Alsop v. Commissioner

C. EARL ALSOP, ET AL., ^{Alsop v. Commissioner}

No. 8908-94; No. 10899-97; No. 10900-97; No. 10901-97

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 1999-172; 1999 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 208; 77 T.C.M. (CCH) 2050; T.C.M. (RIA) 99172;

May 20, 1999., Filed

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Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.

John R. Riley, for petitioners.

Richard W. Kennedy, for respondent.

Swift, Stephen J.

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SWIFT

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

SWIFT, JUDGE: In these consolidated cases, respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income taxes, additions to tax, and accuracy-related penalties as follows:

                           Accuracy-Related

                Additions to Tax        Penalty

Year    Deficiency    Sec. 6651(a)(1)   Sec. 6654    Sec. 6662(a)

______________________________________________________________________

   C. Earl Alsop

1991    $ 38,259     $  9,565      $ 2,202        --

1992     38,185      9,546       1,665        --

1993     54,933       --         --       $ 10,987

1994     63,709       --         --        12,742

   FCHC Trust

1992    $ 34,600     $  8,650        --        $  6,920

1993     57,203      14,301        --        11,441

1994     62,538       --         --        12,508

   Mountain Meadows Trust

1993    $ 57,203     $ 14,301        --       $ 11,441

1994     62,538       --         --        12,508

______________________________________________________________________

After settlement, the primary issue for decision is whether two trusts *210 *211 established two trusts to which he purported to transfer the assets and ownership of a chiropractic business that he had operated for a number of years as a sole proprietor. Alsop, his wife, children, and grandchildren held the legal and beneficial ownership interests in the trusts. The named trustee of the trusts was a personal friend of Alsop who did not function as trustee of the trusts, who was not compensated, and who rendered no services to or for the trusts.

The language of the trust documents reflected language typical of abusive, sham trusts. It provided generally that the trusts would pay for living and entertainment expenses of trust officers. It provided further as follows:

   ALL MINUTES of this trust are inviolable. That is to say, that

   this trust's minutes are to remain ABSOLUTELY PRIVATE and they

   are not to be loaned, borrowed, read, or disclosed by ANYONE.

   Moreover, ALL MINUTES are beyond the purview of any person,

   other than the Trustee(s), as evidenced by the following

   decision of the U.S. Supreme Court: The Trustees for the Trust

   Estate have all the power necessary to carry out their trust and

   their books and records are NOT subject to review or subpoena

   Duces Te Cum * * *

At the time the trusts were established, the name on the bank accounts that Alsop used in connection with his chiropractic practice was changed to the name of one of the trusts. With regard to charges for services Alsop provided to patients of the chiropractic practice, Alsop instructed the insurance companies to make the related payments not to him, but to the trusts. Other than these two changes, after the trusts were established, Alsop continued to conduct the chiropractic practice and to treat patients under the same business name, at the same office, and in the same manner as he in prior years had treated the patients. Alsop and his secretary continued to sign the checks relating to the chiropractic practice.

Periodic distributions were made from the trusts to Alsop and to family members who were designated beneficiaries of the trusts. Evidence in the record, however, does not indicate the amount or date of distributions from the trusts.

In years prior to 1991, Alsop filed individual Federal income tax returns in which he falsely claimed he was a nonresident alien of the United States and on which tax returns Alsop reported no income tax liability relating to income of his chiropractic practice.

Alsop did not file individual Federal income tax returns for 1991 and 1992 until March 19, 1996, just prior to the trial herein. In October 1994, and October 1995, respectively, Alsop filed his 1993 and 1994 individual Federal income tax returns.

On his 1991 untimely filed Federal income tax return, Alsop reported gross receipts of $ 188,020, cost of goods sold of $ 32,059, expenses of $ 122,290, and net profits of $ 30,788 relating to his chiropractic practice.

On his 1992 untimely filed Federal income tax return, Alsop reported gross receipts, expenses, and net profits relating to the chiropractic practice only for January through April, reflecting the months before the trusts were created.

On his 1993 Federal income tax return, Alsop reported gross receipts of $ 13,517, no expenses, and net profits of $ 13,517 relating to the chiropractic practice.

On his 1994 Federal income tax return, Alsop reported gross receipts of $ 12,000, expenses of $ 4,257, and net profits of $ 7,743 relating to the chiropractic practice.

For 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively, the trusts that Alsop established filed untimely U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Returns. *215 cooperative, and he did not provide respondent with copies of the trust documents until a court order to do so was issued on January 17, 1997. After reviewing the trust documents, respondent determined that the trusts were sham trusts and that all gross receipts, expenses, and net profits relating to the chiropractic practice were to be charged to Alsop individually.

On April 29, 1998, by a supplemental stipulation of facts, for 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994, Alsop and respondent agreed to the total gross receipts, costs of goods sold, expenses, and net profits relating to the chiropractic practice as follows:

     Gross      Cost of             Net

Year    Receipts     Goods Sold    Expenses     Profits

______________________________________________________________

1991    $ 188,020    $ 34,942     $ 103,831    $ 49,247

1992     178,098     22,265      90,820     65,013

1993     150,535     26,277      87,299     36,959

1994     158,575     30,428      67,867     60,280

______________________________________________________________

OPINION

As a fundamental principle of Federal income tax law, income is taxed to the person who earns the income. See United States v. Basye, 410 U.S. 441">410 U.S. 441, 450, 35 L. Ed. 2d 412">35 L. Ed. 2d 412, 93 S. Ct. 1080">93 S. Ct. 1080 (1973); Commissioner v. Culbertson, 337 U.S. 733">337 U.S. 733, 739-740, 93 L. Ed. 1659">93 L. Ed. 1659, 69 S. Ct. 1210">69 S. Ct. 1210 (1949); Lucas v. Earl, 281 U.S. 111">281 U.S. 111, 114-115, 74 L. Ed. 731">74 L. Ed. 731, 50 S. Ct. 241">50 S. Ct. 241 (1930); Holman v. United States, 728 F.2d 462">728 F.2d 462, 464 (10th Cir. 1984); Leavell v. Commissioner, 104 T.C. 140">104 T.C. 140, 148 (1995).

The tax laws do not recognize sham transactions or transactions that contradict economic reality. See Higgins v. Smith, 308 U.S. 473">308 U.S. 473, 477, 84 L. Ed. 406">84 L. Ed. 406, 60 S. Ct. 355">60 S. Ct. 355 (1940); Uri v. Commissioner, 949 F.2d 371">949 F.2d 371, 374 (10th Cir. 1991), affg. T.C. Memo 1989-58">T.C. Memo 1989-58. Where the establishment of trusts has no real economic effect, the substance of the transactions involving the trusts will control over the form. See Zmuda v. Commissioner, 731 F.2d 1417">731 F.2d 1417, 1420-1421 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. 79 T.C. 714">79 T.C. 714, 719 (1982); Markosian v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 1235">73 T.C. 1235, 1241 (1980); Christal v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998-255">T.C. Memo 1998-255.

This Court and the U.S. Courts of Appeals have long rejected attempts similar to Alsop's herein to avoid taxation by the use of abusive family trusts. See Holman v. United States, supra; Hanson v. Commissioner, 696 F.2d 1232">696 F.2d 1232 (9th Cir. 1983), affg. per curiam T.C. Memo 1981-675">T.C. Memo 1981-675; Schulz v. Commissioner, 686 F.2d 490">686 F.2d 490 (7th Cir. 1982), affg. T.C. Memo 1980-568">T.C. Memo 1980-568; Vnuk v. Commissioner, 621 F.2d 1318">621 F.2d 1318 (8th Cir. 1980), affg. T.C. Memo 1979-164">T.C. Memo 1979-164; Vercio v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 1246">73 T.C. 1246 (1980); Wesenberg v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 1005">69 T.C. 1005 (1978); Buckmaster v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1997-236">T.C. Memo 1997-236. Such trusts are treated as lacking in economic substance and as constituting a nullity for Federal income tax purposes. See Hanson v. Commissioner, supra; Markosian v. Commissioner, supra; Wenz v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1995-277">T.C. Memo 1995-277.

Attempts by chiropractors, in particular, who have sought to avoid taxation on income relating to their chiropractic practices by assigning or attributing income from the practices to "family trusts" have been rejected. See Sandvall v. Commissioner, 898 F.2d 455">898 F.2d 455 (5th Cir. 1990), affg. T.C. Memo 1989-189">T.C. Memo 1989-189; Kelley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1983-322">T.C. Memo 1983-322.

Alsop argues that the trusts he established constitute valid business entities that should be recognized as taxable entities and that the gross receipts, expenses, and net profits relating to the chiropractic practice should be charged to the trusts. Respondent contends that the trusts constitute sham family trusts that lacked economic reality, that the trusts were used only for tax avoidance purposes, and that the agreed net profits of the trusts are chargeable to Alsop. We agree with respondent.

The evidence establishes that Alsop's chiropractic practice operated essentially the same after the trusts were established as it did before the trusts were established. Alsop continued treating patients at the same office under the same business name. Alsop and his secretary continued to sign the checks relating to the chiropractic practice. The trustee did not perform any duties as trustee regarding the chiropractic practice, and the trustee received no compensation. Alsop retained control over his chiropractic practice and over the receipts, expenses, and taxable income relating to the chiropractic practice.

The evidence in the record is not complete as to what, how much, and to whom distributions were made from the trusts and as to how beneficiaries of the trusts reported on their Federal income tax returns distributions they received from the trusts. The totality of the evidence, however, establishes that the trusts Alsop established in May of 1992 were shams. The trusts lacked economic substance, and they are not to be recognized for Federal income tax purposes.

In light of our holding on the above issue, we need not address an alternative argument made by respondent that under the grantor trust rules Alsop should be taxed on the trust income.

With regard to the additions to tax and accuracy-related penalties determined by respondent, Alsop makes no separate argument, and we sustain respondent's determination of the additions to tax and penalties.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.

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Footnotes

• 1. Cases of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: Mountain Meadows Trust, Jay Zabriskie, Trustee, docket No. 10899-97; C. Earl Alsop, docket No. 10900-97; and F.C.H.C. Trust, Jay Zabriskie, Trustee, docket No. 10901-97.↩

• 2. By the mere use of the term trusts we intend no implication as to whether the trusts should be recognized for Federal income tax purposes.↩

• 3. For each year, as a protective measure, respondent charged the two trusts that Alsop established with income that respondent also charged to Alsop individually. If we sustain the tax deficiencies respondent determined against Alsop, we understand that respondent will concede the tax deficiencies, additions to tax, and accuracy-related penalties determined against the trusts.↩

• 4. For 1992, one of the trusts that Alsop established has yet to file a U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Return.↩