DocketNumber： Docket No. 8292
Judges： Opper
Filed Date： 3/27/1947
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024
*250
1. Allowable deductions for expense incurred in the course of travel and for entertainment expense determined.
2. Termination of litigation in 1940, depriving petitioner of title to oil rights claimed by him,
3. Cash-basis petitioner, having properly reported royalties from such property as income received in cash in 1937, and being required by adverse court decree to make restitution,
*623 This proceeding involves a deficiency in income tax for the calendar year 1941 in the amount of $ 5,765.24. The issues raised by the pleadings involve the deductibility of (1) certain estimated entertainment expenses and estimated expenses incurred in the course of travel, (2) amounts paid in 1941 in discharge of liability on a judgment, and (3) petitioner's cost of land and expenses incurred in defense of title thereto, which title was adjudged by a state court to have been acquired by others by adverse possession.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Petitioner, an individual, kept his books during the calendar years 1937 and 1941 and prepared his income tax returns for those periods on the cash receipts and disbursements basis. The returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Illinois.
Petitioner and his brother Robert were associated in a joint venture known as O'Meara Bros., which was engaged in the business of producing and selling oil from wildcat wells drilled by it. During 1941 the joint venture produced oil from properties located in Jennings, Louisiana, and Mt. Carmel, Illinois, and conducted oil explorations and lease negotiations in the State of Texas. During the taxable year about 25 wells were operated at Mt. Carmel and the principal office of the venture was located there. Another office was maintained in Houston, Texas. The business of O'Meara Bros. required that petitioner, as well as his brother, do considerable traveling, the expense of which was to be borne by each associate individually.
As early as 1937 O'Meara Bros. was producing oil in Louisiana and had other oil interests in Texas. The Mt. Carmel oil production activities of petitioner and his brother were begun in 1940 and continued through 1945. From January*253 4, to April 22, 1941, as well as at various times thereafter, petitioner was registered at some Mt. *624 Carmel hotel. Because of the difficulty at that time in securing hotel accommodations, petitioner often retained accommodations at Mt. Carmel even though he was away from there for short periods.
During 1941 petitioner made frequent trips between Chicago and Mt. Carmel, a distance of about 300 miles. Train service between these points was infrequent and slow and for that reason petitioner often hired a taxi or otherwise secured transportation between Mt. Carmel and neighboring towns and cities which afforded more convenient transportation facilities to and from Chicago. (Such travel will be referred to hereinafter as "special trips.") These neighboring points included St. Louis, Missouri, which was about 150 miles from Mt. Carmel, Lawrenceville, Illinois, and Vincennes, Indiana, each about 25 miles distant, Centralia, Illinois, about 40 miles away, and Evansville, Indiana, about 35 miles away. In addition to his travels between Chicago and Mt. Carmel, petitioner also went during 1941 to Houston, Dallas, Beaumont, and Galveston, Texas, Natchitoches, Jennings, Lake Charles, *254 and Shreveport, Louisiana, Carbondale, Mt. Vernon, Harrisburg, Decatur, Wadsworth, and Urbana, Illinois, Joplin, Missouri, Hot Springs, Arkansas, Paducah, Kentucky, and New York City. Most of these trips were made by train or by plane and all of them were connected with the business of O'Meara Bros. Occasionally, petitioner traveled by automobile made available to him for use in the business of the joint venture. Through local use in and about Mt. Carmel and through travel over longer distances, this business automobile was driven about 60,000 miles during 1941. When petitioner did not use this automobile at Mt. Carmel, and when it was located there it was used by employees of O'Meara Bros. When the automobile was not available and petitioner was in some city other than Mt. Carmel, and occasionally when he was in Mt. Carmel, his local travel was done by taxi. Petitioner also maintained an automobile in Chicago for his personal use.
In the course of the above described travels petitioner was away from Chicago at least 241 days during 1941, made at least 63 hotel changes, and took at least 35 trips by plane or train.
The following schedule shows petitioner's estimates of his expenditures*255 for tips and taxi fare during the above travels and the five month's hotel registry at Mt. Carmel:
| Tips: | ||
| 63 hotel changes at $ 1 per average | $ 63.00 | |
| 35 trains and planes at $ 1.25 apiece | 43.75 | |
| 5 months at Mt. Carmel | 75.00 | |
| 241 days -- meals, including extra guests at 80 cents | 192.80 | |
| 374.55 | ||
| Taxi: | ||
| 35 train and plane trips -- 70 taxi fares at $ 1.25 | $ 87.50 | |
| Special trips -- 20 at $ 5 | 100.00 | |
| Miscellaneous taxi | 197.00 | |
| 384.50 | ||
*625 Petitioner's ordinary and necessary expense for tips and taxi fares in the taxable year 1941 is the amount of $ 379.52.
During petitioner's absence from Chicago and from Mt. Carmel it was often necessary for him to secure the services of stenographers and typists. Such services were required for the typing of contracts, leases, and letters with respect to the business of the joint venture. Petitioner estimated his cash expenditures for such services during 1941 at $ 200. The allowable amount for such expenditures is $ 50.
It was customary during 1941 for petitioner to entertain business associates at meals and also to hold special entertainment functions for such associates on numerous occasions. At one time during the*256 taxable year about 40 or 50 people who were landowners, suppliers of equipment, and other business acquaintances were invited to attend a barbecue given by O'Meara Bros. at Mt. Carmel, which petitioner estimates cost $ 150. On three occasions during the first 5 months of 1941 dinner parties at which 5 to 8 persons were present were given by petitioner at Mt. Carmel at an estimated cost of $ 30 for each occasion. Similar dinner parties, the cost of each being estimated at $ 30, were held at Houston in June of the taxable year, at Shreveport in July, at Mt. Carmel in October, and again in November, and in New York in December. Petitioner's expenditures for the three dinner parties given at Mt. Carmel in the total amount of $ 90 were ordinary and necessary business expenses.
Petitioner estimates that he paid an average of $ 6 per day for his meals and those of business associates whom he invited to have meals with him during the 241 days of 1941 when he was away from Chicago. This estimate is based on estimated averages of $ 1 to $ 1.25 for breakfast, $ 1.50 to $ 2 for lunch, and $ 3 to $ 3.50 for dinner. The allowable amount as money spent by petitioner for meals while he was away*257 from home in the pursuit of business during 1941 is $ 723.
On petitioner's income tax return for the calendar year 1941, $ 1,335 was reported as income from rents and royalties, and $ 61,519.78 was reported as income from the joint venture. The only deduction taken was $ 15,347.44 under item 16, "Other Deductions Authorized by law." On the schedule attached to the return in itemization of the deduction, traveling and entertaining expenses are listed at $ 6,517.01. Also itemized is depreciation on a 1941 Buick car in the amount of $ 349.20 and auto expenses in the amount of $ 96.46.
In determining the deficiency respondent disallowed $ 2,850.92 of the deduction for traveling and entertainment expenses. The explanation *626 given for the disallowance was "the absence of evidence to substantiate the deduction claimed for traveling and entertaining expenses in an amount greater than that allowable." The $ 3,666.09 allowed by respondent includes the following items:
| Hotel bills | $ 903.84 |
| Train and plane fares | 1,007.78 |
| Auto expense | 1,408.52 |
| Miscellaneous | 345.95 |
| Total | 3,666.09 |
The miscellaneous expenses allowed by respondent do not include any amounts for tips, *258 taxi fares, or meals while away from home.
| Royalty accumulated Nov. 1936 to Feb. 1937 | $ 1,117.59 | |
| Mar.1937. | Royalty for month of March, 1937 | 612.59 |
| Apr.1937, | ""Apr.1937 | 485.12 |
| May1937, | ""May1937 | 525.11 |
| June1937, | ""June1937 | 407.17 |
| July1937, | ""July1937 | 487.05 |
| Aug.1937, | ""Aug.1937 | 407.36 |
| Sept. 1937, | ""Sept. 1937 | 368.70 |
| Oct.1937, | ""Oct.1937 | 326.52 |
| Nov.1937, | ""Nov.1937 | 285.90 |
| Total royalty received | 5,023.11 | |
*259 In his income tax return for 1937, which was prepared March 14, 1938, petitioner reported $ 5,023.11 as royalties received from oil wells in Texas and deducted $ 1,381.36 as percentage depletion and $ 1,755.84 as traveling and auto expenses. Other items of income in the amount of $ 9,100 were shown in the return, but, due to a reported deficiency of $ 17,894.23 from the operation of O'Meara Bros., petitioner's taxable net income as shown by the return was a deficit amount of $ 6,908.32.
On June 16, 1937, F. C. Williams and wife filed in the District Court of Harris County, Texas, an action in trespass to try title to tract No. 141 of South Houston Gardens and for damages. The defendants named in the pleadings included petitioner and other parties of apparent *627 interest in the tract. On April 14, 1938, all previous citations having failed, a pluries citation was issued against petitioner in the trespass action and was served on May 16, 1938. On October 24, 1938, the district court, pursuant to a special verdict that the plaintiffs had maintained adverse possession of tract No. 141 for more than 10 years prior to February 8, 1935, rendered judgment against petitioner. The*260 court directed that writs of possession to the land issue to the plaintiffs and, in addition, ordered petitioner to pay the plaintiffs $ 7,381.76, with interest at 6 per cent from the date of judgment. The amount of the damages awarded was based upon the royalties of $ 5,023.11 paid to petitioner, as set forth above, plus royalties withheld by the oil producer in the amount of $ 2,358.65.
Petitioner appealed the district court decision by writ of error to the court of civil appeals. On January 25, 1940, the district court decision was reformed and affirmed, the reformation consisting of a reduction of the money award to the amount of royalties actually received by petitioner. Motion for rehearing was denied by the court of civil appeals on February 29, 1940.
In connection with the title litigation petitioner paid $ 474.35 as legal expense in 1938, and this amount was charged to profit and loss on his books. Additional legal expense in connection with the litigation was paid by petitioner in 1939 in the amount of $ 1,459.23.
In the calendar year 1941 petitioner paid to the plaintiffs in the district court action $ 5,719.40 representing the judgment liability in the amount of $ *261 5,023.11 and interest in the amount of $ 696.29. In consideration of these payments F. C. Williams and wife executed on February 19, 1941, a receipt and release to petitioner, which provided in part as follows:
* * * in consideration of the aforesaid sum of money, to us in hand paid, we do hereby fully and completely release the said M. P. O'Meara from the money judgment awarded against him by the final decree in the above styled cause, it being understood that this constitutes a release to M. P. O'Meara of only the said money judgment, and is not a release of any of the property rights adjudicated in favor of the undersigned by the final decree in said cause.
In his income tax return for 1939 petitioner deducted as loss $ 5,433.58, a total of the cost to him of tract No. 141 and the legal expenses incurred in 1938 and 1939 in defense of the title thereto. Respondent disallowed the deduction, with the explanation that the loss was not sustained in 1939 under
In his income tax return for 1941 petitioner deducted as "royalty refund, J. C. Kelly royalty $ 5,719.40." This deduction was disallowed by respondent. Petitioner did not deduct on his *262 1941 return any amount as loss sustained by reason of the adverse decision as to the title of tract No. 141.
*628 OPINION.
*263 We think the objection is well founded. The dispute here is solely as to the allowance of deductions for estimated tips, cost of meals, taxi fare, stenographic services, and entertainment expenses, all of which estimated amounts petitioner contends were paid by him on certain business trips which he made in 1941. It seems clear that petitioner's entire train and plane fares on these trips and his total hotel bills at the destinations have been allowed by respondent, which allowance could have been predicated only on the theory that Chicago was petitioner's "home." The testimony of the examining revenue agent, the explanation of the disallowance in the deficiency notice, and the opening statement of counsel for respondent at the hearing are all to the effect that respondent's position simply was that petitioner had not proved the amount of the expenditures claimed to have been made. That expenditures of the nature ascribed to them by petitioner were deductible if so made, and that the trips, including those to Mt. Carmel, were away from petitioner's "home" were never, it seems, the subject of controversy between the parties. We do not mean to say that petitioner is thereby relieved*264 from proving the elements of deductibility of the items in question, but in our view the standard of proof to which he may in good conscience be held is affected.
There is substantial evidence here indicating that petitioner's stay in Mt. Carmel was temporary and that he was not regularly engaged in business there during 1941. The drilling and operating of wildcat oil wells in three states and negotiating for the acquisition of oil interests is in its nature, we think, a business more conducive to temporary residence than to the maintenance of fixed headquarters. At least this appears to have been so in the case of O'Meara Bros. The Mt. Carmel office was established in 1940, when they began drilling there. The joint venture maintained an office in Houston, Texas, as *629 well as Mt. Carmel, during the taxable year and later moved the Mt. Carmel office to Shreveport, Louisiana, even though oil production at Mt. Carmel continued. It appears from the conflicting evidence that, although petitioner was registered at some Mt. Carmel hotel for the first five months of 1941, the entire time spent there by him during the year was little more than that spent at Chicago. The remaining*265 approximately one-third year was spent in travel and temporary stay at one of the many other points he visited. Petitioner's income tax returns for 1937 and for 1941 disclosed that his residence was in Chicago. Petitioner testified that he had business there and, while this testimony is in no detail, either from direct or cross-examination, we think respondent reasonably took the view prior to the preparation of his brief that travel by petitioner from Chicago to Mt. Carmel was travel away from "home." Under these circumstances, we think respondent should not now be allowed to present over objection a contention which petitioner urges would, if made earlier, have caused him to introduce evidence which is not in the present record.
Expenditures such as are here involved are of a nature which we have recognized to be reasonably susceptible of estimate. See, e. g.,
Petitioner's estimates are, in our opinion, in each instance fraught with considerable uncertainty as to business purpose, actual expenditure by petitioner, and amount. He testified generally, and we have found, that the travels were made in connection with the business of O'Meara Bros. This does not establish, however, the duration of the business activity at the destination or the business purpose of many of the estimated expenditures. After testifying positively to the dates and destinations of his 1941 journeys, petitioner offered practically no information as to the business activities undertaken on arrival. This deficiency in evidence goes to each estimated expenditure made during petitioner's stay at his various destinations. In many instances its effect is that the expenses deducted appear to be based on estimates as to amounts, assumptions as to purpose, and liberal guesses as to frequency.
There is little testimony on which to base estimates of the amount of the intercity taxi travel made by petitioner in the course of business activity. As to the "special trips," petitioner's estimate assumes an expenditure for that purpose on every occasion where his transportation*267 receipt or memorandum indicates travel between Chicago and one of the points near Mt. Carmel. We can not overlook the likelihood *630 that the joint venture's business automobile was on occasions used for such purpose or that the trip was made with an acquaintance at no cost to petitioner. These lapses of proof are not cured by the appearance of a very conservative estimate of the cost of such travel. It is likewise assumed by petitioner that he hired a taxi to and from each transportation terminal on every one of his 35 trips.
Petitioner's testimony as to his estimates of tips is unpersuasive in similar respects. Not only do the amounts appear liberal, but the approximated frequency of the expenditures assumes a clocklike repetition of the occasion for such gratuities. For example, even though he was away part of the time, the Mt. Carmel tips during the first five months of 1941 are computed at 50 cents per day. Petitioner's testimony that he carries "a lot of luggage, five bags" is, in our view, too general to support the full amount of the estimates for tips to hotel and train or plane porters. We have therefore determined that 50 per cent of the estimated amounts expended*268 for tips and taxi fare is allowable for such service. Accordingly, we hold that such determined amount is deductible by petitioner.
We think petitioner's evidence as to the necessity for and extent of stenographic service paid for by him while traveling is also too undetailed to establish $ 200 as a reasonable estimate therefor. The testimony is particularly unconvincing in view of the fact that the joint venture maintained offices at Mt. Carmel and at Houston during the year. A more persuasive effort to meet his burden of proof would have included some definitely establishable facts as to leases or contracts negotiated and typed during the travels. No evidence of that nature was offered. It appears also from a schedule submitted in evidence by petitioner, and received for limited purposes only, that the $ 345.95 allowed by respondent as a deduction of miscellaneous expense may have included some amounts expended for stenographic service. We have found that $ 50 is the allowable amount for stenographic services during the course of petitioner's travels in 1941. Accordingly, we hold that $ 50 is deductible for such service.
As to entertainment expenses, petitioner testified *269 that O'Meara Bros. gave a barbecue at Mt. Carmel estimated to cost $ 150. Accepting the business purpose of such event, we can not allow petitioner a deduction therefor, since the evidence does not show that he, rather than the joint venture, bore the cost thereof. The same fundamental deficiency in proof exists with respect to the dinner parties testified to, with the exception of the three occasions during the first five months of 1941. We have found that $ 90 is allowable for the expenditures for the three occasions last mentioned, and we hold that petitioner is entitled to a deduction in such amount therefor.
*631 The estimate of meal expense is stated by petitioner to include the cost of entertaining business associates. In this respect petitioner testified:
* * * I used to have people with me, and it would run that up from that. I would have one or two guests as a rule when I was out of town, and at Mt. Carmel, every day, there would be somebody extra, and I could not let them pay the check under the circumstances I was in.
The sweeping generality of these statements in itself suggests hesitancy in accepting the estimate. Further evidence is, in our opinion, necessary*270 to support an allowance based in part on entertainment purportedly extended with such regularity. Moreover, it appears from the record that petitioner has been allowed a deduction of $ 903.84 for hotel expenses incurred during the taxable year, and we are given no information as to the items included in such allowance. In evaluating the evidence relied upon to prove the deduction for meal expense, we bear in mind the possibility that the allowance for hotel charges included in at least some instances the meal expense which petitioner now estimates. We have determined and found that $ 723, or one-half of the amount claimed, is allowable to petitioner as meal expense incurred while away from home in the pursuit of business. He is, therefore, entitled to a deduction in such amount.
Our ultimate findings of fact as to allowable deductions to petitioner are predicated upon the belief that petitioner did incur some expenses with respect to each of the estimated items. The indefiniteness and generally unsatisfactory nature of the testimony, as pointed out above, has required, however, that we use our best judgment in determining the minimum unrecorded amounts actually expended by the*271 taxpayer for the purposes alleged. Such determinations are made pursuant to our established practice based upon the
A loss is deductible when it is sustained; that is, in the taxable year of the occurrence of an identifiable event which fixes the loss by closing the transaction with respect thereto.
We see no basis for concluding that petitioner's capital investment in the land was lost in 1941. In 1940 it became clear beyond doubt that prior to 1936 the plaintiffs had acquired indefeasible title to the land by adverse possession. With the unsuccessful exhaustion in 1940 of his rights of appeal in the Texas courts, petitioner's loss of title became subject to no contingencies. Cf.
But it is not the rule that in addition to reporting*275 the item as income, the effect must be to create a taxable situation and require the payment of a tax. Respondent's regulations on this general situation themselves fail to go so far. Regulations 103, section 19.23 (k)-2, provides only that "worthless debts arising from unpaid wages, salaries, rents, and similar items of taxable income will not be allowed as a deduction
* * * requested whether certain profits included in the taxpayer's income tax returns for the years 1928 and 1929 should be eliminated therefrom because in a later year he was required to account for such profits to another.
* * * *
In the instant case the taxpayer received the income under a claim of right and without restriction as to its disposition. On authority of the cases cited herein this office is of the*276 opinion that the profits in question should not be eliminated from the taxpayer's gross income for the years 1928 and 1929, but that
No reference is made to the tax consequences of the original treatment of the income, and no suggestion appears that the result is limited to situations where a tax becomes collectible because of the inclusion in gross income.
If, at this late date, such an additional requirement should be imposed, it would seem at least to call for congressional action. But it is doubtful whether the disadvantages of any such a proposition would not outweigh its benefits. At least in certain situations a taxpayer has suffered a "tax detriment" by the process of using up deductions to offset income. There are many possibilities that the choice of a year in which a deduction may be taken is completely or virtually at the taxpayer's option. Familiar instances are such items as partially *634 worthless debts, payments of deductible expenses by one on a cash basis, and the taking of capital losses by sales. *277 If such action is affirmatively chosen by a taxpayer for the purpose of offsetting the income of a particular year, the deduction will not be available to him in a subsequent year. Failure then to treat the income involved as having thereby acquired a basis has the consequence in substance of depriving the taxpayer entirely of the benefit of those deductions. While that may not have been the situation here, it is germane to the consideration of any principle designed for universal application.
Nor can respondent be sustained by the fortuitous circumstance that this income turned out to have been subject to repayment because the petitioner was unsuccessful in the state court litigation. Petitioner's obligation to report the income in the prior year was unavoidable; it was so reported; and such treatment was proper. The royalties were claimed as of right with every apparent prospect that they would be retained.
Respondent points out, however, that not all of the royalties were actually returned as taxable income, since the depletion deduction was taken, and by its effect became tantamount to an elimination of a corresponding amount of royalties. To this extent, respondent's position appears to be correct, and the amount of loss for which petitioner is entitled to the deduction must be limited by the net amount of royalty income reported for tax purposes after deducting for depletion. It makes little difference whether the depletion*279 deduction be viewed as a diminution of income, thereby resulting in effect in a reporting by petitioner of only the net amount of 72 1/2 per cent of the royalties received rather than 100 per cent; or whether we recognize that the depletion deduction is permitted to one in the position of an owner of the oil in place or of a depletable interest therein, and that when it developed that petitioner was not the owner the deduction became erroneous, and petitioner is required to include the deducted amount as income in the year when that situation appears; see
Hill,
The record establishes the following*280 essential facts pertaining to this issue:
1. Petitioner received the royalties in question in 1937 under a claim of right.
2. He properly reported the royalties as income in his tax return for that year because he claimed ownership thereof and the right to receive them.
3. Petitioner neither incurred any tax burden nor paid any tax by virtue of so reporting the royalties as income.
4. Petitioner did not own the royalties and had no rightful claim thereto.
5. The royalties cost petitioner nothing either in money, property, or services and they were not the increment of property owned by petitioner.
6. Petitioner paid the royalties over to their rightful owners in 1941 under judicial compulsion.
7. Petitioner claimed a deduction in his income tax return for 1941 and the respondent denied the deduction.
From the above recited facts it follows that petitioner lost no property or property right by paying the royalties over to their owners, for the reason that he neither owned the royalties nor had an investment therein. One can not sustain a loss in respect of property to which he had neither title nor in which he had no investment. Loss does not spring from a zero base. One must first*281 have something before he can lose it. There are ways of acquiring ownership of property even without giving something in exchange, but merely taking or receiving property under a claim of right and reporting it as income in a tax return is not one of such ways. In the instant case, even if by the return of the royalties as income petitioner had sustained a tax burden, he would not thereby have acquired ownership of the royalties. It is true that under such circumstances petitioner would be entitled to a deduction in the year of their refundment in the amount of the royalties taxed to him, but not for the reason he had sustained a property *636 loss represented by the royalties (which he never owned and in which he had no investment). The deduction would be allowable merely as a compensatory factor to offset the tax burden incurred by returning the royalties as income in a prior year. But where, as in the instant case, no tax burden or other economic burden was imposed upon petitioner by his receipt of the royalties and their return as income, there is totally absent any basis in law or upon equitable considerations for allowance of the deduction here claimed. It is inconceivable*282 to me that Congress contemplated or intended that a deduction for property loss should be allowed when there has been no property loss, or that a deduction should be allowed as a compensatory matter when there is nothing for which compensation can be made. It is, therefore, my view that the deduction here allowed by the majority is an unwarranted gratuity.
The majority holds that:
Under these circumstances, for every tax purpose, the 1937 income from these royalties was the property of the petitioner. His inclusion of them in his gross income gave him a basis for gain or loss. He has now suffered that loss and, because he must be granted the opportunity to recover the basis so established, the deduction should have been allowed.
I think the foregoing statement fails to take into account every salient fact other than that petitioner received the royalties under a claim of right and reported them as income. It is clear that petitioner, himself, created the concept, for tax purposes, that the royalties were his property by receiving them under the claim of ownership and an unrestricted right to receive them. It thereby became his duty to report them as income. But there are other*283 subsequently developed facts in the case which prevent that concept from carrying through and being made the premise of the above indicated syllogistic conclusion of the majority that petitioner sustained a loss of property and is therefore entitled to the deduction claimed. It seems to me that such conclusion can only be reached by continuing the fictional concept of ownership and ignoring facts which not only completely refute petitioner's claim of ownership and the right to receive the royalties, but affirmatively establish that he neither sustained loss of property by refundment of the royalties to their rightful owners nor economic burden by receiving and reporting them as income. It appears to me to go beyond the horizon of realism and to substitute fiction for fact to hold that "for
I can not agree, therefore, with the holding that "for every tax purpose" the royalties were petitioner's property. Notwithstanding the adroit language employed in the above quoted statement of the majority, the solid fact remains that petitioner sustained no loss and *637 *284 incurred no economic burden in respect of the royalties in question. The established doctrine that realities are the guides to the determination of tax liability should obtain here.
A number of authorities are cited as supporting the majority opinion. In none of those authorities does it appear that the fact situation presented the question presented by the fact situation here, namely, whether the refundment to the owner of income which the taxpayer had erroneously received under a claim of right and reported as income without any tax consequence entitles the taxpayer to a deduction therefor.
A statement in a case to the effect that income received under a claim of right and reported as income entitles a taxpayer to a deduction therefor if in a subsequent year the income is properly paid over to some one else as rightful owner, is dictum respecting the question we have here unless it appears in the facts of such case that there was no tax consequence to the taxpayer.
1.
In computing net income there shall be allowed as deductions:
(a) Expenses. --
(1) Trade or business expenses. --
(A) In General. -- All the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business, including a reasonable allowance for salaries or other compensation for personal services actually rendered; traveling expenses (including the entire amount expended for meals and lodging) while away from home in the pursuit of a trade or business; * * *↩
2.
* * * *
(b) Exclusions from Gross Income. -- The following items shall not be included in gross income and shall be exempt from taxation under this chapter:
* * * *
(12) Recovery of bad debts, prior taxes, and delinquency amounts. -- Income attributable to the recovery during the taxable year of a bad debt, prior tax, or delinquency amount, to the extent of the amount of the recovery exclusion with respect to such debt, tax, or amount. For the purposes of this paragraph:
* * * *
(D) Definition of Recovery Exclusion. -- The term "recovery exclusion", with respect to a bad debt, prior tax, or delinquency amount, means the amount, determined in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, of the deductions or credits allowed, on account of such bad debts, prior tax, or delinquency amount, which did not result in a reduction of the taxpayer's tax under this chapter (not including the tax under