David C. and Betty B. Burwell, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent; James L. Harrold, Petitioner v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
*131 Decisions will be entered for the respondent.
Petitioners formed charter congregations of the Universal Life Church, Inc., Modesto, opened bank accounts in the name of Universal Life Church, Inc., of which they were sole signatories, and paid various living and personal expenses from such accounts. Held:
1. Petitioners did not make gifts to a tax-exempt organization when they transferred funds into the bank accounts. Held, further, petitioners' charter congregations were not such an integral part of Universal Life Church, Inc., Modesto, as to also be tax-exempt at the time of the fund transfer.
2. Petitioners are liable for additions to tax under sec. 6653(a), I.R.C. 1954.
3. Petitioner Harrold is liable for an addition to tax under the provisions of sec. 6661(a), I.R.C. 1954. Held, further, under the facts, the listing on the tax return of a charitable contribution to "Universal Life Church, Inc., Modesto, Ca." was a falsehood and did not represent adequate disclosure within the meaning of sec. 6661(b)(2)(B)(ii), I.R.C. 1954, so as to reduce the amount of the understatement of tax.
4. Damages under sec. 6673, I.R.C. 1954, are awarded to the United States.
Darrell*132 V. Rippy and Leda G. Williams, for the petitioners in docket No. 22943-83.
Darrell V. Rippy, Leda G. Williams, and William L. Manuel, for the petitioner in docket No. 9585-84.
Elaine T. Fuller, for the respondent.
Featherston, Judge. Buckley, Special Trial Judge. Sterrett, Chabot, Nims, Parker, Whitaker, Korner, Shields, Hamblen, Cohen, Clapp, Swift, Wright, Parr, Williams, and Wells, JJ., agree with this opinion. Jacobs, J., concurs in the result. Gerber, J., did not participate in the consideration of this case.
FEATHERSTON; BUCKLEY
*581 OPINION
These consolidated cases were assigned to Special Trial Judge Helen A. Buckley pursuant to the provisions of section 7456(d) (redesignated sec. 7443A(b) by sec. 1556 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2755) and Rules 180 and 181. *133 OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE
Buckley, Special Trial Judge: Docket No. 22943-83, David C. and Betty B. Burwell, was tried first; subsequently, its record was incorporated by reference into the record in docket No. 9585-84, James L. Harrold. The two cases were consolidated for purposes of briefing and opinion.
Respondent determined deficiencies in Federal income taxes and additions to tax for 1980 and 1981 for the Burwells as follows: *582
On their returns, the Burwells reported total contributions of $ 23,771 and $ 22,468, for 1980 and 1981, respectively. The deduction for 1980 was subject to the 50-percent limitation of sec. 170, and the balance of the deduction was claimed as a carryover to their 1981 year. Respondent disallowed all of the above deductions.
*136 The Burwells, Docket No. 22943-83
David and Betty Burwell were both employed during 1980 and 1981. David was an engineer and Betty a teacher's aide. They received compensation for services as follows:
In docket No. 22943-83, the Burwells filed a motion to limit our jurisdiction. In it they contend --
the Court does not have the jurisdiction to determine, on the merits, the identity and extent of the donee organization or whether the donee organization is a qualified organization under section 170(c)(2), except to the extent the Court may take notice that ULC was listed during the taxable years in issue in the Cumulative List of Organizations described in Section 170(c), Publication 78, Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Service.
The gist of their argument is that because ULC Modesto is not a party to this proceeding, it is a violation of the due process of ULC Modesto to adjudicate petitioners' cases. The Burwells also filed an amendment to their petition, making essentially the same argument.
We agree that ULC Modesto is not a party to this litigation, but we are somewhat bemused by the Burwells' making this*147 argument since their main argument in these cases has been that they are an integral part of ULC Modesto, that they are one and the same as ULC Modesto. Indeed, Rev. Hensley testified that he could call a meeting of any congregation in the country "because I am the Chairman of any Board of anywhere in the country." Despite the anomaly of their assertions, the exempt status of ULC Modesto is not at issue here. The issue to be decided is whether respondent's determination of the disputed deficiencies was erroneous and that turns on whether the Burwells made deductible contributions to an organization qualified under section 170(c). The Burwells' motion will be denied.
It is not necessary for this Court to make any determination in these cases in regard to the tax status of ULC Modesto, a matter we leave to the U.S. Claims Court where that issue is now pending. *148 *589 2. Petitioners' "Contributions"
Petitioners in both cases contend that the bank accounts into which they deposited the amounts for which they claimed contribution deductions in fact belonged to ULC Modesto, and from this they argue that they are entitled to the deductions claimed.
Petitioners' only possible statutory basis for a deduction turns upon the provisions of section 170(a) which allows a deduction for "any charitable contribution (as defined in subsection (c)) payment of which is made within the taxable year." Subsection (c) defines "charitable contribution" to mean "a contribution or gift to or for the use of" certain entities organized and operated exclusively for, inter alia, religious or charitable purposes, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any individual.
Neither the statute nor the regulation defines what is meant by "contribution or gift." Foster v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 34">80 T.C. 34, 222 (1983), affd. on this issue 756 F.2d 1430">756 F.2d 1430 (9th Cir. 1985). The expression "charitable contribution" as used in section 170 is synonymous with the word "gift." Sec. 170(c); DeJong v. Commissioner, 36 T.C. 896">36 T.C. 896, 899 (1961),*149 affd. 309 F.2d 373">309 F.2d 373 (9th Cir. 1962). A gift is the by-product of "detached and disinterested generosity" given "out of affection, respect, admiration, charity or like impulses." Commissioner v. Duberstein, 363 U.S. 278">363 U.S. 278, 285 (1960). A gift lacks legal or moral obligation and the inducement of anticipated benefit. Commissioner v. Duberstein, supra at 286.
We stated our own test in DeJong v. Commissioner, supra at 899:
*590 A gift is generally defined as a voluntary transfer of property by the owner to another without consideration therefor. If a payment proceeds primarily from the incentive of anticipated benefit to the payor beyond the satisfaction which flows from the performance of a generous act, it is not a gift. * * *
Whether a donation has been made is a question of fact. Johnson v. Commissioner, 48 T.C. 636">48 T.C. 636, 639 (1967). We find that petitioners never intended to make, and in fact never did make, contributions to ULC Modesto.
Petitioners would have us believe that they gave substantial sums to ULC Modesto by depositing*150 them in accounts bearing the name Universal Life Church, Inc. They have submitted numerous canceled checks in their futile attempt to prove this contention. In examining their intention in regard to these transfers, we find these transactions were not gifts. By those checks, petitioners transferred funds into bank accounts which were nominally in the name of Universal Life Church, Inc., but with respect to which they alone had signatory authority. Despite their testimony that they believed ULC Modesto could take over these accounts -- testimony we find incredible -- petitioners believed that they had full and complete control of the bank accounts. This is evidenced clearly by the checks which they wrote on the accounts. They used these accounts as any individual would use their personal checking accounts. They paid house mortgages, rent, utility costs, automobile costs, property tax bills, insurance bills, medical bills, school tuition, textbook costs, and so forth. None of the petitioners placed the bank deposits beyond their dominion and control.
*152 Section 262 provides "Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, no deduction shall be allowed for personal, living, or family expenses." Petitioners cannot, through their mail-order "churches," translate their personal expenses into deductible charitable contributions. We are reminded of the pithy language of Judge Kaufman of the Second Circuit in Mone v. Commissioner, 774 F.2d 570">774 F.2d 570 (1985), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court:
Every year, with renewed vigor, many citizens seek sanctuary in the free exercise clause of the first amendment. They desire salvation not from sin or from temptation, however, but from the most earthly of mortal duties -- income taxes. * * *
To the extent that petitioners made payments to the Church of Universal Harmony, the evidence reveals that such payments were for bookkeeping assistance and like matters. Apart from the fact that the record does not show that organization was a qualified one, such payments cannot constitute contributions, as petitioners expected a commensurate benefit in return. See, e.g., Hernandez v. Commissioner, 819 F.2d 1212 (1st Cir. 1987), affg. *153 an unreported decision of this Court; Murphy v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 249">54 T.C. 249 (1970); DeJong v. Commissioner, supra.
3. Private Inurement
Section 170, in defining a charitable contribution or gift, limits deductibility to gifts made to those certain organizations "no part of the net earnings of which inures to the *592 benefit of any * * * individual." Had we held that petitioners in fact had made gifts to ULC Modesto, we would nonetheless refuse to allow the deductions in question. The pervasive use of the so-called ULC Modesto accounts by all petitioners herein for purely personal and family expenses clearly results in self-inurement to them of a type which would result in any such organization falling outside the statutory guidelines for the allowance of the deduction. See, e.g., Smith v. Commissioner, 800 F.2d 930">800 F.2d 930 (9th Cir. 1986), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Davis v. Commissioner, 806">81 T.C. 806 (1983), affd. by unpublished opinion, 767 F.2d 931">767 F.2d 931 (9th Cir. 1985); Miedaner v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 272">81 T.C. 272 (1983).*154
4. One Universal Life Church Organization
Our holding above that none of these petitioners made contributions to a tax-exempt entity when they transferred funds into the bank accounts, as a practical matter, resolves the substantive issues in these cases. We nevertheless proceed to consider what was to be petitioners' main argument in these cases: that the various congregations affiliated with ULC Modesto are in fact one and the same as ULC Modesto and thus they fall within the tax-exempt status of ULC Modesto during the years in question. We have considered and rejected this argument in cases too numerous to mention. Thus, in Davis v. Commissioner, supra at 815, we held that "ULC Modesto's exemption is not a group exemption" citing numerous holdings to like effect in Memorandum Opinions. See also Smith v. Commissioner, supra; Universal Life Church (Full Circle) v. Commissioner, 83 T.C. 292 (1984).
The Ninth Circuit, in Hall v. Commissioner, 729 F.2d 632">729 F.2d 632 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court, in considering another so-called contribution*155 to ULC Modesto under circumstances almost identical to those at bar, stated (p. 634), "The courts have repeatedly held that exemptions for parent churches do not automatically carry over to local congregations." See also Rager v. Commissioner, 775 F.2d 1081 (9th Cir. 1985), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Kalgaard v. Commissioner, 764 F.2d 1322">764 F.2d 1322*593 (9th Cir. 1985), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court.
Nevertheless, we once again consider the question in light of the testimony of petitioners' expert witness on business organizations. Petitioners argue that as a matter of law, their congregations are a part of ULC Modesto, somewhat akin to that of a corporation with separate divisions or branch offices. Petitioners, in support of their thesis, offered the testimony of an expert in business organizations and associations. He concluded that, because the various congregations are formed under the authority of a ULC Modesto resolution, operate under the ULC Modesto name, and write checks on accounts labeled Universal Life Church, Inc., they are one and the same organization. He analogized each petitioner*156 as a sole shareholder in a corporation, with the signatory power to disburse the corporate funds. He was also impressed by the fact that the ULC Modesto bylaws provided that any ordained ULC Modesto minister was an associate member of the "church" (ULC Modesto), and as such, that person had a duty to use church funds for the good and for purposes of the organization. The fact that the funds might not have been so used, he opined, merely served to indicate a breach of fiduciary responsibility, not a change in the perceived relationship between ULC Modesto and its congregations. Petitioners' expert arrived at his conclusions by reviewing the paper record between ULC Modesto and the congregations. We, however, take a different approach.
For purposes of Federal income tax law, the substance of a transaction rather than its form is controlling. Kingsbury v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 1068">65 T.C. 1068, 1083, 1085 (1976); Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465">293 U.S. 465 (1935). The test is what the parties intended, their agreement, and their conduct in executing its provisions. Commissioner v. Culbertson, 337 U.S. 733">337 U.S. 733, 742 (1949).*157 Other than the self-serving testimony of petitioners, the record fails to reveal that they forwarded reports of their activities to ULC Modesto; it fails to reveal any review by ULC Modesto of any of the activities of petitioners; it fails to reveal any dominion or control by ULC Modesto over the person, assets, or activities of these petitioners, or any legal right to do so. What the record *594 does reveal is a pattern of petitioners continuing their various activities in life -- personal, social, professional, and economic -- in the same manner after adopting the charter of ULC Modesto as they had conducted themselves prior to their accession to ministerial credentials and charterhood. Miedaner v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. at 281, "The church account was simply a magic wand whereby personal expenses were converted into tax deductions." *158
5. Additions to Tax
Petitioners did not address any of the additions to tax in their briefs but devoted their entire argument to their claim for the deductions. We are not sure whether their briefs were intended to concede the additions to tax or whether their failure to discuss them was an oversight. We shall, therefore, discuss each addition to tax briefly.
(a) Section 6653
Respondent determined that petitioners are liable for the additions to tax under section 6653(a). The burden of proving these additions were improper rests on petitioners and they have failed to meet*159 their burden. They have failed to show that the underpayments were not due to negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations. See Hall v. Commissioner, 729 F.2d at 635. Petitioners must have known that they could not convert their personal expenses into deductions by the simple expedient of setting up their bank account in the name of the Universal Life Church, Inc. We find that petitioners were negligent in claiming these deductions, and in the case of petitioner Harrold, that all of the underpayment of tax was due to negligence.
The statute goes on, however, to provide that under certain circumstances, there may be a reduction in the amount of the understatement. Thus, section 6661(b)(2)(B) provides as follows:
(B) Reduction for understatement due to position of taxpayer or disclosed item. -- The amount of the understatement under subparagraph (A) shall be reduced by that portion of the understatement which is attributable to --
(i) the tax treatment of any item by the taxpayer if there is or was substantial authority for such treatment, or
(ii) any item with respect to which the relevant facts*161 affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to the return.
*162 We therefore consider whether the amount of understatement of income tax may be reduced because of the statutory provision for reduction as to items with respect to which the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return. Harrold's return shows a contribution to "Universal Life Church, Inc. Modesto, Ca." in the amount of $ 24,835. We hold that petitioner's so-called return disclosure was a false and misleading statement. In April of 1983, when the return was filed, ULC Modesto was listed by the Internal Revenue Service as an organization exempt from tax under the provisions of section 501(c)(3), contributions to which were deductible under section 170. Petitioner's objective evidently was to induce an examining revenue agent to accept the return as filed. Harrold knew as a fact that he had not sent any funds to ULC Modesto and that he alone had signatory power over the accounts. No one other than Harrold had control over these accounts. He used them for his personal living expenses. The representation on the return that he had made a contribution to ULC Modesto was thus not only potentially misleading to an examining revenue agent*163 but was not true. Harrold not only failed adequately to disclose but misrepresented "the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment" within the meaning of section 6661(b)(2)(B)(ii). *597 tax is not subject to reduction, it is greater than $ 5,000 (said sum being greater than 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return) and accordingly the addition to tax under section 6661(a) is upheld.
*164 In view of the conclusion we have reached on Harrold's failure to meet the disclosure requirements of section 6661(b)(2)(B)(ii), we need not consider respondent's alternative argument. It is that the understatement of tax will not be reduced even where all relevant facts are disclosed because Harrold's organization and use of Charter 38116 was a "plan or arrangement" of which the "principal purpose" was "the avoidance or evasion of Federal income tax" and thus fell within the definition of a "tax shelter" within the meaning of section 6661(b)(2)(C). Award of Damages
*168 Decisions will be entered for the respondent.
Footnotes
1. Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as amended and in effect during the years in issue. Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. Respondent did not determine an addition to tax under sec. 6653(a)(2)↩.
3. These cases are the test cases of a large group of cases. The great majority of the other pending cases have entered into stipulations agreeing to be bound by the final decisions herein. Petitioner Harrold also has pending docket No. 23705-83 in this Court involving the same contributions issue.↩
4. We use terms such as "congregations," "church," "parsonage," "pastor," and "minister" for purposes of simplicity; the uses do not indicate findings on our part as to such status.↩
5. For simplicity, references to congregations formed by application to ULC Modesto will be referred to as "congregations" or by their specific, assigned charter number or name.↩
6. David testified that he paid monthly dues to ULC Modesto and only authorized expenses from the account, but the record does not show this to be true. In the absence of any corroborating evidence, we find this testimony incredible.↩
7. Although David testified that he believed ULC Modesto was able to change the authorized signatures on the account, it is clear that he did not anticipate or believe that would happen and we did not find his testimony credible. Further, there is no credible evidence of record showing ULC Modesto could have changed the signatory authority without his consent.↩
8. David testified he was a lifelong Episcopalian.↩
9. Rev. Hensley testified that when a congregation has its charter revoked or if it discontinues operations, ULC Modesto attempts first to revive the congregation. If unsuccessful, the assets are taken over by ULC Modesto. He failed, however, to provide any evidence whatsoever, other than his testimony which we did not find credible, that this had ever occurred.↩
10. The requisite three-person congregation consisted of Harrold, his daughter, Janelle, and a friend.↩
12. Harrold testified that the funds in the accounts belonged to ULC Modesto, that ULC Modesto could withdraw them at will and that ULC Modesto could remove him as an authorized signatory to the accounts. We did not find this testimony credible. In contrast to Harrold's testimony, we carefully reviewed the "ULC Book" which was introduced into evidence. This book sets forth the views of ULC Modesto and contains various forms and suggestions for organizing a congregation. In regard to setting up bank accounts, the book, which was copyrighted in 1980, suggests as follows:
"We suggest that all Universal Life Church Congregations open their bank accounts as unincorporated associations in the name Universal Life Church. We suggest this for two reasons: 1) By placing the official seal on the bank signature card the International Headquarters would be able to transact business with the account. We do not want to take this responsibility, and I'm sure that you would not want this either."
This statement of ULC Modesto firmly accords with Harrold's actual behavior in regard to the bank accounts.↩
13. Queried about his ministerial activities, Harrold stated in part:
"I would normally every Friday night, almost every Friday, we would have a group session meeting with people that I considered to be in the congregation. They did not necessarily consider themselves to be in the congregation; I considered them to be in the congregation. They were young -- as I say young people."
Later, Harrold described the Sunday "service:"
"Not -- well, usually the Sundays were usually more of a social event and in fact it eventually evolved into a -- well, a ball team developed; we developed a ball team, softball team, which they had been doing some pick up ball on their own and we formalized that. We -- you know, some discussion got going and there was some indication that you know, gee, we should get in a league and I encouraged that very much and they eventually did and I supported that effort in a number of ways, such as providing uniforms and social outings, parties or gatherings, if you will, on a number of occasions mostly holiday occasions."↩
14. ULC Modesto was found to be a qualified charitable organization in Universal Life Church v. United States, 372 F. Supp. 770 (E.D. Cal. 1974). During the taxable years involved here, ULC Modesto was listed as an organization exempt from tax under the provisions of sec. 501(c)(3). The Internal Revenue Service subsequently revoked its determination that ULCModesto is a tax-exempt organization. Announcement 84-90, 36 I.R.B. 32">1984-36 I.R.B. 32 (Sept. 4, 1984). On Nov. 8, 1984, ULC Modesto filed an action in the United States Claims Court (docket 583-84T) seeking declaratory relief under the provisions of sec. 7428. The Claims Court has not yet rendered its determination as to ULC Modesto's qualification as an organization described in sec. 501(c)(3).
Respondent's position is that his revocation of exempt status of ULC Modesto was retroactive in nature, and he therefore contends that ULC Modesto was not an organization defined in sec. 170(c)(2)↩ during the years in question. This question, too, we leave to the Claims Court. Our holding is that these petitioners did not make contributions to ULC Modesto, so that the nature of that organization's tax exemption is irrelevant to our determinations herein.
15. Rev. Hensley testified about his purpose in founding ULC Modesto:
"To bring freedom of religion, to give people an opportunity to express themselves and to be free, get out from under that yoke of bondage that the church has on people."
* * * *
"In 19- -- after I was religious well, I found out that you cannot separate the church from the state. So therefore, when I went to the IRS, told them to try to get them to tax the Church. See, I believe the Church should be taxed, and I preached it all the time, that the Church should be taxed, should not be tax-free, and since they would not do it, I said, 'Well, we'll go out here and flood the country with Churches, and we'll all become tax-exempt. It's just as fair for one as it is for another.'
"So we started then, about '75 or sometime like that, we started congregations all over the country, and you see where it's at now."
Rev. Hensley further testified that, at the time of the trial, ULC Modesto had about 14 million ministers.↩
16. David Burwell testified that he thought the ULC charter would provide a way to "have an active ministry dealing with young people, young people who were having problems with drugs and alcohol and suicide." But he had previously engaged in such activities. Moreover, the funds allegedly donated to ULC Modesto were not used in carrying on that work but were used in large part, if not entirely, to defray his family's personal expenses.↩
17. Sec. 6661(a)↩ was added by Pub. L. 97-248, sec. 323(a), 96 Stat. 613, applicable to returns the due date for filing of which is after Dec. 31, 1982. Thus, this issue concerns Harrold who has his 1982 tax year before the Court, but not the Burwells whose deficiencies were for earlier years.
18. Conf. Rept. 97-760 (1982), 2 C.B. 600">1982-2 C.B. 600, 650, accompanying the enactment of sec. 6661 as one of the provisions of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-248, 96 Stat. 324, explains that "substantial authority" means that "when the relevant facts and authorities are analyzed with respect to the taxpayer's case, the weight of the authorities that support the taxpayer's position should be substantial when compared with those supporting other positions." See sec. 1.6661-3, Income Tax Regs. Petitioners have cited no authority which, on analysis, supports their position. Even by the time Harrold's 1982 income tax return was filed, several court decisions had already rejected the contention that the ULC Modesto exemption ruling qualified congregations of ULC Modesto. See, e.g., United States v. Toy National Bank ( N.D. Iowa 1979, 43 AFTR2d 79-954, 79-1 USTC par. 9344); Brown v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1980-553; Riemers v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1981-456; Kellman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1981-615↩. Numerous other later opinions, some of which are referred to in the text, reached the same conclusion.
19. For the disclosure standards under sec. 6661, see sec. 1.6661-14, Income Tax Regs.Sec. 6661 was added to the Internal Revenue Code by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-248, 96 Stat. 324. In Schirmer v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 277">89 T.C. 277, 286 n. 7 (1987), the Court pointed out that the general explanation of the act, prepared by the Staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation, states that the standard of disclosure under sec. 6661(a)(2)(B)(ii) requires "greater disclosure than is necessary to avoid the six-year statute of limitations provided for in section 6501(e)(1)(A)." Staff of Joint Comm. on Taxation, General Explanation of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, at 218 (J. Comm. Print 1982). In determining whether there has been an omission of more than 25 percent of the gross income stated in a return for the purpose of triggering the sec. 6501(e)(1)(A) extended statute of limitations, account is not taken of an amount "which is omitted from gross income stated in the return if such amount is disclosed in the return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Secretary of the nature and amount of such item." This language of sec. 6501(e)(1)(A) is to be contrasted with the requirement of sec. 6661(b)(2)(B)(ii)↩ that the return or attached statement adequately disclose "the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment." As disclosed in the text, Harrold did not disclose, indeed he misrepresented, the "relevant facts affecting the tax treatment" of the amounts he deposited into bank accounts he alone controlled and which he used to pay his personal living expenses.
20. Cf. United States v. White, 769 F.2d 511">769 F.2d 511 (8th Cir. 1985); United States v. Savoie, 594 F. Supp. 678">594 F. Supp. 678 (W.D. La. 1984); Shugarman v. United States, 596 F. Supp. 186">596 F. Supp. 186↩ (E.D. Va. 1984).
21. We have, as stated in the opinion, held contrary to petitioners' position in over 130 cases in this Court alone. We have awarded damages to the United States in many such cases. The facts in the first of this long string of cases in which we upheld the disallowance of such contributions, Abney v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1980-27, do not differ in any material respect from those now before us. Further, we note that the instant cases represent test or lead cases for several hundred other cases now pending in this Court. Accordingly, it appears reasonable to now apply the warning language we utilized in McCoy v. Commissioner, 76 T.C. 1027">76 T.C. 1027, 1029-1030 (1981), affd. 696 F.2d 1234">696 F.2d 1234 (9th Cir. 1983), regarding tax protesters, to those potential petitioners with disallowed deductions the same as those at bar:
"Such cases tend to disrupt the orderly conduct of serious litigation in this Court, and the issues raised therein are of the type that have been consistently decided against such protesters and their contentions often characterized as frivolous. The time has arrived when the Court should deal summarily and decisively↩ with such cases without engaging in scholarly discussion of the issues or attempting to soothe the feelings of the petitioners by referring to the supposed 'sincerity' of their wildly espoused positions. [Emphasis added.]"