Jackson v. Comm'r

T.C. Memo. 2007-373
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
KATHLEEN JACKSON, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 23959-06. Filed December 26, 2007.
Kathleen Jackson, pro se.
Lisa R. Woods, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
HAINES, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in
petitioner’s 2002 Federal income tax of $68,254.1 The issue for
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and all Rule references
are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Amounts
are rounded to the nearest dollar.
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decision is whether petitioner is entitled to deduct gambling
losses in excess of the $127,165 that respondent conceded for
2002.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.
The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are incorporated
herein by this reference. At the time she filed her petition,
petitioner resided in Blaine, Minnesota.
Petitioner is a recreational gambler who played slot
machines regularly in 2002. Petitioner visited the casino on a
weekly basis and played the slots for hours at a time. When
petitioner won a jackpot, she would often use her winnings to
play at a higher stakes slot machine. Petitioner kept no diary,
log, or record of any kind of her gambling winnings and losses.
In her 2002 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,
filed in April 2006, petitioner reported gambling winnings and
losses of $21,051. Petitioner subsequently filed a Form 1040X,
Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, in which she reported
gambling winnings and losses of $244,744. Petitioner now
concedes that her total gambling winnings for 2002 were actually
$265,795.
Respondent issued a notice of deficiency on October 6, 2006,
disallowing $223,693 of petitioner’s claimed $244,744 gambling
losses due to lack of substantiation. Petitioner filed a timely
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petition with this Court, and a trial was held on September 25,
2007, in St. Paul, Minnesota. At trial, respondent conceded that
petitioner had presented sufficient documentation to substantiate
$127,165 in gambling losses.2
OPINION
Gross income includes all income from whatever source
derived, including gambling. See sec. 61; McClanahan v. United
States, 292 F.2d 630, 631-632 (5th Cir. 1961). In the case of a
taxpayer not engaged in the trade or business of gambling,
gambling losses are allowable as an itemized deduction, but only
to the extent of gains from such transactions. Sec. 165(d);
McClanahan v. United States, supra at 632 n.1 (citing Winkler v.
United States, 230 F.2d 766 (1st Cir. 1956)). In order to
establish entitlement to a deduction for gambling losses in this
Court, the taxpayer must prove the losses sustained during the
taxable year. Mack v. Commissioner, 429 F.2d 182 (6th Cir.
1970), affg. T.C. Memo. 1969-26; Stein v. Commissioner, 322 F.2d
78 (5th Cir. 1963), affg. T.C. Memo. 1962-19.
Petitioner failed to present credible evidence of gambling
losses beyond those respondent conceded. Petitioner did not
maintain a diary or any other contemporaneous record reflecting
2
This documentation consisted of casino ATM receipts,
canceled checks made payable to casinos, carbon copies of checks
made payable to casinos, and credit card statements stating that
cash was advanced at the casinos.
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either her winnings or her losses from gambling during 2002.
Further, petitioner’s gambling income of $265,795 for 2002 was
established only by an examination of her Forms W-2G, Certain
Gambling Winnings, and petitioner appeared unaware of the
specific figure until confronted by respondent. At trial,
petitioner submitted no evidence to validate her claimed gambling
losses, relying only on the theory that her losses must have
equaled her earnings because she found herself in debt at the end
of the year.3 We conclude that petitioner has failed to satisfy
her burden of substantiating her losses.
As a general rule, if the trial record provides sufficient
evidence that the taxpayer has incurred a deductible expense, but
the taxpayer is unable to substantiate adequately the precise
amount of the deduction to which he or she is otherwise entitled,
the Court may estimate the amount of the deductible expense, and
allow the deduction to that extent. Cohan v. Commissioner, 39
F.2d 540, 543-544 (2d Cir. 1930); Vanicek v. Commissioner, 85
T.C. 731, 742-743 (1985); Sanford v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 823,
827-828 (1968), affd. per curiam 412 F.2d 201 (2d Cir. 1969);
sec. 1.274-5T(a), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014
3
Petitioner testified that she determined her gambling
losses were greater than her winnings because she took out a
second mortgage on her house for $25,000 in 2002 and spent the
money on slot machines. Petitioner claimed she was still $25,000
in debt at the end of 2002, and inferred that this was because
her gambling expenditures outpaced her earnings.
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(Nov. 6, 1985). In these instances, the Court is permitted to
make as close an approximation of the allowable expense as it
can, bearing heavily against the taxpayer whose inexactitude is
of his or her own making. Cohan v. Commissioner, supra at 544.
However, in order for the Court to estimate the amount of an
expense, the Court must have some basis upon which an estimate
may be made. Vanicek v. Commissioner, supra at 742-743. Without
such a basis, any allowance would amount to unguided largesse.
William v. United States, 245 F.2d 559, 560-561 (5th Cir. 1957).
The record provides no satisfactory basis for estimating
petitioner’s gambling losses. See Stein v. Commissioner, supra.
Unlike cases such as Doffin v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-114,
where evidence of the taxpayer’s lifestyle and financial position
allowed this Court to approximate unsubstantiated gambling
losses, petitioner has failed to produce any evidence to
corroborate her story.4 Consequently, the Court will not apply
the Cohan rule to estimate the amount of petitioner’s gambling
losses.
4
Petitioner asserted at trial that the difference between
her gambling income and the loss she substantiated was put back
into slot machines. This testimony, standing by itself, does not
constitute a basis which would allow us to approximate
petitioner’s gambling losses.
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In reaching our holdings, we have considered all arguments
made, and, to the extent not mentioned, we conclude that they are
moot, irrelevant, or without merit.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered
under Rule 155.