
5. The copy of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise that is in the record does not appear to be complete. Item 8 appears to be missing.
6. In item 5 of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, petitioner offered to compromise his respective Federal tax liabilities for certain taxable years that the settlement officer did not show as petitioner's liabilities in his "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum" discussed infra note 7. In addition, as also discussed infra note 7, in his "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum", the settlement officer showed as petitioner's liabilities his respective Federal tax liabilities for certain taxable years that petitioner did not offer to compromise in item 5 of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise.↩
7. The "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum" dated Mar. 30, 2006, that the settlement officer prepared with respect to petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise showed that petitioner had total outstanding Federal tax liabilities of $ 48,183.10. The "Appeals Transmittal and Case Memo" dated Apr. 19, 2006, that the settlement officer prepared with respect to that offer-in-compromise showed that petitioner had total outstanding Federal tax liabilities of $ 32,449. The Court is unable to reconcile the difference between the respective outstanding Federal tax liabilities shown in the settlement officer's "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum" and the settlement officer's "Appeals Transmittal and Case Memo".
As discussed supra note 6, in item 5 of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, petitioner offered to compromise his respective Federal tax liabilities for certain taxable years that the settlement officer did not show as petitioner's liabilities in his "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum". As also discussed supra note 6, in his "Rejection or Withdrawal Memorandum", the settlement officer showed as petitioner's liabilities his respective Federal tax liabilities for certain taxable years that petitioner did not offer to compromise in item 5 of petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise. We presume that, in filing petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, petitioner was unaware of those other Federal tax liabilities and that the settlement officer concluded that they should have been included in petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise. See Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) 5.8.2.3.1(2) ("A taxpayer may submit an offer that does not include all outstanding liabilities. Prior to accepting the offer, the Form 656 must be amended to include all outstanding tax liabilities.").
8. Although the notice of determination related only to petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability, in making the determination to reject petitioner's June 28, 2005 offer-in-compromise, that notice took into account not only petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability but also other outstanding Federal tax liabilities of petitioner for his taxable years 2001 and 2002 and certain other taxable years. See
9. As discussed above, during the June 22, 2005 conference, petitioner's authorized representative acknowledged that petitioner was unable to fund an installment agreement.
10. The special circumstances referred to in part 5.8.1.1.3 of the IRM and sec. 4.02(2) of (1) circumstances demonstrating that the taxpayer would suffer economic hardship if the IRS were to collect from him an amount equal to the reasonable collection potential of the case or (2) if no demonstration of such suffering can be made, circumstances justifying acceptance of an amount less than the reasonable collection potential of the case based on public policy or equity considerations. IRM pt. 5.8.4.3.4 (Sept. 1, 2005) (Effective Tax Administration and Doubt as to Collectibility with Special Circumstances). To demonstrate that compelling public policy or equity considerations justify a compromise, the taxpayer must be able to demonstrate that, due to exceptional circumstances, collection of the full liability would undermine public confidence that the tax laws are being administered in a fair and equitable manner.
11. As discussed above, the contentions that petitioner advanced in petitioner's March 29, 2006 letter were that petitioner's brother paid for the real properties and that petitioner's inventory was "very dated".↩
12. As discussed above, petitioner offered $ 10,000 to compromise not only petitioner's unpaid 2001 income tax liability and petitioner's unpaid 2002 income tax liability but also certain other outstanding Federal tax liabilities. See