CHRISTENSEN v. COMMISSIONER

DON L. AND LORA CHRISTENSEN, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

CHRISTENSEN v. COMMISSIONER

No. 16479-99

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 2001-185; 2001 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 219; 82 T.C.M. (CCH) 286;

July 23, 2001, Filed

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Decision will be entered for respondent.

Barbara Sue Geil, for petitioners.

Timothy S. Sinnott, for respondent.

Couvillion, D. Irvin

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COUVILLION

MEMORANDUM OPINION

COUVILLION, SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE: Respondent determined that petitioners were liable for the following additions to tax for the years 1982 and 1983: ^{Sec. 6653(a)(1)    Sec. 6653(a)(2)    Sec. 6661}

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1982      $ 1,047        *220 The issues for decision are: (1) Whether, for 1982 and 1983, petitioners are liable for the additions to tax under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) for negligence, and (2) whether, for 1982, petitioners are liable for the addition to tax under section 6661 for a substantial understatement of tax. The issues in this case relate to the participation of Don L. Christensen (petitioner) as a limited partner in a partnership known as Blythe Jojoba II Research, Ltd. (Blythe II or the partnership).

Some of the facts were stipulated, and those facts, with the annexed exhibits, are so found and are incorporated herein by reference. At the time the petition was filed, petitioners' legal residence was Las Vegas, Nevada.

Petitioner is a medical doctor specializing in general surgery. Petitioner has been practicing general surgery in Las Vegas, Nevada, since 1965. When petitioner's investment adviser retired, he referred petitioner to another financial adviser named Gary Sheets (Mr. Sheets). At that time, Mr. Sheets began advising petitioner on various financial matters and introduced petitioner to numerous investment opportunities.

During 1982, Mr. Sheets approached petitioner about investing in Blythe II, which was being promoted as an agricultural research and development partnership. Blythe II was the first agricultural type investment opportunity that had been proposed by Mr. Sheets for consideration by petitioner. Mr. Sheets provided petitioner with a fairly voluminous private placement memorandum

On their joint 1982 Federal income tax return, petitioners reported wages of $ 506,767.52 from petitioner's medical practice, interest income of $ 46,572.78, taxable dividend income of $ 712.30, capital gains of $ 56,589.02, and other income of $ 3,638.04. Petitioners reported total net losses from numerous partnerships, one rental property, and one small business corporation of $ 405,006.93 for 1982, of which $ 41,866 was the loss from Blythe II. Thus, petitioners reported total income of $ 209,272.73 and a total tax liability of $ 39,115.20. *223 capital gains of $ 96,412.52, and other income of $ 1,251.16. Petitioners reported total net losses from numerous partnerships and two rental properties of $ 380,465.98 for 1983, of which $ 2,012 represented the loss from Blythe II. Thus, petitioners reported total income of $ 381,684.65 and a total tax liability of $ 128,567. *224 Blythe II was audited by the Internal Revenue Service, and a Notice of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment was issued to the partnership. The partnership initiated a TEFRA proceeding in this Court, and a decision was entered in Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998-6">T.C. Memo 1998-6, which involved a similar jojoba investment program. *225 jojoba by claiming, inaccurately, that capital expenditures in jojoba plantations might be treated as research or experimental expenditures for purposes of claiming deductions under section 174." Id.

As a result of Blythe II's TEFRA proceeding, petitioners were assessed tax deficiencies of $ 20,933 for 1982 and $ 1,006 for 1983, plus interest. Subsequently, respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioners, for 1982 and 1983, for affected items, determining that petitioners are liable for the additions to tax for negligence under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) and a substantial understatement of tax under section 6661 for 1982. These additions to tax are the subject of the instant case.

The first issue is whether petitioners are liable for the additions to tax for negligence under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) for both years at issue. Section 6653(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax in an amount equal to 5 percent of an underpayment of tax if any part of the underpayment is due to negligence or intentional disregard of rules or regulations. Section 6653(a)(2) imposes another addition to tax in an amount equal to 50 percent of the interest due on the portion of the underpayment attributable to negligence or intentional disregard of rules or regulations. Respondent's determinations in a notice of deficiency are presumed correct, and petitioners must establish otherwise. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111, 115, 78 L. Ed. 212">78 L. Ed. 212, 54 S. Ct. 8">54 S. Ct. 8 (1933); cf. sec. 7491(c). ^{Estate of Mason v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 651">64 T.C. 651, 663 (1975), affd. 566 F.2d 2">566 F.2d 2 (6th Cir. 1977); Bixby v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 757">58 T.C. 757, 791 (1972); Anderson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1993-607">T.C. Memo 1993-607, affd. 62 F.3d 1266">62 F.3d 1266 (10th Cir. 1995).}

Negligence is defined as the failure to exercise the due care that a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would exercise under like circumstances. Anderson v. Commissioner, 62 F.3d 1266">62 F.3d 1266, 1271 (10th Cir. 1995), affg. T.C. Memo 1993-607">T.C. Memo 1993-607; Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934">85 T.C. 934, 947 (1985); Glassley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1996-206">T.C. Memo 1996-206. The focus of inquiry is on the reasonableness of the taxpayer's actions in light of his experience and the nature of the investment. Henry Schwartz Corp. v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 728">60 T.C. 728, 740 (1973); Greene v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998-101">T.C. Memo 1998-101, affd. without published opinion 187 F.3d 629">187 F.3d 629 (4th Cir. 1999); Glassley v. Commissioner, supra; Turner v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1995-363">T.C. Memo 1995-363. Whether a taxpayer is negligent in claiming a tax deduction "depends upon both the legitimacy of the underlying investment, and due care in the claiming of the deduction." Sacks v. Commissioner, 82 F.3d 918">82 F.3d 918, 920 (9th Cir. 1996), affg. T.C. Memo 1994-217">T.C. Memo 1994-217; see Greene v. Commissioner, supra.

A taxpayer may avoid liability for negligence penalties under some circumstances if the taxpayer reasonably relied on competent professional advice. See Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 849">89 T.C. 849, 888 (1987), affd. 904 F.2d 1011">904 F.2d 1011 (5th Cir. 1990), affd. on other issue 501 U.S. 868">501 U.S. 868 (1991). Such reliance, however, is "not an absolute defense to negligence, but rather a factor to be considered." Id. For reliance on professional advice to relieve a taxpayer from the negligence addition to tax, the taxpayer must show that the professional adviser had the expertise and knowledge of the pertinent facts to provide informed advice on the subject matter. Id.

The facts pertinent to the instant case, relating to the structure, formation, and operation of Blythe II are as discussed in Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, supra, with the exception of a few specific dates and dollar amounts. Blythe II was organized in December 1982 as a limited partnership for the described purpose of conducting research and development (R & D) involving the jojoba plant. The offering, dated November 30, 1982, provided for a maximum capitalization of $ 2,968,000 consisting of 350 limited partnership units at $ 8,480 per unit. Each unit required a cash downpayment of $ 2,500 and a noninterest-bearing promissory note in the principal amount of $ 5,980 payable in 10 annual installments with an acceleration provision in the event of default. The offering was limited to investors with a net worth (exclusive of home, furnishings, and automobiles) of $ 150,000, or investors whose net worth was $ 50,000 (exclusive of home, furnishings, and automobiles) and who anticipated that, for the taxable year of the investment, they would have gross income equal to $ 65,000, or taxable income, a portion of which, but for tax-advantaged investments, would be subject to a Federal income tax rate of 50 percent.

Petitioners' investment was for eight limited partnership units, which required an initial downpayment of $ 20,000 and execution of a promissory note for $ 47,840. Petitioners were to make payments of $ 5,200 each year from 1983 through 1985, $ 4,200 per year from 1986 through 1991, and a final payment of $ 7,040 in 1992 on the promissory note. The record reflects that petitioners actually paid $ 20,000 in 1982, $ 5,200 per year from 1983 through 1985, $ 4,200 per year from 1986 through 1988, and $ 16,552 in 1989, totaling $ 64,752. ^{*231 S. Agri as the contractor for the R & D program under an R & D agreement. Additionally, a license agreement between Blythe II and U.S. Agri granted U.S. Agri the exclusive right to utilize technology developed for Blythe II for 40 years in exchange for a royalty of 85 percent of all products produced. The offering included copies of both the R & D agreement and the license agreement. *232 According to its terms, the R & D agreement expired upon the partnership's execution of the license agreement. Since the two were executed concurrently, amounts paid to U.S. Agri by the partnership were not paid pursuant to a valid R & D agreement but were passive investments in a farming venture under which the investors' return, if any, was to be in the form of a royalty pursuant to the licensing agreement. Thus, as this Court held in Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998-6">T.C. Memo 1998-6, the partnership was never engaged in research or experimentation, either directly or indirectly. Moreover, this Court found in Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, supra, that U.S. Agri's attempts to farm jojoba commercially did not constitute research and development, thereby concluding that the R & D agreement was designed and entered into solely to decrease the cost of participation in the jojoba farming venture for the limited partners through large up-front deductions for expenditures that were actually capital contributions. The Court concluded further that the partnership was not involved in a trade or business and had no realistic prospect of entering into a trade or business with respect to any technology that was to be developed by U.S. Agri.}

Petitioners here contend that their investment in Blythe II was motivated solely by the potential to earn a profit. Petitioners contend further that their reliance on the advice of their certified public accountant, Mr. Hulse, should absolve them of liability for the negligence penalty in this case. Petitioners also argue that, taking into account their experience and the nature of the investment in Blythe II, they exercised the due care that a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would have exercised under like circumstances. For the reasons set forth below, the Court does not agree with petitioners' contentions.

First, the principal flaw in the structure of Blythe II was evident from the face of the very documents included in the offering. A reading of the R & D agreement and licensing agreement, both of which were included as part of the offering, plainly shows that the licensing agreement canceled or rendered ineffective the R & D agreement because of the concurrent execution of the two documents. Thus, the partnership was never engaged, either directly or indirectly, in the conduct of any research or experimentation. Rather, the partnership was merely a passive investor seeking royalty returns pursuant to the licensing agreement. Any experienced attorney capable of reading and understanding the subject documents should have understood the legal ramifications of the licensing agreement canceling out the R & D agreement. However, petitioners never consulted an attorney in connection with this investment, nor does it appear that they carefully scrutinized the offering themselves.

Secondly, in making their investment in Blythe II, petitioners relied on the advice of their certified public accountant, Mr. Hulse, and Mr. Sheets, who was a promoter for the partnership. At the time of trial, Mr. Hulse was deceased; therefore, the details in this record surrounding his advice to petitioners about Blythe II are scant. Petitioner provided Mr. Hulse with a copy of the offering and asked Mr. Hulse to review the same and advise petitioners whether or not to invest in Blythe II. Mr. Hulse advised petitioner that, in petitioner's words, it appeared that "the risk reward justified an investment" in Blythe II. Mr. Hulse did not provide petitioners with a written opinion about the investment. The record is devoid of any evidence to show that Mr. Hulse conducted any independent research or consulted any type of agricultural or jojoba plant expert about the investment. The record in this case indicates that Mr. Hulse relied solely on the representations made in the offering in rendering his advice to petitioners.

Moreover, the record lacks evidence to show whether Mr. Hulse had any previous experience with the deductibility of research and development expenses at the time he advised petitioners about Blythe II. These types of expenses would have allowed petitioners certain tax benefits above and beyond what would have been provided by an ordinary business deduction. There is no evidence in the record to suggest that Mr. Hulse conducted any independent investigation to determine whether the specific research and development proposed to be conducted by or on behalf of the partnership would have qualified for deductions under section 174. It is also notable that Mr. Hulse had no educational background or experience in the area of agricultural pursuits.

There is no evidence in the record to suggest that petitioners ever questioned Mr. Hulse about the facts and/or legal analysis upon which he based his recommendations. Further, the record is devoid of any evidence that petitioners asked Mr. Hulse to explain the Blythe II investment to them, which would seem particularly important given the fact that petitioners clearly did not carefully scrutinize the offering themselves.

The facts in this case are similar to those in Glassley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1996-206">T.C. Memo 1996-206, in which this Court found that the taxpayers:

   acted on their fascination with the idea of participating in a



   jojoba farming venture and their satisfaction with tax benefits



   of expensing their investments, which were clear to them from



   the promoter's presentation. They passed the offering circular

   by their accountants for a "glance" * * *.

Similarly, petitioners in this case acted on their enthusiasm for the potential uses of jojoba and acted with knowledge of the tax benefits of making the investment. The evidence in this record suggests that the nature of the advice given by Mr. Hulse was highly generalized and based primarily on a mere cursory review of the offering rather than on independent knowledge, research, or analysis. Petitioners failed to show that Mr. Hulse had the expertise and knowledge of the pertinent facts to provide informed advice on the investment in Blythe II. See Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. at 888. Accordingly, petitioners failed to establish that their reliance on the advice of Mr. Hulse was reasonable or in good faith. See Glassley v. Commissioner, supra.

The Court next examines petitioners' reliance on the advice of Mr. Sheets. Mr. Sheets had no background or expertise in the areas of agriculture or jojoba plants. In fact, it appears that nearly all of the previous investments recommended to petitioners by Mr. Sheets had been real estate investments, and Blythe II was the first investment of an agricultural nature advocated by him. More importantly, because Mr. Sheets had a personal profit motive in selling this investment to clients, he had a conflict of interest in advising petitioners to purchase the limited partnership interests. ^{Rybak v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 524">91 T.C. 524, 565 (1988).Petitioners' reliance on the advice of Mr. Sheets was unreasonable under the circumstances.}

Outside of Mr. Hulse and Mr. Sheets, petitioners made no other inquiry into the viability of this partnership's proposed research and operations. The Court finds it notable that the offering listed at least 15 "potential uses of jojoba nuts"; yet, petitioners failed to explore the plausibility of any of those potential uses. Some of the potential uses listed in the offering were various lubricants for high-speed or high-temperature machinery, cosmetics, shampoos and soaps, sunscreens, pharmaceuticals, cooking oils, disinfectants, polishing waxes, corrosion inhibitors, candles, animal feed supplements, and fertilizer. Being a physician, it seems logical that petitioner would have had some access to information about the use of jojoba in the pharmaceutical arena; however, petitioner failed to pursue this possibility. Petitioners' failure to investigate independently any of the enumerated potential uses of jojoba plants was unreasonable under the circumstances.

Petitioners had no legal or agricultural background or training; yet, they consulted no source of such information prior to investing more than $ 60,000 in Blythe II. Petitioners argue that they didn't know where or how to find an appropriate expert to examine the investment. On the contrary, the Court believes that, at a minimum, petitioners could have contacted an attorney to review the offering, provide legal advice surrounding the partnership, and explain the legal ramifications of the licensing agreement canceling out the R & D agreement. A reasonable and ordinarily prudent investor under the circumstances would have consulted an attorney. Additionally, the Court does not believe that petitioners would have experienced a great degree of difficulty in contacting the agricultural department of a nearby college or university or going to another reliable source to inquire about the research and development of jojoba plants and their potential commercial usage, if any. Again, a reasonable and ordinarily prudent investor would have at least attempted to make this type of inquiry under the circumstances. ^{LaVerne v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 637">94 T.C. 637, 652 (1990), affd. without published opinion 956 F.2d 274">956 F.2d 274 (9th Cir. 1992), affd. in part without published opinion sub nom. Cowles v. Commissioner, 949 F.2d 401">949 F.2d 401 (10th Cir. 1991); Glassley v. Commissioner, supra. In fact, the offering cautioned that prospective investors should not "construe this memorandum or any prior or subsequent communications as constituting legal or tax advice" and urged investors to "consult their own counsel as to all matters concerning this investment." The offering was replete with statements, including the cover page statement that "THIS OFFERING INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK", warning of tax risks involved with the investment and the highly speculative nature of the commercial viability of the jojoba plant. The offering contained inconsistent information, such as the statement on page 9 that the general partner "has limited experience in dealing in Jojoba beans and is mainly relying on the R & D Contractor to develop technology and plant cultivars over the term of the R & D Agreement", contrasted with the statement on page 34 that the general partner "pioneered the development of the Blythe Airport as an alfalfa ranch and jojoba farming in Desert Center" and was "familiar with the development of jojoba, citrus, vineyards, alfalfa and asparagus." Such inconsistencies should have raised a healthy suspicion in the mind of a reasonable and ordinarily prudent investor, even one lacking any legal, tax, or agricultural background. However, petitioners did not carefully read the offering, nor did they make any effort to have the investment explained to them prior to committing to invest some $ 65,000 in Blythe II.}

The Court is mindful that the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit), the court to which an appeal in this case would lie, has held that experience and involvement of the general partner and the lack of warning signs could reasonably lead investors to believe they were entitled to deductions in light of the undeveloped state of the law regarding section 174. See Kantor v. Commissioner, 998 F.2d 1514">998 F.2d 1514 (9th Cir. 1993), affg. in part and revg. in part T.C. Memo 1990-380">T.C. Memo 1990-380. In its holding, the Ninth Circuit explained that the Supreme Court's decision in Snow v. Commissioner, 416 U.S. 500">416 U.S. 500, 40 L. Ed. 2d 336">40 L. Ed. 2d 336, 94 S. Ct. 1876">94 S. Ct. 1876 (1974), left unclear the extent to which research must be "in connection with" a trade or business for purposes of qualifying for an immediate deduction under section 174. However, in the instant case, the partnership was neither engaged in a trade or business nor conducting research and development, either directly or indirectly. Additionally, the experience in jojoba research and development of the general partner of Blythe II, Mr. Kellen, was questionable, at best, as evidenced by conflicting statements in the offering. Also, it is apparent from the evidence presented in this case that Mr. Kellen had minimal involvement in the partnership. Petitioners are precluded from relying upon a "lack of warning" as a defense to negligence, when there is no evidence that a reasonable investigation was ever made, and the offering materials contained many warnings of the tax risks associated with the investment.

On this record, the Court finds that petitioners did not exercise the due care of reasonable and ordinarily prudent persons under the circumstances. Consequently, the Court holds that petitioners are liable for the negligence additions to tax under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) for each of the years at issue. Respondent is sustained on this issue.

The second issue is whether petitioners are liable for the addition to tax under section 6661(a) for a substantial understatement of tax for 1982. Section 6661(a), as amended by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-509, sec. 8002, 100 Stat. 1951, provides for an addition to tax of 25 percent of the amount of any underpayment attributable to a substantial understatement of income tax for the taxable year. A substantial understatement of income tax exists if the amount of the understatement exceeds the greater of 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return, or $ 5,000. Sec. 6661(b)(1)(A). Generally, the amount of an understatement is reduced by the portion of the understatement which the taxpayer shows is attributable to either (1) the tax treatment of any item for which there was substantial authority, or (2) the tax treatment of any item with respect to which the relevant facts were adequately disclosed on the return. Sec. 6661(b)(2)(B). If an understatement is attributable to a tax shelter item, however, different standards apply. First, in addition to showing the existence of substantial authority, a taxpayer must show that he reasonably believed that the tax treatment claimed was more likely than not proper. Sec. 6661(b)(2)(C)(i)(II). Second, disclosure, whether or not adequate, will not reduce the amount of the understatement. Sec. 6661(b)(2)(C)(i)(I).

Substantial authority exists when "the weight of the authorities supporting the treatment is substantial in relation to the weight of authorities supporting contrary positions." See sec. 1.6661-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. Petitioners have failed to show that substantial authority existed for the tax treatment of the Blythe II loss on their 1982 return.

Adequate disclosure of the tax treatment of a particular item may be made either in a statement attached to the return, or on the return itself, if it is in accordance with the requirements of Rev. Proc. 83-21, 1 C.B. 680">1983-1 C.B. 680. Sec. 1.6661-4(b) and (c), Income Tax Regs. The record indicates that petitioners did not attach a statement to their 1982 return disclosing the specific facts surrounding their Blythe II loss deduction. Rev. Proc. 83-21, supra, applicable to tax returns filed in 1983, lists information that would be deemed sufficient disclosure if listed on the return itself, without the necessity of attaching an additional statement to the return. However, none of the specific tax items referenced in Rev. Proc. 83-21, supra, are relevant to the instant case. If disclosure is not made in compliance with the regulations or the revenue procedure, adequate disclosure on the return may still be satisfied if sufficient information is provided to enable respondent to identify the potential controversy involved. Schirmer v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 277">89 T.C. 277, 285-286 (1987).However, a mere claiming of the loss, without further explanation, is not sufficient to alert respondent to the controversial section 174 deduction of which the partnership loss consisted. Petitioners have failed to show that the relevant facts pertaining to their Blythe II loss deduction were adequately disclosed on their 1982 return. ^{section 6661(c) provides the Secretary with the discretion to waive the section 6661(a) addition to tax if the taxpayer shows he acted with reasonable cause and in good faith. This Court reviews the Secretary's failure to waive the addition to tax for abuse of discretion. See Martin Ice Cream Co. v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 189">110 T.C. 189, 235 (1998). Petitioners argue that they acted in good faith and reasonably relied upon the advice of Mr. Hulse in claiming the relevant loss. However, nothing in the record indicates that petitioners requested a waiver for good faith and reasonable cause under section 6661(c). In the absence of such a request, this Court cannot review respondent's determination for an abuse of discretion. See id. In any event, petitioners have not shown that they met the tests of reasonable cause and good faith.}

Petitioners have failed to prove that they had substantial authority for their treatment of the partnership loss and that they adequately disclosed the relevant facts of that treatment. The understatement upon which the addition to tax was imposed was $ 20,933. The understatement is substantial because it exceeds the greater of $ 5,000 or 10 percent of the amount required to be shown on the return. ^{section 6661(a) for a substantial understatement of tax for 1982. Respondent is sustained on this issue.}

Finally, to the extent the Court has failed to address an argument of petitioners herein, the Court concludes such argument is without merit.

Decision will be entered for respondent.

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Footnotes

• 1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years at issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩

• *. Fifty percent of the interest due on $ 20,933.

  ** Fifty percent of the interest due on $ 1,006.↩

• 2. The private placement memorandum consisted of some 47 pages, plus eight exhibits, and a table of contents.↩

• 3. During April 1986, petitioners filed an amended return for 1982 reporting a decrease in total income of $ 5,500 due to an additional $ 5,500 loss in connection with Arrowhead Village, a real estate partnership promoted by Mr. Sheets. On the amended return, petitioners reported a total tax liability of $ 36,365.20.↩

• 4. During March 1985, petitioners filed an amended return for 1983 reporting a decrease in total income of $ 15,073 due to Mr. Hulse's mistaken reporting on their original return of $ 15,073 in partnership income that was not attributable to petitioners. On the amended return, petitioners reported a total tax liability of $ 121,212. During July 1985, petitioners filed a second amended return for 1983, reporting an increase in deductions of $ 17,229.34 for various interest paid, charitable contributions, and business expenses. On the second amended return, petitioners reported a total tax liability of $ 112,416. During April 1997, petitioners filed a third amended return for 1983 reporting a decrease in total income of $ 4,268.69 due to an additional $ 4,268.69 loss in connection with the aforementioned Arrowhead Village partnership. On the third amended return, petitioners requested an additional refund of $ 2,134.↩

• 5. The tax matters partner of Blythe II signed a stipulation to be bound by the outcome of Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1998-6">T.C. Memo 1998-6↩.

• 6. Eighteen docketed cases were bound by stipulation by the outcome of Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, supra.↩

• 7. The Internal Revenue Service Restructuring & Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3001, 112 Stat. 726, added sec. 7491(c), which places the burden of production on the Secretary with respect to a taxpayer's liability for penalties and additions to tax in court proceedings arising in connection with examinations commencing after July 22, 1998. Petitioners do not contend, nor is there evidence, that their examination commenced after July 22, 1998, or that sec. 7491 is applicable in this case.↩

• 8. In 1989, petitioner executed a ratification agreement that allowed him to pay off the balance of the promissory note; i.e., $ 15,440 ($ 4,200 per year for 1990 and 1991 and $ 7,040 for 1992) at a 20-percent discount.↩

• 9. In the instant case, the Blythe II offering is included in evidence as a stipulated exhibit; however, the stipulated exhibit contains an incomplete copy of the R & D agreement that was attached to the original offering. To the extent that relevant facts are omitted due to the incomplete copy of the R & D agreement (or other incomplete pieces of evidence) in the instant case, the Court must rely on findings of fact in Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, supra, to which the partners of Blythe II agreed to be bound. It is petitioners' burden to establish the context in which their deductions were taken. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111, 115, 78 L. Ed. 212">78 L. Ed. 212, 54 S. Ct. 8">54 S. Ct. 8 (1933); Bixby v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 757">58 T.C. 757, 791↩ (1972).

• 10. Petitioner acknowledged in his testimony that he knew Mr. Sheets was receiving commissions for finding investors to purchase the limited partnership interests.↩

• 11. In Utah Jojoba I Research v. Commissioner, supra↩, the Court noted that there were experimental jojoba plantations located at the University of California at Riverside, California, of which the general partner of Blythe II, Mr. Kellen, was aware.

• 12. As noted earlier, even if an adequate disclosure had been made on the return, such disclosure would not reduce the amount of the understatement attributable to a tax shelter item.↩

• 13. The amount required to be shown on the return was $ 69,852, 10 percent of which equals $ 6,985.20.↩