(e) SPOUSE RELIEVED OF LIABILITY IN CERTAIN CASES. --
(1) IN GENERAL. -- Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if --
(A) a joint return has been made under this section for a taxable year,
(B) on such return there is a substantial understatement of tax attributable to grossly erroneous items of one spouse,
(C) the other spouse establishes that in signing the return he or she did not know, and had no reason to know, that there was such substantial understatement, and
(D) taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the other spouse liable for the deficiency in tax for such taxable year attributable to such substantial understatement,
then the other spouse shall be relieved of liability for tax (including interest, penalties, and other amounts) for such taxable year to the extent such liability is attributable to such substantial understatement.
* * *
(4) UNDERSTATEMENT MUST EXCEED SPECIFIED PERCENTAGE OF SPOUSE'S INCOME. --
(A) ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME OF $ 20,000 OR LESS. -- If the spouse's adjusted gross income for the preadjustment year is $ 20,000 or less, this subsection shall apply only if the liability described in paragraph (1) is greater than 10 percent of such adjusted gross income.
(B) ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME OF MORE THAN $ 20,000. -- If the spouse's adjusted gross income for the preadjustment year is more than $ 20,000, subparagraph (A) shall be applied by substituting "25 percent" for "10 percent".
(C) PREADJUSTMENT YEAR. -- For purposes of this paragraph, the term "preadjustment year" means the most recent taxable year of the spouse ending before the date the deficiency notice is mailed.
Petitioner bears the burden of establishing that each of the requirements of section 6013(e) has been satisfied. . The requirements of section 6013(e) are conjunctive. Therefore, a failure to meet any of the requirements will prevent a spouse from qualifying for relief. .
Respondent conceded that the 1981 joint Federal income tax return contained a substantial understatement of tax; that the understatement of tax is attributable to a deduction for which there is no basis in fact or law; that the deduction giving rise to the substantial understatement is attributable to Dr. Kogut; and that such understatement exceeded 25 percent of petitioner's preadjustment year income. As a result, petitioner must prove each of the remaining requirements of section 6013(e) in order to be afforded innocent spouse relief. Id.
Section 6013(e)(1)(C) requires petitioner to show that she did not know, and had no reason to know, of the substantial understatement when she signed her 1981 return. Generally, this Court and several Courts of Appeals have held that the knowledge contemplated by section 6013(e) is knowledge of the transaction itself, not necessarily knowledge of the tax consequences of a transaction. ; , affd. . However, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to which an appeal would lie in this case, has held in a case involving grossly erroneous deductions that a spouse has "reason to know" of a substantial understatement if a reasonably prudent taxpayer in her position at the time she signed the return could be expected to know that the return contained a substantial understatement. , revg. an Oral Opinion of this Court. We are bound to follow the Ninth Circuit's opinion. , affd. .
The Ninth Circuit outlined the following factors to be considered when deciding whether the alleged innocent spouse had "reason to know" of the substantial understatement: (a) The spouse's level of education; (b) the spouse's involvement in the family's business and financial affairs; (c) the presence of expenditures that appear lavish or unusual when compared to the family's past levels of income, standard of living, and spending patterns; and (d) the culpable spouse's evasiveness and deceit concerning the couple's finances. .
In applying these factors, we note that petitioner received her bachelor of arts degree in economics and psychology from Hunter College. She was not only responsible for paying all family expenses from their joint checking account, but also worked for some time with the finances applicable to her husband's medical practice. Petitioner was a sophisticated yet cautious investor. In 1979, she joined her husband in investing in the Battery Cycle tax shelter. Before she agreed to make this investment, however, petitioner consulted counsel who advised against it. She chose to disregard counsel's advice as to that tax shelter. She also knew that tax shelter investments had little chance of being financially successful, but were made for the purpose of obtaining tax savings.
In a March 18, 1982, letter, with copy to petitioner, Alvin Friedkin, a Certified Public Accountant acting on behalf of petitioner in the divorce action, wrote to petitioner's divorce lawyer, George Goffin, stating among other things that "a thorough analysis will have to be made of taxable income, tax shelter losses and other income tax implications to determine before tax amounts necessary [for support]." (Emphasis added.)
On June 11, 1982, the accountant who prepared the 1981 Federal income tax return gave petitioner a copy of the return, and she was waiting for her attorney, Mr. Albert Berg, to return from vacation to review the return. The Schedule C for the return showed a business name of "S. KOGUT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT", with a business address at petitioners' home and listed "CONTRACTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT" of $ 75,000 which resulted in a $ 75,000 loss. Petitioner knew that they were getting a substantial refund, which had to be due in part to this loss. In her July 5, 1982, letter to Mr. Goffin explaining why the return was filed late, petitioner stated that Mr. Berg "was not that familiar with the tax shelter but of course looked over the returns". Mr. Berg stated at trial that he would have characterized the $ 75,000 Schedule C item as a tax shelter and that he would have told petitioner that this was a tax shelter. After her conversation with Mr. Berg, petitioner signed the 1981 return. When asked about the Schedule C investment at trial, petitioner stated: "I thought it might be something medical." Inasmuch as petitioner knew her husband was an internist, and not a medical researcher, and knew what her husband did at the home address, her comment at best was disingenuous. Even though Dr. Kogut independently made the Electric Auto investment, petitioner was well aware of the types of investments she and her husband made over the years. On this record, we are satisfied that petitioner was not only aware of the transaction itself, but also of the tax consequences attendant to this type of investment. Because petitioner knew, or should have known, of the Electric Auto deduction, the requirements of section 6013(e)(1)(C) have not been satisfied.
Finally, section 6013(e)(1)(D) provides that it must be inequitable to hold petitioner liable in light of all the facts and circumstances. Petitioner and Dr. Kogut were married for 37 years during which time considerable assets were accumulated. While they were married, petitioner and Dr. Kogut received a reduced tax liability by filing a joint return for 1981, as well as other years. This reduction in reported tax liability, coupled with the claims of the erroneous tax shelter understatements of tax, made more money available for the equal division of property between petitioner and Dr. Kogut. See .
At trial, petitioner claimed she did not receive the benefit of the 1981 refund check because her husband deposited it into his account at Shearson. We did not find petitioner to be a credible witness. We are not obliged to accept petitioner's self-serving testimony as gospel. See . Instead, we believe the statement made shortly after the marital settlement in petitioner's 1983 letter to the accountant who prepared the 1981 return. In that 1983 letter, petitioner refers to the refund check and states that "this money (less interest) was part of the settlement but nevertheless I would like all the available information for the investment for these [1981 and 1982] two years".
As a result of petitioner's divorce from Dr. Kogut in 1982, she received alimony in the amount of $ 42,000 per year. Petitioner also received one-half of all community property. This included cash of $ 128,806, a note secured by a deed of trust with a fair market value of $ 247,000, and one-half of their total interest in nine different ventures. The value of the interest received by petitioner in just one partnership, the Northwest Industrial Center, was $ 600,000 and provides her with approximately $ 4,800 of income per month. Petitioner proffered no other evidence as to the total value of the property received pursuant to her divorce. See . We find that the value of such property was substantial. To allow petitioner to receive this property from her former spouse, and at the same time escape joint and several liability, would not be equitable. We note that she has paid one-half of the deficiency in income tax for 1981. In light of all the facts and circumstances in this case, we do not deem it inequitable to hold petitioner liable for the 1981 deficiency.
Because petitioner has not sustained her burden of proof under Rule 142(a), we hold that petitioner's claim for relief under section 6013(e) is rejected.
In this case petitioner in her Stipulation of Facts agreed that her claim as an innocent spouse with respect to the Rich Energy loss for 1981 shall be governed by the final decision of her identical claim for 1980 in docket No. 31947-84.
After that stipulation was filed, petitioner represented by the same counsel filed a Stipulation of Agreed Issues in docket No. 31947-84 which included the stipulations that "if the Court rejects the innocent spouse claim in docket No. 8629-86 [this case], petitioner will concede the issue in the instant case [docket No. 31947-84] and agree that the correct loss for the Rich Energy Fund partnership in 1980 is $ 72,097.00 * * * and agree the correct deficiency for the 1980 taxable year is $ 29,517.00."
Because we have rejected the innocent spouse claim in this case, petitioner will concede the innocent spouse issue in docket No. 31947-84, and the Court will be able to enter a decision in the agreed amount. Because this case will be governed by the final decision in docket No. 31947-84, which will be the agreed amount, and which will be based upon a concession of the innocent spouse issue with respect to Rich Energy, it necessarily follows that she concedes the innocent spouse issue with respect to the Rich Energy loss for 1981.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered under Rule 155.