Humpage v. Commissioner

F. R. Humpage, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent. Estate of Carl G. Fisher, Deceased, F. R. Humpage and C. W. Chase, Jr., Executors, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Humpage v. Commissioner

Docket Nos. 26855, 26856

United States Tax Court

1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 231; 17 T.C. 1625;

March 31, 1952, Promulgated

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Decisions will be entered for the petitioners.

Effect of Reorganization on Earnings. -- Accumulated earnings of a corporation do not survive a section 77B reorganization whereby the assets are acquired by a new corporation whose stock is acquired by creditors of the old corporation to the exclusion of stockholders. Commissioner v. Sansome, 60 F. 2d 931, is not applicable to a section 77B reorganization.

George Kennan Hourwich, Esq., for the petitioners.

Rigmor O. Carlsen, Esq., for the respondent.

Arundell, Judge. Murdock, Harron, and Raum, JJ., dissent. Turner, J., dissenting.

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ARUNDELL

The respondent determined deficiencies in income tax of the petitioners for the calendar year 1940 as follows:

F. R. Humpage	$ 11,059.29
Estate of Carl G. Fisher, Deceased	13,758.64

The proceedings were consolidated for hearing and report.

Both petitioners held stock in a Florida corporation which made distributions to its stockholders in the year 1940. Both reported only a part of the amounts received as taxable dividends. The respondent has treated the full amounts received as ordinary dividends. The only issue is whether the corporation which paid the dividends acquired the earnings and profits of a predecessor corporation so as to have available earnings and profits from which to pay taxable dividends.

The facts were stipulated, and as stipulated they are so found. We give below a summary.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

In 1940 the petitioner, F. R. Humpage, was a stockholder in Carl G. Fisher Corporation. Carl G. Fisher died in 1939 and his estate is in process of administration. Among the assets of the estate are shares of stock of Carl G. Fisher Corporation. For the year 1940 the petitioner, F. R. Humpage, filed an individual income tax return, and the petitioner, Estate of Carl G. Fisher, filed a fiduciary income tax return. Both returns reported income on a cash basis; both were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Florida.

In the year 1940, both petitioners received distributions on their stock in Carl G. Fisher Corporation, part of which in each case was reported as a taxable dividend and part as a nontaxable distribution as follows:

		Reported as --
Petitioner	Amount received
		Taxable dividend	Nontaxable
			distribution
F. R. Humpage	$ 38,445.00	$ 10,498.59	$ 27,946.41
Fisher Estate	50,505.00	13,791.94	36,713.06

Carl G. Fisher Corporation (herein called Fisher Corporation) was organized in 1935 under the laws of Florida to act as the new company under a plan of reorganization of The Carl G. Fisher Company (herein called Fisher Company), which plan was confirmed in proceedings under section 77B of the National Bankruptcy Act in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Fisher Company, a Florida corporation, was primarily a holding company, owning the stock and securities of other corporations principally engaged in the real estate business and the operation of hotels at Miami Beach, Florida. Prior to the time of the institution of the reorganization proceedings in 1934, the authorized and outstanding capital stock of Fisher Company consisted of 40,000 shares of the par value of $ 100 each, of which 34,998 shares were held by Carl G. Fisher, 5,000 by Robert H. Tyndall, trustee, and 1 share each by two other individuals.

Fisher Company was the guarantor of the payment of principal and interest of an issue of $ 3,000,000 of first mortgage and collateral 6 per cent gold bonds issued by Montauk Beach Development Corporation, a Florida corporation, dated as of May 1, 1928, with a maturity date of April 30, 1932. The bond issue was secured by a mortgage indenture executed by Montauk Beach Development Corporation under which Bankers Trust Company, a New York bank, was the trustee.

Montauk Beach Development Corporation defaulted in the payment of the principal of its bonds on April 30, 1932, at which time the principal amount outstanding was $ 2,741,000 on which interest was in default in the amount of $ 54,820. The trustee under the mortgage indenture demanded payment from both the issuing company and from Fisher Company, as guarantor, neither of which made payment.

In 1932 equity receivers for Montauk Beach Development Corporation were appointed in a creditors' action instituted in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. In that action, Bankers Trust Company, as trustee, filed a petition in 1933 for leave to foreclose the lien of the first mortgage indenture then in default. The petition was granted and Bankers Trust Company, as trustee, filed a bill of complaint in the same court for a foreclosure of the lien. The two actions were consolidated, and the receivership was extended to the foreclosure action. In 1934, prior to any sale on foreclosure, the Protective Committee for the Montauk Beach bonds filed with the same Federal court a petition for reorganization of the corporation under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act. The petition was approved by order dated July 31, 1934, which order appointed trustees for the corporation and stayed all actions and proceedings against it. Bankers Trust Company, as trustee, intervened in the reorganization proceedings.

The voluntary petition of Fisher Company for reorganization under section 77B was filed on October 19, 1934. In that petition, the company listed total assets in the amount of $ 11,134,707.61. Among the assets were stocks of various corporations listed at cost in the amount of $ 7,394,548.49, including stock of Montauk Beach Development Corporation at a cost of $ 1,947,551.54, notes receivable in the amount of $ 1,843,682.67, including notes of Montauk Beach Development Corporation in the amount of $ 1,120,323.18; and various parcels of real estate at Montauk, New York, and Miami, Florida, which had an aggregate cost of $ 1,113,327.86. Its liabilities were listed as including notes and accounts payable, and state, county and city taxes, all aggregating $ 2,960,466.90. Capital stock was listed at $ 4,000,000 and surplus at $ 3,942,532.65. Liabilities on contracts of guaranty were shown in footnotes as aggregating $ 3,612,740 which included $ 2,741,000 on account of the principal of Montauk Beach Development Corporation bonds and $ 472,240 on account of interest on such bonds to October 1, 1934.

Under date of January 5, 1935, Fisher Company filed with the Federal court in which the reorganization proceedings were pending a proposed general plan of reorganization which provided in part for the following:

(a) The organization of a new corporation, with one class of stock which was to be substituted for obligations of Fisher Company. The plan recognized the absence of any equity for stockholders of Fisher Company.

(b) General unsecured creditors were to be paid in cash in full.

(c) All of the assets of Fisher Company were to be transferred to the new corporation with the exception of certain notes and accounts receivable which were to be canceled.

(d) Certain secured creditors of Fisher Company were recognized as holding adequate security, and no stock of the new corporation was to be issued to them.

(e) Notes of Montauk Beach Development Corporation in the amount of $ 1,120,323.18 and an open account of that corporation in the amount of $ 51,763.49 were to be extinguished. An indebtedness charged against Carl G. Fisher on open account in the amount of $ 246,671.63 was to be extinguished.

(f) Carl G. Fisher and F. R. Humpage were to receive employment contracts of 10 years each with the new corporation.

(g) The stock of the new corporation was to be issued as follows:

(1) The Miami Beach Bay Shore Company, a creditor on open account in the amount of $ 7,559.46, was to receive an amount of stock in the proportion that the debt owing to it bore to the aggregate debts owing to other creditors who were entitled to participate in the distribution of the stock.

(2) By reason of Fisher Company's guaranty of the principal and interest of bonds of Montauk Beach Development Corporation, the holders of those bonds were to receive stock in the proportion that the liability on the guaranty (then $ 3,213,240) bore to the aggregate amount of debt of Fisher Company which would be entitled to receive stock in substitution for such debt.

(h) Pending the effectuation of the plan of reorganization, all of the stock of the new corporation was to be held in trust by named trustees for the account of ultimate beneficiaries. Upon formation of the new corporation, 75 per cent of the stock issued in respect of the guaranty of Montauk bonds was to be placed with a trustee or holding company, and 25 per cent was to be held by a committee, to be used if and as required, for purposes in connection with the reorganization of Montauk Beach Development Corporation. Of the 75 per cent of stock placed with a trustee or holding company, 80 per cent was to be issued to the Protective Committee for the bonds of Montauk, and 20 per cent was to be issued to Carl G. Fisher.

The holders of over 90 per cent of the bonds of Montauk Beach Development Corporation deposited their bonds with the Protective Committee, and on January 16, 1935, the United States District Court ordered that no claims need be filed by or on behalf of the holders of the guaranty of Fisher Company.

The plan of reorganization as submitted by Fisher Company, with amendments not presently material, was confirmed by order of the Federal District Court dated July 3, 1935. Fisher Corporation was organized on July 11, 1935, with an authorized capital stock of 23,425 shares, without par value, to act as the new corporation under the section 77B reorganization. The directors of Fisher Corporation, by resolutions adopted on July 15, 1935, accepted the terms of the plan of reorganization. In accordance with the terms of the plan, the stock of Fisher Corporation was to be issued as follows: ^*

Stockholder	Per cent	Shares
Montauk bondholders	58.5061	13,705
Carl G. Fisher	14.6265	3,426
Reorganization Committee	24.3584	5,706
Miami Beach Bay Shore Co	.2796	65.5
Fletcher American Bank	1.7871	419
F. R. Humpage	.4423	103.5
Total	100.0000	23,425

The plan of reorganization of The Carl G. Fisher Company excluded the stockholders of the company from participation therein and recognized no equity of stockholders on account of their status as stockholders, all the capital stock of the new company, Carl G. Fisher Corporation, being issued to or for the benefit of the creditors of The Carl G. Fisher Company.

On November 26, 1935, all of the assets of The Carl G. Fisher Company were conveyed by the trustees of that company to Carl G. Fisher Corporation pursuant to the plan of reorganization. The reorganization proceedings in respect of The Carl G. Fisher Company were terminated on November 27, 1935, by order of that date of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

The Carl G. Fisher Company kept its books and filed its returns on the cash basis. As of November 26, 1935, that corporation had earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, in an amount not less than $ 2,188,183.27 nor more than $ 2,395,093.93 before giving effect to the liability of that company on its guaranty of the bonds of Montauk Beach Development Corporation which were defaulted on April 30, 1932.

A plan of reorganization of Montauk Beach Development Corporation dated as of November 1, 1937, was submitted to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and was approved by order of that Court dated February 25, 1938. Pursuant to the provisions of the plan, all of the assets of Montauk Beach Development Corporation were transferred to a new corporation, Montauk Beach Company, Inc., which was organized and used to effectuate the plan of reorganization. Under the plan, the new corporation issued its stock and securities in exchange for and in extinguishment of the stock and securities of Montauk Beach Development Corporation. The plan did not recognize or make any provision for any claim in favor of either of the Fisher Companies by reason of the guaranty of Montauk bonds, and no payment or consideration was ever received by The Carl G. Fisher Company or Carl G. Fisher Corporation in mitigation of the guaranty liability.

Included in the assets transferred by Fisher Company to Fisher Corporation under the plan of reorganization of the former were 198,051 shares of capital stock of Montauk Beach Development Corporation and $ 57,000 principal amount of second mortgage bonds of that corporation. The cost and basis of those securities to Fisher Company was, respectively, $ 1,947,551.54 and $ 55,383.20, a total of $ 2,002,934.74. The basis of those securities in the hands of Fisher Company became the basis to Fisher Corporation.

Pursant to the plan of reorganization of Montauk Beach Development Corporation, Fisher Corporation during its fiscal year ended August 31, 1938, relinquished its stock and bonds of that company in consideration and exchange solely for 4,830.51 shares of Montauk Beach Company, Inc. The value of the 4,830.51 shares of stock so received by Fisher Corporation was $ 1 per share, aggregating $ 4,830.51 when received.

The Federal income tax return of Fisher Corporation for its fiscal year ended August 31, 1938, made no reference to the exchange of securities of Montauk Beach Development Corporation for stock of Montauk Beach Company, Inc.

Fisher Corporation in the period ended August 31, 1936, and in the fiscal years ended August 31, 1937 and 1938, sustained net losses aggregating $ 1,814,692.48. In the fiscal years ended August 31, 1939, 1940, and 1941, its net income aggregated $ 251,151.97, and in these three fiscal years it made distributions to stockholders in amounts aggregating $ 772,560.24.

OPINION.

The question for decision is whether the distributions received by the petitioners in 1940 from Carl G. Fisher Corporation constituted taxable dividends. The answer to this question depends upon whether or not the corporation had available earnings or profits at the time of the distribution. This in turn depends upon whether or not the accumulated earnings and profits of the predecessor, Fisher Company, were acquired as such by Fisher Corporation in the section 77B reorganization that was completed in 1935. If they were so acquired, there is a further question as to whether Fisher Corporation sustained a recognizable loss in 1938 when it relinquished stock and bonds of Montauk Beach Development Corporation in exchange for stock of Montauk Beach Company, Inc.

These proceedings involve two reorganizations under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, both of which reorganizations were founded upon mortgage bonds issued by Montauk Beach Development Corporation and guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by The Carl G. Fisher Company. The bonds were defaulted in 1932 and as a consequence of such default various court proceedings were instituted against both corporations by the mortgage trustee and bondholders and other creditors. As to both corporations, the several court proceedings culminated in petitions for reorganization under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act. The Fisher reorganization proceeding was concluded in 1935 and that of Montauk in 1938.

The Fisher Reorganization.

The Carl G. Fisher Company (called Fisher Company) had a large financial interest in Montauk Beach Development Corporation (called Montauk Corporation), consisting of stock acquired at a cost in excess of $ 1,946,000, bonds in the face amount of $ 57,000, and notes receivable in the amount of over $ 1,120,000. In addition, Fisher Company had guaranteed the payment of principal and interest on the bonds of Montauk Corporation, and by reason of such guaranty and the default on the bonds it was obligated as of October 1, 1934, to pay $ 2,741,000 principal and $ 472,240 interest. Its reorganization under section 77B ensued. The mechanics of carrying out the plan of reorganization were somewhat complicated, particularly as to the percentage distribution of stock among creditors. The net results were that its assets were transferred to a new corporation (called Fisher Corporation) and the capital stock of Fisher Corporation was issued to or for the benefit of the creditors of Fisher Company. Among such creditors were holders of Montauk bonds. The shareholders of Fisher Company did not receive any of the stock of Fisher Corporation.

The petitioners contend, principally, that (1) the enforcement of Fisher Company's guaranty of Montauk bonds eliminated accumulated earnings, or (2) that the distribution of Fisher Corporation stock under the plan of reorganization was a taxable transaction so that there was no transfer of accumulated earnings, in either of which events the 1940 distribution was not out of earnings or profits. The respondent's position is that the 1935 transfer of assets and issuance of stock constituted a tax free reorganization consequent upon which Fisher Corporation acquired the accumulated earnings of Fisher Company and that such earnings were available for dividends in the hands of the new corporation under the rationale of .

We think the petitioners are correct in their view that the earnings of Fisher Company were not acquired by Fisher Corporation, hence they were not available to the latter for the purpose of paying dividends. The parties have stipulated that as of November 26, 1935 (the date of transfer of assets), Fisher Company had earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, in an amount not less than $ 2,188,183.27 or more than $ 2,395,093.93 before giving effect to its liability on its guaranty of the Montauk Corporation bonds. The liability of Fisher Company under its guaranty of the bonds was $ 2,741,000 as to principal, plus interest. When the bonds were defaulted, the liability which had theretofore been contingent became a present liability. Upon default, various court proceedings were commenced against Fisher Company. One was a suit based on the guaranty wherein a bondholder sought recovery of the face amount of Montauk bonds, plus interest. Actions were brought by the trustee under the Montauk mortgage indenture, one of which was for the recovery of the full amount of the principal of the bonds plus interest, and in another the trustee asked that a receiver be appointed for Fisher Company. Fisher Company had no legal defense to the creditors' claims under its guaranty, and its inability to pay caused it to seek a section 77B reorganization. The plan of reorganization recognized no equity in the stockholders, and the creditors became entitled to over 80 per cent of the new stock and to that extent became the equity owners of the assets. In such situations, where stockholders are excluded and creditors become equity owners, the beneficial ownership by the creditors does not await the formal transfer of assets and issuance of stock of the successor company but dates back to the time they invoked legal process to enforce their priority rights. This has been the holding by the Supreme Court in several cases beginning with , wherein it was held:

We conclude, however, that it is immaterial that the transfer shifted the ownership of the equity in the property from the stockholders to the creditors of the old corporation. Plainly the old continuity of interest was broken. Technically that did not occur in this proceeding until the judicial sale took place. For practical purposes, however, it took place not later than the time when the creditors took steps to enforce their demands against their insolvent debtor. In this case, that was the date of the institution of bankruptcy proceedings. From that time on they had effective command over the disposition of the property. * * * When the equity owners are excluded and the old creditors become the stockholders of the new corporation, it conforms to realities to date their equity ownership from the time when they invoked the processes of the law to enforce their rights of full priority. At that time they stepped into the shoes of the old stockholders.

In the same case before the ), it was said at p. 331):

When a general creditor is stepped up to the status of ownership of a beneficial interest in the assets of a corporation by reason of its insolvency he has a right therein that is property; he owns something; he has an investment; he has a status with respect to such assets comparable to that of a common stockholder.

, had its origin in a section 77B reorganization under which bondholders of the old corporation received stock of the new corporation. In holding that no gain or loss was to be recognized to the former bondholders, the Court said:

In case of reorganizations of insolvent corporations the creditors have the right to exclude the stockholders entirely from the reorganization plan. When the stockholders are excluded and the creditors of the old company become the stockholders of the new, "it conforms to realities to date their equity ownership" from the time when the processes of the law were invoked "to enforce their rights of full priority." * * *. Under that approach the ownership of the equity in these debtor companies effectively passed to these creditors at least when § 77B proceedings were instituted.

Under the rationale of the above cases, the beneficial ownership by Montauk bondholders in Fisher Company's assets, as creditors under the guaranty, antedated the transfer of the assets to Fisher Corporation. It is immaterial for present purposes whether that ownership vested at the time actions were instituted against Fisher Company, the filing of the plan, or the approval of the plan, as all were prior to the transfer of assets and the issuance of stock of the new corporation. Acquisition of the ownership of assets carries with it ownership of surplus. In , involving a reorganization, we said (p. 200):

An asset does not ordinarily partake of a character permitting its classification as between capital on the one hand and surplus on the other, and it is not the practice to maintain books of account or balance sheets in such a way that a division of this nature can be made by inspection of the asset or of its accounting treatment. See . For all that will generally appear, and the present proceeding is no exception, the capital assets as a whole will incorporate the combined attributes of stated capital and paid-in or accumulated surplus.

We followed the McClintic case in , which involved a split-off reorganization and held that the new corporation inherited earned surplus of the old corporation in the same proportion that it acquired assets. In this view, the surplus of Fisher Company, all of which was inherent in and part of its assets, became the property of the creditors who had "stepped into the shoes of the old stockholders" ( ) prior to the time of the formal transfer of assets. When the formal transfer was made "it is fair to say * * * that the transfer was made with their [the creditors'] authority and on their behalf."

Whether or not the claim of the Montauk bondholders under the guaranty served to reduce Fisher Company's accumulated earnings, such earnings were distributed to the creditors when they acquired beneficial ownership of the assets and they were no longer earnings in the hands of Fisher Company. It follows that they could not have been inherited by the successor corporation as earnings and could not have been available to the successor for the payment of dividends. Whether or not the extinguishment of the claims of the creditors resulted in gain or loss to them, the assets that they received constituted capital in their hands. When on their behalf (Helvering v. Cement Investors, Inc.) the assets were transferred to the successor corporation, such transfer was in effect a purchase of stock of the successor which, of course, did not create earnings or profits.

The Sansome case, and those that follow it, have no application to a situation such as we have here. In the Sansome case and others, ¹ there were voluntary tax free reorganizations or liquidations between corporations, at least one of which had accumulated earnings that were not distributed in the reorganization or liquidation. Under such circumstances, the earnings remained available as such to the successor or surviving corporation. None of the cases in the Sansome group, as far as we can find, involved proceedings in bankruptcy courts where creditors ousted stockholders "to enforce their rights of full priority." When the reason for the Sansome rule is considered, it is understandable that it should not be applied to a situation such as we have here. In , cited with approval in , we said:

The origin and purpose of the Sansome rule has repeatedly been described as based upon the danger that otherwise distributions of accumulated earnings to stockholders would escape tax.

In this case, as we have said above, all accumulated earnings, if any, went over to the creditors and none was left for later distribution to stockholders.

In view of our conclusion that the accumulated earnings of Fisher Company were not acquired by Fisher Corporation in the reorganization, the respondent erred in treating as taxable dividends any amounts in excess of the amounts so reported by the petitioners. This conclusion as to the principal contention of the parties makes it unnecessary to consider alternative points argued by them.

Decisions will be entered for the petitioners.

TURNER

Turner, J., dissenting: Whatever the ultimate answer to the question here, it is my opinion that the pronouncements in the Court's opinion make bad law and, whether the result be right or wrong, there is no showing or demonstration that they are in harmony with the statute. In fact, the applicable provisions of the statute governing the tax effect of transactions such as are here involved, are not even mentioned or considered.

At the outset, it should be noted that but for the gain or loss nonrecognizing provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, we would have no case before us. Taxwise, effect would be given under section 112 (a) of the Code to all of the exchanges and transactions which occurred in connection with the dissolution of the old corporation and the creation of the new, and for what may be termed normal corporate purposes, as distinguished from matters pertaining to Federal tax, the properties of the old corporation were received by the new corporation for its stock and constituted paid-in capital, regardless of whether the old corporation may have been a deficit corporation or had accumulated earnings or profits. If, however, the transaction or transactions whereby the new corporation acquired the assets of the old were such as to make them a reorganization under the nonrecognition provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, then, Federal taxwise, other considerations must be taken into account both with reference to the new corporation and its stockholders. In such case, the general result, subject, of course, to any statutory exceptions or qualifications, is that the new corporation and its stockholders are left in the same situation as when the old corporation was in existence. The new corporation takes its properties at the basis, for gain or loss purposes, at which they were held by the old corporation, the stockholders of the new corporation hold their stock at the same basis at which their stake in the old corporation was held and the new corporation, under the rule of the Sansome case, is charged with the accumulated earnings and profits of the old.

If I read the Court's opinion here correctly, the basis for its conclusion is summed up in the following statement:

Whether or not the claim of the Montauk bondholders under the guaranty served to reduce Fisher Company's accumulated earnings, such earnings were distributed to the creditors when they acquired beneficial ownership of the assets and they were no longer earnings in the hands of Fisher Company. It follows that they could not have been inherited by the successor corporation as earnings and could not have been available to the successor for the payment of dividends.

While the opinion avoids any direct or categorical statement or holding that the old corporation was liquidated in a step separate and apart from the reorganization under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act of which the creation of the new corporation was a part, it is, in my opinion, a fair interpretation to say that there is in the above statement an assumption that such was the case. Possibly the reason for avoiding a definite holding that the old corporation was so liquidated is that the reasoning in the opinion rests largely on things said by the Supreme Court in , and in that opinion the Supreme Court carefully refrained from any conclusion that there was such a liquidation. The interests of the bondholders of the old corporation were referred to as equity interests and at no place did the Supreme Court indicate a view that they had become the owners of the corporate properties themselves. In another place the situation was compared with one "where the taxpayer had not 'closed out a losing venture.'" There the Supreme Court was concerned only with the tax effect to the bondholders of the old corporation of their receipt of the stock of the new corporation, and it was necessary only for the Supreme Court to find that the stock was received by them for property or property rights paid in to the new corporation for the stock received and after the receipt of the stock they were in control of the corporation and that the stock was held in substantially the same proportions as they had held the property or property rights which had been paid in to the new corporation for the stock received. If so, the requirements of section 112 (b) (5) were satisfied, and any gain that may have been realized upon the exchange was not, therefore, to be recognized. The Supreme Court did not have to concern itself with the question of basis of the properties or the stock to the recipients thereof, nor with the question which we have here. It specifically refrained from considering and deciding whether or not there had been taxwise a prior exchange or liquidation whereby the creditors of the old corporation had received in a transaction separate and apart from the section 77B reorganization the property or property rights which they had paid in to the new corporation for the stock.

If there had been a liquidation of the old corporation, prior to and separate and apart from the organization of the new corporation, that transaction would not have been subject to any gain or loss nonrecognition provisions of the statute, and the case could and would have been subject to simple disposition through the application of the provisions of section 112 (a) of the Code. There would have been no relation whatever, taxwise, between the old corporation and the new corporation and there could have been no basis for the question of applicability of the rule in the Sansome case. , and . Neither would there have been any occasion, so far as I can see, to become concerned with the decision in , or the reasons therefor.

In the Revenue Act of 1943, Congress, taking note in its committee reports ¹ of the decisions of the Supreme Court in ,, and , and "to resolve the remaining doubts and uncertainties which result from existing law as construed in the Supreme Court decisions," inserted a new provision in the Internal Revenue Code, section 112 (b) (10), to the effect that no gain or loss is to be recognized if the property of the corporation is transferred in a taxable year of such corporation beginning after December 31, 1933, in pursuance of an order of the court having jurisdiction of such corporation in a proceeding under section 77B of the National Bankruptcy Act to another corporation organized or made use of to effectuate a plan of reorganization approved by the court in such proceeding, in exchange solely for stock or securities in such corporation. It also made the necessary revision or amendment of other provisions of the statute governing the basis of the stock of the new corporation to the recipients thereof and the property acquired by the new corporation and for the determination of credit for excess profits tax purposes, to bring them into harmony with other situations where a section 112 corporate reorganization had occurred. ²

In reporting the proposed sections to the Senate, the Senate Finance Committee, in Senate Report No. 627, noted that "Under existing law great confusion and uncertainty exist with respect to the tax consequences, both for the income and excess profits taxes, of certain insolvency reorganizations which are effected under a plan of reorganization ordered by a court having jurisdiction of the corporation which is being reorganized." It was stated that the new provisions were not intended to cover the actual liquidation in a bankruptcy proceeding and the sale of the property of the bankrupt corporation to either new or old interests and that such transactions as were involved in , and , were not to be affected. As stated in the report of the House Conferees, Report No. 1079, it was the declared purpose of the new provisions "to provide uniform treatment in all cases, regardless of the form of the particular transactions," by providing "that the relinquishment or extinguishment of the property or interest in the stock or securities of the old corporation in consideration for the acquisition of stock or securities in the new corporation is the exchange which is to be considered the taxable event in a situation of this character. No antecedent or component transaction in connection with such relinquishment or extinguishment and subsequent acquisition is recognized as a taxable event under this amendment. Thus the reorganization may take the form of a transfer of the property of the old corporation to its bondholders upon surrender of the bonds, and a subsequent transfer of the property to the new corporation in exchange for stock of such corporation, or the bonds may be transferred to the new corporation in exchange for stock of such corporation, and subsequently surrendered by the latter in exchange for the property of the old corporation. In either event, the net effect to the participating security holders is an exchange of securities of the old corporation for securities of the new corporation and the transaction is so considered by subsection (1)."

It is thus apparent that, for gain or loss purposes, and as to basis of the new stock in the hands of the recipients and of the property of the old corporation in the hands of the new corporation, the situation, for the purposes here, is no different from that which exists in the case of any other corporate reorganization, whether the reorganization be a "voluntary tax-free reorganization or liquidation," or one under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act. There is, therefore, in the discussions based on the Supreme Court's decisions in the Cement Investors, Inc., and Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Company cases no demonstrated basis, in so far as I have been able to find, for concluding that the rule in the Sansome case is applicable in the one and not in the other.

The discussion in the opinion seemingly suggests that the realities and actualities of the situation at the time of the reorganization forbid a conclusion that the new corporation is to be regarded as having inherited any accumulated earnings and profits from the old corporation, in view of the fact that the reorganization was not voluntary but came about by reason of the insolvency of the old corporation, which situation, in turn, indicated that due to the then depreciated value of the corporate assets, whatever accumulated earnings the old corporation may have had had long since disappeared and could not be carried over to the new corporation. That such a thought does not dispose of the matter, is, in my opinion, indicated by the fact that the results, taxwise, in any reorganization, whether "voluntary" or under section 77B, are deliberately designed not to reflect the realities and actualities at the date of reorganization. The new corporation has received the properties of the old corporation at the same basis taxwise that those properties had in the hands of the old corporation, and that, without regard to whether or not their actual value -- the price they would have commanded on the open market -- was substantially greater or substantially less than the amount of such basis. And outside the corporation itself, the stockholders have their stock at the same basis at which their stake in the old corporation had been held, and that, without regard to whether or not the stock would on the open market have commanded a greater or lesser price. Furthermore, in the case of a "voluntary tax-free reorganization," where the old corporation was solvent and had accumulated earnings and profits, and the Sansome rule admittedly applied, those earnings and profits, as such, would come to the new corporation in the amount at which they stood in the hands of the old corporation, and that, without regard to whether or not a liquidation of the assets, which, as stated in , incorporated "the combined attributes of stated capital and paid-in or accumulated surplus," would have liquidated at the time of the reorganization at an amount sufficient to supply in dollars a greater or lesser amount than the accumulated earnings and profits as carried on the books of the old corporation. The fact is that here the assets were not so liquidated and the scheme of the statute is that the then existing actualities and realities are to be ignored and the new corporation taxwise takes the old as it stood, leaving to future transactions a determination of whether the ultimate workout will be greater or less or equal to the figures at which the new corporation took the assets over.

Accordingly, it seems to me that since Congress, by the enactment of section 112 (b) (10), which it made retroactive to years prior to the year in which the reorganization herein occurred, has so extended the scope of the reorganization provisions of the Code, we are not now at liberty to draw a line between a "voluntary tax-free reorganization" and one which was accomplished under section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act. If, then, it is properly to be concluded in the instant case that the accumulated earnings and profits of the old corporation did not go over to the new corporation, under the rule in the Sansome case, it must be for some other reason than that the creditors of the old corporation had "stepped into the shoes of the old stockholders" and the old corporation was reorganized under section 77B.

It is, of course, true that if the old corporation had, prior to the section 77B reorganization, paid the Montauk bonds, the said payments would have required an amount in excess of the accumulated earnings and profits and in the circumstances here, there would have been no accumulated earnings and profits to which the rule in the Sansome case could have applied. The facts are, however, that even though it be said that the liability on the Montauk bonds, which theretofore had been contingent, did become a present liability prior to the reorganization, neither the old corporation nor the new corporation ever paid that liability, but, under section 112 (b) (10), the bondholders, as a step in the section 77B reorganization, exchanged their bond interests for the stock of the new corporation which stock interests still continue, and the assets of neither the old nor the new corporation were diminished thereby, nor did either sustain any deductible loss by reason of such bonds. In any event, however, the Court, in its opinion, has not arrived at its conclusion on the basis or theory that the accumulated earnings and profits were consumed merely by the transition of the contingent liability under the bonds into a present liability separate and apart from the section 77B reorganization. Possibly that is because the old corporation kept its accounts and filed its returns on the cash basis, and a cash basis taxpayer does not sustain a deductible loss on a contract of guaranty, unless and until he actually makes payment under that guaranty. , and .

Whatever the correct reasoning and conclusion may be on the question here presented, I am unable to agree with the reasoning and conclusion as stated in the Court's opinion, and accordingly note my dissent.

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Footnotes

• *. Some of the persons entitled to receive stock assigned parts of their rights to others, and certificates were issued in accordance with the directions contained in such assignments.↩

• 1. Notably .↩

• 1. Senate Rept. No. 627, 78th Cong., 1st Sess.; Rept. No. 1079, 78th Cong., 2nd Sess., being the Report of the House Conferees on the bill to the House of Representatives.↩

• 2. SEC. 112. RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.

  * * * *

  (b) Exchanges Solely in Kind. --

  * * * *

  (10) Gain or Loss Not Recognized on Reorganization of Corporation in Certain Receivership and Bankruptcy Proceedings. -- No gain or loss shall be recognized if property of a corporation (other than a railroad corporation, as defined in section 77m of the National Bankruptcy Act, as amended) is transferred, in a taxable year of such corporation beginning after December 31, 1933 in pursuance of an order of the court having jurisdiction of such corporation --

  (A) in a receivership, foreclosure, or similar proceeding, or

  (B) in a proceeding under section 77B or Chapter X of the National Bankruptcy Act, as amended,

  to another corporation organized or made use of to effectuate a plan of reorganization approved by the court in such proceeding in exchange solely for stock or securities in such other corporation.

  * * * *

  (l) Exchanges by Security Holders in Connection With Certain Corporate Reorganizations. --

  (1) General Rule. -- No gain or loss shall be recognized upon an exchange consisting of the relinquishment or extinguishment of stock or securities in a corporation the plan of reorganization of which is approved by the court in a proceeding described in subsection (b) (10), in consideration of the acquisition solely of stock or securities in a corporation organized or made use of to effectuate such plan of reorganization.

  (2) Exchange Occurring in Taxable Years Beginning Prior to January 1, 1943. -- If the exchange occurred in a taxable year of the person acquiring such stock or securities beginning prior to January 1, 1943, then, under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, gain or loss shall be recognized or not recognized --

  (A) to the extent that it was recognized or not recognized in the final determination of the tax of such person for such taxable year, if such tax was finally determined prior to the ninetieth day after the date of the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1943; or

  (B) in cases to which subparagraph (A) is not applicable, to the extent that it would be recognized or not recognized under the latest treatment of such exchange by such person prior to December 15, 1943, in connection with his tax liability for such taxable year.

  SEC. 113. ADJUSTED BASIS FOR DETERMINING GAIN OR LOSS.

  (a) Basis (Unadjusted) of Property. -- The basis of property shall be the cost of such property; except that --

  * * * *

  (22) Property Acquired on Reorganization of Certain Corporations. -- If the property was acquired by a corporation upon a transfer to which section 112 (b) (10), or so much of section 112 (d) or (e) as relates to section 112 (b) (10), is applicable, then, notwithstanding the provisions of section 270 of the National Bankruptcy Act, as amended, the basis in the hands of the acquiring corporation shall be the same as it would be in the hands of the corporation whose property was so acquired, increased in the amount of gain recognized to the corporation whose property was so acquired under the law applicable to the year in which the acquisition occurred, and such basis shall not be adjusted under subsection (b) (3) by reason of a discharge of indebtedness pursuant to the plan of reorganization under which such transfer was made.

  See also section 113 (a) (6), also section 113 (b) (4), which, according to Report 1079, supra↩, was designed "to prevent reduction of the basis of the assets of the reorganized corporation by the amount of the indebtedness canceled in the proceeding in those cases in which the reorganization is consummated by the adjustment of the capital or debt structure of the existing corporation."