Friedman v. Commissioner

Estate of Nettie Friedman, Deceased, Louis K. Friedman, Executor, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Friedman v. Commissioner

Docket No. 9484

United States Tax Court

8 T.C. 68; 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 316;

January 17, 1947, Promulgated

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Decision will be entered under Rule 50.

The decedent created an irrevocable trust in 1930, at the age of 72, for the benefit of nephews and nieces and their children. She died in 1942 at the age of 85 and was survived by all of the nephews and nieces and their children who were living in 1930. The decedent retained a life estate in the trust, trust income being payable to her, but she did not retain any reversionary interest in the trust corpus. No other remaindermen were named to take the trust assets in the event the grantor survived all of the designated remaindermen. Held, that the value of the trust corpus is not to be included in the decedent's gross estate under section 811 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code. Estate of Edward P. Hughes, 7 T.C. 1348">7 T. C. 1348, followed.

Louis Caplan, Esq., for the petitioner.

Homer F. Benson, Esq., for the respondent.

Harron, Judge.

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HARRON

Respondent has determined a deficiency in estate tax in the amount of $ 13,740.43. There is one issue for decision; whether the corpus of an irrevocable trust which the decedent created on April 19, 1930, is includible in her gross estate under section 811 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended.

The parties have stipulated that attorney fees and expenses in connection with this proceeding which constitute proper deductions from the gross estate will be allowed as deductions upon submission of satisfactory showing to the respondent of payment thereof, and that such deductions will be given effect in a recomputation of the estate tax liability under Rule 50.

Petitioner claims that there is overpayment of estate tax.

The estate tax return was filed with the collector for the twenty-third district of Pennsylvania.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

Nettie Friedman, the decedent, was born on September 4, 1857; she died on March 20, 1942, at the age of 85 years.

On April 19, 1930, when she was a widow and 72 years of age, the decedent created an irrevocable trust. Her nephews, Sydney L. and Louis K. Friedman, were the trustees.

The decedent had no children. She had 2 nephews and 3 nieces, children of a deceased brother. They were living when the trust was created and when the grantor of the trust died. On April 19, 1930, the 5 nephews and nieces were of the following ages: 32, 34, 36, 38, and 41. All were married, and all except one had children. On April 19, 1930, there were living 5 grandnieces and grandnephews of the decedent. On March 20, 1942, these 5 grandnieces and grandnephews were living, and 3 more, who were born after April 19, 1930. The decedent was survived by 5 nephews and nieces and 8 grandnephews and grandnieces.

It was provided in the trust agreement that the trustees should pay all of the trust income to the grantor during her life; and that upon her death the trust should end, and the trustees should pay the entire principal of the trust, in equal shares, to such of the five named nephews and nieces "who are living at the time of Mrs. Friedman's death, and the then living children of any of the said two nephews and three nieces who are not living at the time of Mrs. Friedman's death, such children to take per stirpes and not per capita."

OPINION.

Respondent contends that the corpus of the trust is includible in the decedent's gross estate under the terms of section 811 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code. ^{section 811 (c).}

The trust agreement was irrevocable and the decedent retained no right to alter, amend, or modify the provisions thereof. The grantor of the trust made no provision for a reversion of the trust assets to herself or to her estate. She attached no strings to her gifts to the trustees. The grantor made transfers of property to trustees on April 19, 1930, which were not made in contemplation of death. The transfers of property were beyond recall by the decedent. Immediately prior to her death, the decedent had the right to receive the income of the trust, but that was her only interest in the trust corpus, and that interest was "obliterated" by her death. See May v. Heiner, 281 U.S. 238">281 U.S. 238.

The trust here in question is the same, for practical purposes, as the trust in May v. Heiner, supra.The decedent made gifts inter vivos to trustees in trust. The gifts took the form of a life estate in the grantor, with the remainder over to others at and after the grantor's death. It was held in May v. Heiner, supra, that "At the death of Mrs. May no interest in the property held under the trust deed passed from her to the living; title thereto had been definitely fixed by the trust deed." The holding of the Supreme Court was founded upon its holding in Reinecke v. Northern Trust Co., 278 U.S. 339">278 U.S. 339. This Court has understood the holding in May v. Heiner, supra, to be that "nothing passes by reason of the death of the life tenant. Such event merely terminates the life estate." Estate of Edward P. Hughes, 7 T. C. 1348. And we have adhered to the view that such rule stands. Estate of Edward P. Hughes, supra.We have adhered to that view, with recognition that the decision in Commissioner v. Bayne's Estate, 155 Fed. (2d) 475, represents a different interpretation from our interpretation of Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U.S. 106">309 U.S. 106, and of the subsequent cases of Commissioner v. Field, 324 U.S. 113">324 U.S. 113, and Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, 324 U.S. 108">324 U.S. 108. See, also, Estate of Joseph K. Cass, 3 T. C. 562.

The donees of the decedent's gifts were her nephews and nieces; and the children thereof were made the beneficiaries of the share of a deceased nephew or niece. Respondent presents the argument in this case, which he has advanced in other cases, that, by the happening of the contingency that all of the nephews and nieces and all of the grandnephews and grandnieces should predecease the decedent, the trust assets might return to the decedent or her estate by operation of law. In Estate of Joseph K. Cass, supra, we considered that argument ^{Hallock case applies where there has been no express retention by the grantor of any reversionary rights in the trust assets."}

Respondent has treated the trust involved here as a "survivorship" trust, despite the fact that the trust instrument contains no provision whatsoever for return of the trust property to the grantor or to her estate in the event that she should survive the beneficiaries. This Court has endeavored to draw the line properly between "survivorship" trusts and those which can not be classed as such. It serves no purpose to repeat what we have said before, but in Estate of Harris Fahnestock, 4 T. C. 1096, 1102, we said "The Hallock case is a classic example of a transfer conditioned on survivorship." In Estate of John C. Duncan, 6 T.C. 84">6 T. C. 84, 86, we recognized a survivorship trust by the grantor's retention of a reversionary interest; and in National City Bank of New York, Trustee, 7 T. C. 485, we found a survivorship trust. These cases were distinguished from Francis Biddle Trust, 3 T. C. 832. In Estate of Duncan it was said that in the Biddle case, and others which followed it, "the grantor of the trust had done everything possible to cut all ties to a reversion of the property."

In this case, respondent's chief concern is with the wording of the trust which provides that the trustees are to distribute the trust to the nephews and nieces of the decedent who are living at the time of the grantor's death. We understand that such wording suggests, in the respondent's interpretation of the trust agreement, an element of "survivorship." To his argument we find answer in the wording of section 811 (c). See the concurring opinion of Judge Opper in Frances Biddle Trust, supra.We must look to the intention of the grantor of the trust, and the instrument of transfer must be examined to show such intent. In Estate of Mary B. Hunnewell, 4 T. C. 1128, 1131, we observed from the trust instrument an intent on the part of the grantor that irrevocable transfers should take effect immediately as a gift to a class of those of her grandchildren who would attain the age of 21. In the trust of this decedent, the trust instrument shows an intent of the grantor to make irrevocable transfers to the trustees to take effect immediately, upon the transfers of property to the trustees, as a gift to a class consisting of those of her nephews and nieces who should be alive at the time of her death, or who, if any should predecease her, should leave children surviving. Only the untimely death of all of the members of the class, the nephews and nieces, and of all of the grandnephews and grandnieces, could accomplish a failure of the trust. But the decedent, the grantor of the trust, had done all that she could do to make completed gifts at the time of her transfers of property to the trustees, and she attached no strings to the gifts. She made no provision for return of the gifts to herself or to her estate.

In addition to the test of intention, "the framework of extrinsic circumstances" furnishes guidance in this case. See Frances Biddle Trust, supra, concurring opinion. The decedent was 72 years of age when she created the trust in question. The nephews and nieces were of ages which were in the prime of life, ranging from 32 to 41 years; and the 5 grandnephews and grandnieces were of ages ranging from 1 to 6 years. All of the nephews and nieces, except one had children. The decedent had no children of her own. Under these circumstances, a reasonable view is that the decedent, the grantor, had no thought of making transfers of property inter vivos with the intention that the property could revert to herself or to her estate, or could take effect only at or after her death. And the circumstance that the decedent did not make any more explicit provision in the trust instrument to cover the remote contingency that all of the beneficiaries might predecease her should be regarded as having little or no significance in this case because of the extrinsic circumstances, namely, her age and the respective ages on April 19, 1930, of her nephews and grandnephews and nieces and grandnieces.

We do not have here a so-called "survivorship" trust. We conclude that the issue presented is governed by our decisions and the rationale in Frances Biddle Trust, supra;Estate of Harris Fahnestock, supra; and Estate of Mary B. Hunnewell, supra.

It is held that the respondent erred in including the trust corpus in the decedent's estate.

In view of the stipulation which the parties have made regarding deduction of sums paid as attorney fees and costs, recomputation of the estate tax is necessary under rule 50.

Decision will be entered under Rule 50.

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Footnotes

• 1. Respondent relies upon the following cases as in support of his contention: Goldstone v. United States, 325 U.S. 687">325 U.S. 687; Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, 324 U.S. 108">324 U.S. 108; Commissioner v. Estate of Field, 324 U.S. 113">324 U.S. 113; Commissioner v. Estate of Girvin, 155 Fed. (2d) 1; certiorari denied, 329 U.S. 725">329 U.S. 725; Commissioner v. Bayne's Estate↩, 155 Fed. (2d) 475.

• 2. Estate of Joseph K. Cass, 3 T. C. 562, 564 and 565: "But this is a situation which is common to many trusts. See Commissioner v. Kellogg↩, 119 Fed. (2d) 54. Whenever a person makes a gift to a parent or to a son or daughter there is, of course, a possibility that by reason of the death of the donee the property may come back to the donor. Where, however, the gift is absolute its value is not to be included in the gross estate of the donor, provided it was not made in contemplation of death and that it took effect immediately. * * *"