DocketNumber： Docket No. 111538
Citation Numbers： 1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163, 3 T.C. 509
Judges： Mellott
Filed Date： 3/24/1944
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 1/13/2023
1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*163
Petitioner during 1936, 1937, and 1938 borrowed several thousand dollars daily from two banks, upon demand, collateral notes secured by assigned accounts receivable. During 1939 it secured a line of credit from another bank under which notes secured by assigned accounts receivable were accepted. It was thus able to pay in full and discharge the indebtedness due the other two banks. It claims it is entitled, in 1939, to a dividends paid credit under
3 T.C. 509">*509 OPINION.
The Commissioner determined a deficiency in income tax in the amount of $ 2,197.95 and an overassessment1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*164 in declared 3 T.C. 509">*510 value excess profits tax in the amount of $ 72.62 for the calendar year 1939. Petitioner claims it has made an overpayment in income tax in the amount of $ 187.81, in addition to an overpayment in declared value excess profits tax, the total claimed overpayment being $ 260.43.
The sole charge of error is the refusal of the Commissioner to allow a dividends paid credit under
1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*165 Petitioner, a corporation organized in 1916 under the laws of Pennsylvania, is engaged in manufacturing rubber products, its principal place of business being in Philadelphia. An income and excess profits tax return for the calendar year 1939 was filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Pennsylvania, and taxes in the respective amounts of $ 26,517.12 and $ 683.61 were paid. The return was prepared on an accrual basis.
The adjusted net income shown by the return was $ 160,709.81. Respondent made several adjustments, none of which is contested, and determined the correct amount to be $ 160,183.31. He determined that petitioner is entitled to a credit of $ 44,655.83 under
In the petition it is alleged that petitioner, as at December 31, 1937, was indebted to the Frankford Trust Co. of Philadelphia (hereinafter called Frankford) in the amount of $ 148,747.491944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*166 and to the Second National Bank of Philadelphia (hereinafter called Second) in the amount of $ 105,587.41 "as revolving loans bearing 6% interest"; that as at December 31, 1938, the loans were in the amounts of $ 111,954.04 and $ 103,498.79; and that petitioner, during the taxable year, paid off the indebtedness to Frankford and reduced its obligation to Second by $ 53,498.79. These allegations are denied by the 3 T.C. 509">*511 respondent in his answer; but there is now no controversy between the parties as to the amount of the indebtedness at December 31, 1937, and December 31, 1938.
Under arrangements establishing credits over a definite period from January 25 to May 1, 1935, petitioner borrowed $ 100,000 from Frankford, issuing 13 notes in varying amounts and pledging its accounts receivable in an agreed ratio. When the accounts receivable were paid the payments were placed in a "special account," under the control of petitioner and Frankford, from which account Frankford would release funds provided sufficient new accounts receivable were pledged. This procedure was continued until August 26, 1935, when, at the insistence of Frankford's attorney, it was revised because the validity1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*167 of the collateral could be questioned by other creditors in the event petitioner had financial difficulties. On that date Frankford canceled $ 100,000 of petitioner's notes, charging $ 21,361.44 to its "special account" and $ 78,638.59 to its regular checking account. On the same date it advanced petitioner $ 91,700 on a new demand note secured by a schedule of the same accounts receivable which had previously been pledged on the $ 100,000 notes. The proceeds of the new demand note were deposited in petitioner's regular checking account and applied to the payment of the $ 78,638.59 above referred to.
The demand note contained the provisions usually found in a carefully prepared collateral note and recited,
Each demand note was secured by accounts receivable to an amount of par of the note and 10 percent to 33 1/3 percent more during the period from August 26, 1935, to September 1939. Collections on the pledged accounts receivable were applied first to the payment of the appropriate notes and any surplus was applied to the payment of the oldest unpaid note under the clause of the note by which the maker had agreed to deposit additional securities and property and to give Frankford a lien upon the property in its possession. Approximately once a month Frankford delivered to petitioner all notes of which payment in full had been effected in the manner indicated.
3 T.C. 509">*512 The arrangements for establishing credit are indicated by a supplemental stipulation of the parties from which it is found that petitioner's president and vice president applied to Frankford and Second in the year 1935 for the granting of credit to it. Frankford's 1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*169 directors, as shown by the minutes, first agreed "to lend Quaker * * * up to $ 50,000 to be secured by assignment of $ 75,000 of their open accounts." Later this was increased to "$ 75,000 to be secured by assignment of $ 112,500 of their open accounts," then to $ 150,000 "on assignment of their bills receivable on 66 2/3% basis," then the same amount on 75 percent basis and finally "to lend Quaker 83 1/3% of their bills receivable, provided this company is furnished with a $ 50,000 bond against fraudulent assignments or embezzlement." This bond was not given. On April 15, 1936, Frankford's officers were instructed by the directors "to secure $ 25,000 bond against fraudulent conversion and embezzlement in the Quaker * * * loans" and they were authorized to lend it "up to $ 120,000 to be secured by $ 160,000 bills receivable (on 75% basis) all loans to be accompanied by carbon copy of invoices." On April 22, 1936, a resolution of the directors was adopted "that Quaker * * * be granted credit of $ 140,000, to be secured by $ 187,500 of their bills receivable, carbon copies of invoices to be filed with us and $ 30,000 bond * * *." Bond in that amount with a corporate surety was given1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*170 to Frankford in April 1936. It was later replaced by a similar bond issued by another corporate surety. During a portion of 1937 petitioner was permitted to borrow on a 90 percent basis of assigned accounts receivable; but starting July 1, 1938, and continuing until 1939 loans were made only on a basis of 80 percent.
After August 26, 1935, petitioner pledged new accounts receivable each day with Frankford and gave it new demand notes. Customer's checks received by petitioner on the pledged accounts were endorsed by petitioner and turned over to Frankford each day. Frankford maintained a ledger account for petitioner, to which credit and debit entries were made practically every business day. Two typical days will illustrate how the records were kept. September 28, 1937, the amount owing was $ 135,866.06. On that date $ 2,297.14 was paid (by customer's checks) and $ 5,000 additional was borrowed; so at the close of business the aggregate indebtedness was $ 138,368.92. On the next day $ 5,312.42 was paid and $ 3,000 borrowed, the indebtedness at the close of the day being $ 136,056.50. The indebtedness fluctuated during the remainder of that year, the high being $ 149,630.50, 1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*171 the low $ 117,228.30, and the average 2 approximately $ 130,000. During 1938 the situation was somewhat the same. The high was $ 149,822.45, the low (September 23, 1938) $ 86,054.42, and the average
The arrangements between petitioner and Second bank, though differing in detail, were essentially the same as those between petitioner and Frankford. The record is silent as to what was said or done prior to 1937 except that a line of credit had been sought. Second's minutes indicate, however, that on September 22, 1937 its "officers were authorized to loan Quaker * * * temporarily, up to 90% of their accounts receivable which are assigned to us." This seems to have been the only recorded action1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*172 save the granting of "a line of 50,000" on December 20, 1939, following which an unsecured loan in that amount was made.
During 1935, 1936, and 1937 interest was charged on the indebtedness daily by Second but was paid by petitioner only once a month. The indebtedness to this bank from and after March 6, 1937, was approximately $ 100,000, 2 a typical day's transaction being the payment of $ 5,000 on account and the borrowing of an equal (sometimes greater and sometimes lesser) amount. The indebtedness at the end of the calendar year 1937 was $ 105,587.41 and at the end of the calendar year 1938, $ 103,498.79. The least amount of petitioner's indebtedness to Second prior to the taxable year was $ 67,643.98, on April 23, 1938.
A monthly summary of the notes issued by petitioner to Frankford, Second, and others during the years 1937, 1938, and 1939 is 1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*173 incorporated in the stipulation. They aggregate:
| Frankford | Second | Others | |
| 1937 | $ 1,661,500 | $ 830,900 | $ 13,000.00 |
| 1938 | 1,130,250 | 624,000 | 816,497.05 |
| 1939 | 720,950 | 493,900 | 1 2,732,329.20 |
In addition to borrowing upon its assigned accounts petitioner followed the practice of discounting its acceptances payable at the two banks and with other financial institutions. It also borrowed from other sources. The details need not be set out. It may be mentioned, however, that at the end of 1938 petitioner was indebted to Kensington National Bank in the amount of $ 117,269.12, the notes payable being secured by assigned accounts receivable.
"In July, 1939, petitioner negotiated with the First National Bank of Philadelphia for a line of credit secured by assigned accounts receivable and by so doing was able to pay in full and discharge the indebtedness secured by assigned accounts receivable which the petitioner had at that time with * * * Second * * * and Frankford." Thereafter the major portion of petitioner's borrowing was from this bank and its existing loans from Frankford and Second1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*174 were rapidly liquidated as hereinafter related.
3 T.C. 509">*514 During August and September of 1939 petitioner borrowed only small amounts from Frankford but continued to pay over to it the checks received from its customers upon the assigned accounts. The indebtedness was reduced during August from a high of $ 151,855.05 to $ 39,117.40 and during the first two weeks of September the amount owing was paid in full. In September and October its borrowing from Second also ceased, its indebtedness declining from a high of $ 120,530.67 to $ 13,848.59 on October 28, 1939, when final payment in that amount was made.
During August 1939 petitioner borrowed from First National $ 247,653.74 and from others $ 345,166.07. On December 31 of that year it was indebted to First National in the amount of $ 282,826.56, to Second in the amount of $ 50,000, and to others in the amount of $ 170,000, exclusive of its long term debt.
In addition to the long term debt of $ 212,900, which, as shown above, was reduced in 1939 to $ 193,910, petitioner had loans outstanding on December 31 of the years 1936 to 1940 inclusive as shown in the following schedule:
| 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | |
| Notes payable unsecured or | |||
| secured by merchandise | $ 13,000.00 | $ 4,585.50 | |
| Notes payable secured by | |||
| assigned accounts | 135,241.39 | $ 254,334.90 | 332,721.95 |
| Acceptances payable discounted | 58,819.02 | 96,852.08 | 67,333.33 |
| 1939 | 1940 | |
| Notes payable unsecured or | ||
| secured by merchandise | $ 181,000.00 | $ 250,000 |
| Notes payable secured by | ||
| assigned accounts | 275,309.36 | |
| Acceptances payable discounted | 55,975.21 |
During 1940 petitioner's long term debt was increased from $ 193,910 to $ 325,090.
The dividends paid credit claimed by petitioner is the aggregate of the indebtedness to Frankford on December 31, 1938 ($ 111,954.04) and the amount by which it claims it reduced its indebtedness to Second from the amount outstanding at the end of 1938 ($ 103,498.79 - $ 50,000, or $ 53,498.79), viz., $ 165,452.83. It may be noted that the indebtedness to Frankford had been reduced to $ 86,054.42 on September 23, 1938, later being increased to the amount shown above, and the indebtedness to Second had been reduced to $ 67,643.98 on April 23, 1938, later being increased to the amount shown above. Thus it would seem that the "indebtedness * * * existing at the close of business on December 31, 1937," which continued until paid in 1939, could not exceed $ 153,698.40; and, if petitioner's theory be adopted that the $ 50,000 owing to Second on December 31, 1939, was a continuance of the earlier indebtedness, the1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*176 amount paid during that year upon the 1937 indebtedness was $ 17,643.98 rather than $ 53,498.79. But the details of the computation need not trouble us at this juncture. We pass to a consideration of the larger and more difficult questions discussed by the parties.
3 T.C. 509">*515 Respondent seeks to justify his denial of the claimed credit on the assumption that, under the facts, no part of the indebtedness existing on December 31, 1937, continued in existence on January 1, 1939. He argues that the payments made in that year were upon indebtedness which came into existence after Jauary 1, 1938. Petitioner contends that the arrangements under which funds were secured from Frankford and Second constituted, in each instance, but a single contract loan, a "revolving fund," or a renewable credit loan; that the fact new notes were given to the banks from day to day does not require a conclusion the earlier ones were paid; that they were "really and substantially nothing but renewals of the same loans, over and over again"; and therefore that the major portion of the indebtedness existing at the close of business on December 31, 1937, was actually paid when, in 1939, it borrowed substantially1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*177 the same amount from First National and liquidated its indebtedness to the other two. Respondent, in the alternative, claims that if the indebtedness were a continuing one, as contended by petitioner, then petitioner "is impaled upon the contrary horn of the dilemma," since the facts show that "the debt was continued with a new creditor and not paid in 1939 within the meaning of
Petitioner's basic contention is that all the elements of a "revolving fund," as defined in
"Revolving fund" is a brief expression of recent coinage which usually refers to a renewable credit over a defined period. In simple parlance, it relates usually to a situation where a banker or merchant extends credit for a certain amount which can be paid off from time to time, and then1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*178 credit is again given not to exceed the same amount. It may also mean a fund which when reduced is replenished by new funds from specified sources.
In the cited case the War Department had contracted with the corporation for the manufacture and delivery of a large quantity of picric acid. By a supplemental contract it had made an advance payment to the contractor of $ 1,500,000 to be repaid by credits on delivery of the acid. The court said there was "no occasion to be confused by phrases when the relations of parties are clearly defined in written agreements" and held that the fund "was not a so-called revolving fund," pointing out that "there was no provision that the credit should remain $ 1,500,000, renewable from time to time * * *."
The case is of but slight aid in determining the question before us. Even if the definition were intended to be a comprehensive one, which 3 T.C. 509">*516 is doubtful, 3 it could not be found as a fact under the present record that either of the two banks had extended "renewable credit over a definite period" to petitioner or that either of them had furnished it a fund which, when reduced, would be replenished. The arrangement, especially after its1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*179 revision at the suggestion of Frankford's attorney, was nothing more than a day by day borrowing upon new demand notes secured by new assigned accounts. There was no continuing contract that petitioner would borrow or that the bank would lend any specific amount; nor was there any continuing debt, except such as was created by each demand note. The lender, at the insistence of its attorney, deliberately chose to see to it that this was so.
The mere fact that payments upon the pledged accounts were sometimes applied to the payment of the oldest unpaid note does not, in our judgment, indicate, as contended by petitioner, that the excess collateral "constituted a fund from which notes were paid in the order of their age." As shown in the stipulation of the parties, collections "were applied first to the payment of the appropriate notes" -- i. e., to the payment of the notes for which they1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*180 had been pledged as collateral. But inasmuch as petitioner was continuously indebteded to the banks upon other and later notes it was perfectly natural, and indeed contemplated by the notes and by the parties, that all payments should be applied to reduce the amount owing upon them. This, however, is not an indication that the series of notes constituted "renewals of the same loans, over and over again." As a matter of fact no renewal of a note was ever made.
So far we have considered only the applicable statute, which appears to be unambiguous. Petitioner, however, insists that some support for its view may be found in the regulations; so it is appropriate they be examined. The portion of section 19.27 (a)-3 (
1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 163">*181 The regulation makes no attempt to define renewal, but recognizes that an indebtedness may be continued "if the creditor remains the same and the transaction is in effect a renewal." Both conditions, 3 T.C. 509">*517 however, must exist. The mere fact that the creditor remains the same is not sufficient. Whether the transaction was, under the present facts, "in effect a renewal" is the essence of the present controversy. We are not convinced that it was. As pointed out above, no renewal of a note was ever made. Petitioner's practice, during the years 1936, 1937, and 1938 was to borrow, each business day, from $ 3,000 to $ 10,000 from each bank, assigning new accounts receivable. Old notes were paid off at substantially the same rate. There was no borrowing for the purpose of discharging, simultaneously, a "prior obligation," nor were the proceeds of any new loan "used to discharge the prior indebtedness." Petitioner's reliance upon the regulation, therefore, in our opinion, is of but slight aid to it.
The parties discuss, upon brief,
We are of the opinion and now hold that petitioner has failed to show it is entitled to a larger dividends paid credit under
1.
(a) Definition in General. -- As used in this chapter with respect to any taxable year the term "dividends paid credit" means the sum of:
* * * *
(4) Amounts used or irrevocably set aside to pay or to retire indebtedness of any kind, if such amounts are reasonable with respect to the size and terms of such indebtedness. As used in this paragraph the term "indebtedness" means only an indebtedness of the corporation existing at the close of business on December 31, 1937, and evidenced by a bond, note, debenture, certificate of indebtedness, mortgage, or deed of trust, issued by the corporation and in existence at the close of business on December 31, 1937, or by a bill of exchange accepted by the corporation prior to, and in existence at, the close of business on such date. Where the indebtedness is for a principal sum, with interest, no credit shall be allowed under this paragraph for amounts used or set aside to pay such interest. A renewal (however evidenced) of an indebtedness shall be considered an indebtedness.↩
2. The word "average," used several times hereinafter, means only the apparent average from a casual inspection of the account. No actual computation has been made.↩
2. The word "average," used several times hereinafter, means only the apparent average from a casual inspection of the account. No actual computation has been made.↩
1. $ 1,597,163.23 of this amount was borrowed from First bank after August 1939.↩
3. The court, immediately following the paragraph quoted above, expressed some doubt "whether these definitions are correct or not."↩
4. * * * Such renewal need not be evidenced by one of the types of instruments enumerated in
5. The cited case was reversed upon the first point -- whether the amounts distributed were dividends -- and the question discussed on page 349, which has some pertinency to the present issue, became moot. See