DocketNumber： No. 2465-94; 2468-94; 5104-94; 5105-94
Judges： "Dawson, Howard A.","Goldberg, Stanley J."
Filed Date： 5/18/2000
Status： Non-Precedential
Modified Date： 11/21/2020
Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
DAWSON, JUDGE: These cases were assigned to Special Trial Judge Stanley J. Goldberg, pursuant to Rules 180, 181, and 183. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue. The Court agrees with and adopts the opinion of the Special Trial Judge, which is set forth below.
OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE
GOLDBERG, SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE: Respondent issued a notice of final partnership administrative adjustment (FPAA) to each partnership involved in these consolidated cases determining the*204 adjustmentsin the amounts and for the taxable years as set forth in appendix A hereto. 4
*205 After concessions, the primary issues for decision are: (1) Whether each of seven of the eight partnerships in the instant cases -- Durham Farms #1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (DF #1), Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1982-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (SGE 82-1), Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (DGE 84-3), Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (SGE 84-5), Durham Genetic Engineering 1986-2, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (DGE 86-2), Timeshares Breeding Services 1989-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (TBS 89-1), and Timeshares Breeding Services 1990-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (TBS 90-1) -- purchased and acquired ownership of breeding cattle that are subject to an allowance for depreciation under section 167 for the years in issue; (2) whether those seven cattle-breeding partnerships each have substantiated and are entitled to their claimed depreciation deductions with respect to their breeding cattle for the years in issue; (3) whether those seven cattle-breeding partnerships are entitled to certain interest deductions*206 with respect to the promissory note each partnership issued in connection with the purported acquisition of its breeding cattle; (4) whether any of those seven cattle-breeding partnerships is entitled to farm, guaranteed payment, and certain other deductions it claimed; (5) whether DGE 84-3 and SGE 84-5 are entitled to an investment credit for 1987; (6) whether some of those seven cattle-breeding partnerships had certain additional farm income for some of the years in issue; (7) whether the eighth partnership, W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Co., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner (Management), is entitled to certain credits and deductions it claimed for the years in issue; and (8) whether Management had certain additional farm and other income for the years in issue.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts and certain documents have been stipulated for trial pursuant to Rule 91 and are found accordingly. The Court incorporates the parties' stipulations in this opinion by reference.
At the times their respective petitions herein were filed, DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, TBS 90-1, and Management each maintained its principal place of business in Burns, Oregon.
Walter J. Hoyt III (Jay Hoyt) is a general partner of each of the seven cattle-breeding partnerships that are involved in the instant cases. These seven cattle-breeding partnerships were formed and began operating in the years indicated as follows:
Partnership Year
___________ ____
DF #1 1973
SGE 82-1 1982
DGE 84-3 1984
SGE 84-5 1984
DGE 86-2 1990
TBS 89-1 1989
TBS 90-1 1990
DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, and SGE 84-5 had each been formed as a California or Nevada limited partnership.
Jay Hoyt's father was a prominent breeder of Shorthorn cattle, one of the three major breeds of cattle in the United States. In order to expand his business and attract investors, the father had started organizing and promoting cattle-breeding partnerships by the late 1960's. Before and after the father's death in early 1972, Jay Hoyt and other members of the Hoyt family were extensively involved in organizing and operating cattle-breeding partnerships. From about 1971*208 through 1992, Jay Hoyt organized, promoted to numerous investors, and operated as a general partner a total of almost 100 cattle-breeding partnerships.
Several of these earlier cattle-breeding partnerships, including DF #1, were the subject of this Court's opinion in
Most of the cattle sold to these earlier partnerships were represented to be registered Shorthorn heifers on the bills of sale issued to the partnership. Others were appendix registered and/or crossbred. Some were "grade" heifers. All of the cattle owned by the partnerships registered with the American Shorthorn Association (ASA) were registered under the W.J. Hoyt & Sons name, and not under a partnership's name. However, other of the Shorthorn cattle sold to the partnerships were not registered with the ASA. Instead, these cattle were issued certificates by the Hoyt*210 family (Hoyt certificates).
As indicated previously, the Hoyt family through W.J. Hoyt & Sons originally had (1) sold the breeding cattle to earlier cattle- breeding partnerships they formed and promoted to investors and (2) managed those partnerships' breeding cattle pursuant to a sharecrop agreement with each partnership. These arrangements somewhat changed over the years, in that the Hoyt family conducted these activities through various entities.5 At some point before the years in issue, Jay Hoyt decided that when the Hoyt family sold breeding cattle to a cattle-breeding partnership, he should not be negotiating as general partner of that cattle-breeding partnership its purchase of those same cattle and then managing that partnership's cattle under a sharecrop agreement between the partnership and W.J. Hoyt & Sons. However, despite these different entities the Hoyt family employed, Jay Hoyt continued to head the Hoyt organization and was ultimately in charge of all of the Hoyt organization's operations. All of the individuals managing various entities in the Hoyt organization answered to him.
*211 At some point, W.J. Hoyt Sons Ranches (Ranches) (which originally in the 1960's had been an oral partnership of Jay Hoyt, his two brothers Ric Hoyt and Seth Hoyt, and their father) was reformed and became the seller of the cattle to the cattle-breeding partnerships that Jay Hoyt and the Hoyt family organized and operated. After it was reformed, Ranches' partners included Betty Hoyt (Jay Hoyt's wife), Ric Hoyt, and Steve Hoyt (another of Jay Hoyt's brothers). Ranches operated until about the late 1980's, as the process of its liquidation was begun around 1987 or 1988. During Ranches' liquidation, some of Ranches' former operations continued to be carried out by Ranches Trust. After Ranches was liquidated, around 1992 W.J. Hoyt Sons Ranches MLP became the seller of more cattle to certain of the cattle-breeding partnerships. The promissory notes many of the cattle-breeding partnerships previously had issued to Ranches were transferred to W.J. Hoyt Sons Ranches MLP.
In addition, during 1976, Management (a Nevada limited partnership that is one of the eight partnerships involved in the instant cases) was formed to manage all of the cattle collectively owned by a group of 17 cattle-breeding*212 partnerships that the Hoyt family had previously organized. Jay Hoyt was Management's general partner, and its other limited partners included the cattle-breeding partnerships whose cattle Management managed. Other cattle-breeding partnerships that Jay Hoyt organized after 1976 also became partners in Management. Each cattle-breeding partnership and Management generally entered into a sharecrop agreement similar to those previously entered into by various cattle-breeding partnerships and W.J. Hoyt & Sons.
The Feedlot Co. partnership was composed of certain Hoyt family members and Management. Among other things, the Feedlot Co. partnership was formed to obtain a line of credit from a commercial lender to finance purchases of feed for the cattle the Hoyt organization managed.
Timeshares Breeding Services is another operation that was started by the Hoyt organization around the mid-1980's. It arranged leases of bulls ostensibly owned by the Timeshares cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt family had organized and promoted to numerous investors. Unlike the earlier cattle-breeding partnerships, which typically owned breeding cows or heifers, the Timeshares partnerships owned breeding*213 bulls. These breeding bulls typically would be leased to owners of commercial-grade cattle herds under the borrow-a-bull program Timeshares Breeding Services conducted.
B. CHANGES IN THE HOYT ORGANIZATION'S CATTLE MANAGEMENT AND RECORD- KEEPING PRACTICES
By at least the early 1980's, the Hoyt organization's cattle management and record keeping practices changed dramatically. These changed management and record-keeping practices continued during the period from 1987 through 1992. The record in the instant cases reflects that many of the documents, records, and tax returns the Hoyt organization prepared relating to its transactions with the cattle-breeding partnerships it formed are inaccurate and unreliable.
For instance, the cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization formed in 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986 had no specific breeding cattle assigned to them even as of 1987.6 This is reflected in a report the Hoyt organization prepared with respect to the 1986 operating results of cattle-breeding partnerships it had formed. This report, dated December 31, 1986, states that no operating results were reported on cattle-breeding partnerships formed in 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986*214 because those partnerships were still "in the process of forming their breeding herds * * * [in a selection process] which requires approximately 4 years to complete." It further states that those partnerships' operating results would be reported annually only when "their investment period is completed." Similar statements are also made in an earlier 1984 Annual Report Of Operating Results Of Cattle Breeding Partnerships that the Hoyt organization prepared. That report states that "No partnership results have been shown for any partnerships formed in 1983 and 1984. They, like the 1982 partnerships, are still in the process of forming their breeding herd through a selection process requiring, approximately 3 years."
*215 Notwithstanding the Hoyt organization's failure to provide requisite numbers of specific breeding cattle to them, many of these partnerships formed in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986 filed tax returns for those years claiming deductions with respect to their "breeding cattle herds".7 In addition, to support the deductions the partnerships claimed, the Hoyt organization issued bills of sale, annual herd recap sheets, and other documents purporting to evidence that sales of large numbers of specific cattle had been made to these partnerships in those years.8
*216 During the litigation in
*217 The numbers of cattle owned by the cattle-breeding partnerships reflected in Management's financial statements for its fiscal years ended September 30, 1989 and 1990, were not based upon cattle Management was actually managing. Jay Hoyt had assigned the preparation of Management's 1989 and 1990 fiscal year financial statements to another individual working in the Hoyt organization. From about the fall of 1989 through early 1991, this worker performed this and other related work with respect to the fiscal year 1989 and 1990 financial statements. In a memorandum dated October 24, 1989, to Jay Hoyt, the worker (1) noted that in Management's financial statements for prior years the numbers of cattle reflected in the original bills of sale the Hoyt organization had issued each cattle partnership were used as the cattle counted in each partnership's breeding herd and (2) asked whether the worker should adjust those cattle numbers to allow for the 10-percent annual herd increase required in the sharecrop agreements between the partnerships and Management. In his written response to the October 24, 1989, memorandum, Jay Hoyt told the worker not to make allowances in the cattle numbers for*218 the 10-percent annual herd increase requirement. In a later memorandum dated December 31, 1990, to Jay Hoyt, the worker stated that it was impossible to reconcile Management's financial statements with the tax returns the Hoyt organization had prepared. The worker added that Jay Hoyt was right in previously stating Management's financial statements to be a "mess". In another memorandum to Jay Hoyt dated January 7, 1991, the worker raised certain questions with him concerning the billing of cattle boarding expenses for the 1990 fiscal year to the cattle-breeding partnerships. Among other things, the worker questioned why Florin Farms #1 (FF #1), FF #3, and FF #4 were to be billed for such expenses, as the worker thought those partnerships had been liquidated and had no cattle. See supra note 9. In his written reply to the worker, Jay Hoyt stated that the money to have been distributed to FF #1, FF #3, and FF #4, had instead been used by him to pay attorney's fees. He further stated that all of the cattle collectively owned by the first 17 cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt family had organized had been reallocated among each of those 17 partnerships during 1990, and that now each*219 partnership had cattle again.
In a memorandum dated February 4, 1991, issued to various workers in the Hoyt organization, Jay Hoyt instructed them to register with the ASA a calf for each cow that had been bred, not just the "live calves".10 According to Jay Hoyt, this was necessary in order to qualify for a lower registration fee rate of $ 6 per animal.11
*220 In his memorandum dated October 1, 1993, to the Hoyt organization's cattle managers, Jay Hoyt instructed them to prepare herd recap sheets for the cattle-breeding partnerships up through December 31, 1992. He further advised them that, using some of Management's other cattle record information, they were to "fill in" Management's cattle records by recording specific cattle as belonging to a particular partnership. He commented that all of the cattle a partnership was assigned must have something in common that would make those cattle different from cattle assigned to other partnerships. He then suggested possible groupings the managers might use in assigning cattle among the partnerships, including common sires, common grandsires, common cow families, just bulls, just females, ASA appendix registry cattle, full blood cattle, etc.
The record contains almost no transactional documentation relating to DF #1's, SGE 82-1's, DGE 84-3's, SGE 84-5's, DGE 86-2's, TBS 89-1's, and TBS 90-1's purchases of breeding cattle during 1987 through 1992. Unlike *221
During the period from 1987 through 1992, a large number of investors*222 in the cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization had formed (including some investors in certain of the seven cattle-breeding partnerships in the instant cases) failed to continue making the specified payments required of them, including paying their pro rata share of the payments required under their partnership's "Full Recourse Promissory Note". The Hoyt organization never sought to enforce and hold any of the defaulting investors personally liable for the payments they had defaulted upon. These investors were allowed to walk away from their partnership's "Full Recourse Promissory Note".
E. DF #1's, SGE 82-1's, DGE 84-3's, SGE 84-5's, DGE 86-2's, TBS 89- 1's, AND TBS 90-1's RESPECTIVE RETURNS FOR THE YEARS IN ISSUE
DF #1's returns for some of the years in issue reflect that it originally claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" placed in service in 1990, for which its cost or other basis was $ 1,123,972. DF #1 depreciated this breeding herd over 5 years.
SGE 82-1's returns for some of the years in issue reflect that it originally claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" placed in service in 1990, for which its cost or other basis was $ 1,923,810. SGE 82-1 depreciated*223 this breeding herd over 12 years.
DGE 84-3's returns for some of the years in issue reflect that it originally claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" it placed in service on February 1, 1984, for which its cost or other basis was $ 4,759,500, and on a "breeding herd" it placed in service on February 1, 1986, for which its cost or other basis was $ 359,000. DGE 84-3 depreciated each breeding herd over 5 years.
SGE 84-5's returns for some of the years in issue reflect that it original claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" it placed in service on April 1, 1984, for which its cost or other basis was $ 4,826,000, and on a "breeding herd" it placed in service on February 1, 1986, for which its cost or other basis was $ 350,000. SGE 84-5 depreciated each breeding herd over 5 years.
DGE 86-2's returns for 1991 reflect that it originally claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" placed in service in 1991, for which its cost or other basis was $ 4,312,237. DGE 86-2 depreciated this breeding herd over 5 years.
TBS 89-1's returns for 1989 and 1991 reflect that it originally claimed depreciation on a "breeding herd" placed in service on March 1, 1989, for which its cost or other basis*224 was $ 5,250,000, and on a "breeding herd" placed in service on January 1, 1991, for which its cost or other basis was $ 2,775,994. TBS 89-1 depreciated each breeding herd over 5 years.
TBS 90-1's return for 1992 reflects that it originally claimed a $ 2,174,204 depreciation deduction on a "bull breeding".
F. RESPONDENT'S EXAMINATIONS OF THE RETURNS OF MANY CATTLE-BREEDING PARTNERSHIPS AND CERTAIN ENTITIES IN THE HOYT ORGANIZATION; THE FPAA'S ISSUED IN THE INSTANT CASES; AND PETITIONERS' RESPECTIVE PETITIONS
Respondent commenced examinations of returns for the years 1987 through 1992 that had been filed by (1) numerous cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization had formed (including DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1) and (2) certain Hoyt organization entities (including Management). During these examinations, respondent asked the cattle-breeding partnerships and their representatives, among other things, to substantiate the depreciation and other deductions claimed on those partnerships' returns.
During the examinations conducted, respondent noted a number of inconsistencies between the deductions claimed on the cattle-breeding partnerships'*225 returns and various documents the partnerships and their representatives provided. In addition, respondent received bills of sale for some 26 newly formed partnerships (where the 1987 return for each partnership was the first return that partnership had filed) that reflected those partnerships to have collectively purchased over 13,000 breeding cattle during 1987. Only the bills of sale for 21 of the 26 newly formed partnerships had a Schedule A listing and identifying the individual animals a partnership had allegedly purchased. The bills of sales for these 21 partnerships reflected them to have collectively purchased more than 10,000 breeding cattle during 1987. Similarly, certain 1991 herd recap sheets respondent received reflected 18 partnerships, including DGE 86-2, as each purchasing 500 to 600 breeding cows during 1991. For instance, the 1991 herd recap sheet for DGE 86-2 reflects the partnership to have purchased 545 breeding cows during 1991.13
*226 During the examination, respondent issued numerous administrative summonses to the cattle-breeding partnerships and certain entities in the Hoyt organization, pursuant to which respondent sought information and documents relating to the cattle breeding partnerships' alleged cattle purchases from the Hoyt organization. Among other things, respondent sought to inspect and count the breeding cattle allegedly purchased and owned by the cattle-breeding partnerships. The Hoyt organization initially failed to provide much of this information, resulting in respondent's commencing a summons enforcement proceeding in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. On July 17, 1992, the District Court ordered Jay Hoyt to provide certain information and allow respondent to inspect and count the "Hoyt cattle" (which was defined to be the various cattle owned, maintained, or under the custody or control of any of the 92 partnerships that were the subject of the summons enforcement proceeding). To comply with this July 17, 1992, Order, respondent and Jay Hoyt executed an October 30, 1992, memorandum of understanding concerning the cattle count to be conducted by respondent's expert Ron Daily*227 (Mr. Daily). In his signed statement also dated October 30, 1992, Jay Hoyt further provided information as to 11 specified locations at which the "commingled Hoyt cattle herd" was kept. Among other things, Jay Hoyt, in this signed statement, represented there to be an estimated 16,075 to 16,775 cattle (including some calves that might later be born) at the 11 locations. He further stated these 11 locations to be all of the locations for the Hoyt herd cattle as of October 28, 1992.
In the cattle count he performed from fall 1992 through spring 1993, Mr. Daily determined there were a total of 7,993 cattle. Of the 7,993 total cattle he counted, 4,764 were mature breeding cattle. At every location that he visited and counted cattle, Mr. Daily asked the ranch manager to sign a statement agreeing or disagreeing with the numbers of cattle Mr. Daily determined were present. With just a few exceptions, all of the ranch managers at each location agreed with Mr. Daily's cattle numbers. During the cattle count he conducted, Mr. Daily further had asked Jay Hoyt to disclose whether there were any additional locations where other cattle might be located. However, in his witness statement submitted*228 to the District Court on or about January 23, 1993, Jay Hoyt maintained that the specific locations for the cattle had been provided to respondent and indicated that he saw no reason why the cattle count could not go on.
In the respective FPAA's issued to DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1, respondent, among other things, determined that the partnerships had failed to substantiate many of their claimed deductions. For instance, with respect to the depreciation deduction DF #1 claimed on its breeding cattle for its year ended September 30, 1991, the FPAA issued to DF #1 for that year states, in pertinent part:
It has been determined that * * * [DF #1] is not entitled to the
depreciation deduction claimed on its Schedule F because the
partnership has not established: (1) That it possessed
depreciable assets which it used for the production of income or
in carrying on a trade or business; (2) the accumulated
depreciation and depreciable basis of its assets; and (3) the
relevant date and proper computation method.
In the FPAA's issued to Management for its years ended September 30, 1987 through*229 1990, respondent, among other things, determined that Management had failed to report tens of millions of dollars of income from (1) cattle purportedly transferred to it by numerous cattle-breeding partnerships as management fees under the sharecrop agreements between them and Management and (2) large numbers of those same cattle Management then purportedly transferred to Ranches in payment for feed, management, consulting, freight services, and other goods and services provided by Ranches.
DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, TBS 90-1, and Management filed respective petitions seeking review of the FPAA's that had been issued to them. In their respective petitions or amended petitions, these partnerships have modified the depreciation and other deductions being claimed by them for the years in issue. The total depreciation, other deductions, and other adjustments now in issue are given infra in appendix B to this Memorandum Opinion.
OPINION
Petitioners bear the burden of proving that respondent's determinations in the FPAA's are incorrect. See Rules 142(a), 240(a); *230
ISSUE 1. DEPRECIATION DEDUCTIONS CLAIMED BY THE SEVEN CATTLE- BREEDING PARTNERSHIPS IN THE INSTANT CASES
Section 167 generally allows as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for exhaustion and wear and tear of property used in business or of property held for the production of income. The person who bears the economic loss of invested capital resulting from the exhaustion and wear and tear of business property or property held for the production of income is the one entitled to the depreciation deduction. See *231
In the instant cases, petitioners and respondent recognize that for DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 to be entitled to their claimed depreciation and other deductions, each partnership must be the owner for tax purposes of the specific numbers of breeding cattle that it allegedly purchased and placed in service during the years in issue. Respondent raises no contention that each partnership was in an activity not engaged in for profit. Although respondent has not asserted that each partnership's transaction was a sham, the parties disagree to some extent with respect to the transactions' economic substance. They disagree over whether each partnership's stated purchase price approximated the then fair market value of the cattle. They also disagree over whether the purportedly recourse long-term notes the partnerships issued were valid indebtedness.
For a sale to have occurred for tax purposes, the benefits and burdens of ownership must be transferred. See *232
A. WHETHER DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS
89-1, AND TBS 90-1 ACQUIRED THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF
OWNERSHIP AS TO SPECIFIC BREEDING CATTLE
For DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89- 1, and TBS 90-1 to be entitled to their claimed depreciation deductions, each partnership must establish that it acquired the benefits and burdens of ownership as to the specific individual breeding cattle making up its alleged breeding herd. In that connection, however, the record discloses petitioners to be in substantial difficulty in establishing that each partnership actually acquired anywhere near its stated number of breeding cattle. Indeed, the evidence petitioners presented to substantiate and identify the specific individual breeding cattle these partnerships "owned" is considerably lacking, exhibits major shortcomings, and, at times, is directly contradicted by the Hoyt organization's own internal documents. Certain of these internal documents raise serious doubts in the Court's mind as to whether large numbers of the breeding cattle allegedly sold these*234 partnerships, in fact, existed.
No registration papers with respect to specific breeding cattle were obtained in any partnership's name. Rather, any registration certificates reflect only the Hoyt family to be the owner of those registered cattle.14
Petitioners further acknowledge that there are some problems regarding the records they have offered in evidence to substantiate the depreciation and other deductions claimed by the partnerships. Petitioners also have indicated that the depreciation deductions to which the partnerships are entitled likely will be less than what the partnerships originally had claimed.
On brief, however, petitioners argue that sufficient breeding cattle*235 existed in each year during the period from 1987 through 1992 to have been purchased by all of the cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization formed (including by the seven partnerships in the instant cases). Petitioners claim this has been established by (1) the bills of sale and annual herd recap sheets the Hoyt organization issued (which petitioners maintain were accurate and contemporaneous documents)15 and (2) their witness Norm Favre's (Mr. Favre) conclusion there were a total of 26,205 cattle in the Hoyt universal herd pursuant to the cattle count he performed from fall 1992 through spring 1993.16
*236
B. THE BILLS OF SALE AND HERD RECAP SHEETS ISSUED BY THE HOYT
ORGANIZATION
As indicated previously, petitioners argue that various bills of sale and annual herd recap sheets the Hoyt organization issued substantiate the depreciation deductions on breeding cattle being claimed for the years in issue in the instant cases by DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1.17 They maintain that these bills of sale and herd recap sheets are reliable and contemporaneous documents evidencing the alleged specific individual breeding cattle each partnership purportedly purchased and owned from 1987 through 1992. In making this contention, petitioners heavily rely on the testimony of Jay Hoyt.
*237 Jay Hoyt specifically testified that the bills of sale and annual herd recap sheets the Hoyt organization issued to the cattle- breeding partnerships were reliable and contemporaneous documents. Although he acknowledged occasional but inadvertent accounting and/or clerical errors may have been made in compiling the cattle records the Hoyt organization maintained, he asserted the annual herd recap sheets were at least 95 percent accurate. He explained the process by which the annual herd recap sheets were prepared. According to Jay Hoyt, the Hoyt organization had computerized its cattle records around 1985. During each year, the cow hands and cattle managers maintained notebooks and other papers containing pertinent information on individual cattle they managed (country records). In general, in the fall the cattle would be rounded up and brought to winter pasture. The cattle managers near the end of the year would then submit these country records on all the cattle to other Hoyt organization personnel to have the information entered onto the Hoyt organization's computerized cattle record keeping system. From this information that the cattle managers submitted, a cattle-breeding partnership's*238 herd recap sheet for that year would be prepared. Jay Hoyt related that the herd recap sheets for each year would be prepared by the early part of the following year. He added that once the data from the original country record source documents had been entered, all of the country records were typically destroyed, as it was no longer necessary to maintain those documents because the information on them had been entered into and was contained in the Hoyt organization's computerized records.
The Court finds substantial portions of Jay Hoyt's testimony evasive and less than forthright. His claims regarding the contemporaneous nature and reliability of the bills of sale and herd recap sheets are directly contradicted by substantial other convincing evidence in the record. The Court considers highly suspect the herd recap sheets and other documents the Hoyt organization prepared during the period from 1987 through 1992. Indeed, as the Court indicated supra, by the early 1980's the Hoyt organization's cattle management and record-keeping practices had changed dramatically. As a result, many of the documents, records, and tax returns the Hoyt organization subsequently prepared regarding*239 transactions between itself and the many cattle-breeding partnerships (which it had formed, promoted to numerous investors, and managed) were inaccurate and unreliable.
Contrary to petitioners' and Jay Hoyt's contentions, the Court does not believe that the 1987 through 1992 annual herd recap sheets in evidence are contemporaneous documents. Among other things, if the 1988, 1989, and 1990 herd recap sheets had existed and been available during the fall 1989 through early 1991 period, the Hoyt organization worker preparing Management's financial statements for its fiscal years ended September 30, 1989 and 1990, would then have consulted those herd recap sheets to find out each cattle-breeding partnership's "breeding herd numbers". Instead, as reflected by the worker's questions to Jay Hoyt and Jay Hoyt's responses (which we have previously noted), a far different process was employed to prepare Management's 1989 and 1990 fiscal year financial statements.18
*240 The Court would further note (as was stated supra) that the record includes none of the bills of sale that purportedly were issued to cattle-breeding partnerships from 1988 through 1992, notwithstanding that a number of these partnerships (including several of the seven cattle-breeding partnerships in the instant cases) reported on their tax returns purchasing breeding cattle during this period for which they are claiming deductions. A revenue agent for respondent testified that no bills of sale for any cattle- breeding partnerships were furnished for years after 1987. Yet, Jay Hoyt testified that he provided to respondent such bills of sale for the years from 1988 through 1992.19
*241 With respect to some of the bills of sale and herd recap sheets issued before 1988 that are in evidence, there are a number of discrepancies and inconsistencies. For instance, two bills of sale both dated April 1, 1984, were issued by the Hoyt organization to SGE 84-5. One bill of sale reflects SGE 84-5 to have acquired 500 breeding cows with calves at side on that date for a stated price of $ 5,080,000. The other bill of sale reflects SGE 84-5 to have acquired 269 breeding cows on that date for a stated price of $ 5,080,000. Also, only one of these bills of sale includes a Schedule A listing and describing the specific individual cattle SGE 84-5 acquired. Moreover, the 1984 herd recap sheet for SGE 84-5 reflects it to have acquired 693 breeding cattle during 1984. See supra note 8.
At trial, Jay Hoyt testified that the above two bills of sale covered a single April 1, 1984, transaction in which 769 breeding cows and 500 calves were sold to SGE 84-5 for a total price of $ 5,080,000. He further claimed that the Schedule A to one bill of sale (listing and identifying the specific 269 individual breeding cows the partnership purportedly acquired) had been lost. In his testimony, Jay*242 Hoyt further acknowledged SGE 84-5's 1984 herd recap sheet (reflecting the partnership to have purchased 693 breeding cattle during 1984) to be inconsistent with the two April 1, 1984, bills of sale. However, he asserted that Management's practice, in preparing the herd recap sheets for a cattle-breeding partnership's first year of operations, had been to reflect the net number of cattle later on hand at yearend as the number of cattle a cattle- breeding partnership purchased. He further specifically testified that the prospective breeding cows SGE 84-5 was to purchase had been identified in 1983 and that he reviewed a list of the cows in early 1984. He added that between the April 1, 1984, purchase date and December 31, 1984, some of the cows SGE 84-5 had purchased possibly might have been lost, causing those cows not to be reflected in SGE 84-5's 1984 herd recap sheet.
The Hoyt organization's above-asserted "accounting practice" is contrary to standard accounting principles because its herd recap sheets show each partnership's breeding herd to have had no cattle born, no cattle culled, and no deaths or disappearances. It is extremely unlikely that the breeding herd each of these*243 partnerships purportedly acquired would, in fact, have produced no calves during that partnership's first year of operations. Presumably, an important incident of breeding herd ownership is the right to benefit from any calves produced by that herd. (The sharecrop agreements provided that a partnership would still retain the breeding value certificates (i.e., essentially the rights to any registration papers) on any calves produced by its breeding herd, even though, pursuant to the sharecrop agreement, all calves were to belong to the Hoyt organization entity that managed the partnership's breeding herd.) For instance, SGE 84-5 (according to Jay Hoyt) entered into its transaction to acquire 769 breeding cows on April 1, 1984. At least 269 of SGE 84-5's "breeding cows" (the Schedule A to the bill of sale that should have listed and specifically identified these 269 cows allegedly having been lost) are reflected as producing no calves during 1984. Similarly, another important incident of breeding herd ownership would be the detriment suffered from losses to that herd.20
*244 Neither does the Court believe these and other accounting deficiencies were inadvertent and attributable to a lack of proper accounting training on the part of Jay Hoyt and other individuals preparing these records. Several former Hoyt organization workers testified that, over the years, substantial fictitious cattle information was created and entered in the Hoyt organization's computerized cattle records. These witnesses included: (1) Robert Baker, who was hired by Jay Hoyt in June 1984 to design a computerized cattle record keeping system for the Hoyt organization and then established and managed the Hoyt organization's computerized cattle record keeping system from about 1985 through 1987,21 (2) Terry Hawkins (Mr. Hawkins), who from around 1987 through 1992 helped to maintain many of the Hoyt organization's cattle records (including obtaining information on cattle kept at numerous locations), and (3) Donna Schnitker (Mrs. Schnitker), who as Management's cattle marketing director handled Management's cattle sales to third parties. The Court found the testimony of these individuals to be credible and trustworthy.22 The record further includes a February 4, 1991, memorandum*245 of Jay Hoyt to certain workers in the Hoyt organization, instructing them not to include information on cattle deaths in the cattle inventory records and to place such information under a "new smoke screen file name".23 See also infra note 25.
*246 The Court finds the herd recap sheets the Hoyt organization prepared highly suspect and unreliable, as the Hoyt organization failed to employ good record-keeping practices and did not prepare the recap sheets and its other cattle records in accordance with standard, fundamental accounting principles. The Court can also see no good reason or justification for the Hoyt organization's preparing these annual herd recap sheets and other cattle records in this highly deficient manner -- if each cattle- breeding partnership, as petitioners maintain, indeed "owned" anywhere near the number of specific breeding cattle stated in its "bill of sale". 24 Indeed, the Court finds that the herd recap sheets and other records were prepared in this manner because the requisite numbers of specific breeding cattle did not exist and could not, in fact, be assigned to each partnership.25
*247
C. THE COURT'S EVALUATION OF THE CATTLE COUNTS CONDUCTED BY MR.
DAILY AND MR. FAVRE
Mr. Daily and Mr. Favre counted the cattle over essentially the same time period from fall 1992 through spring 1993.26 However, there is a tremendous disparity between the total number of cattle each of them counted and determined were present.
Mr. Daily, as reflected in his report, determined the cattle present in the Hoyt organization herd that might belong to the cattle-breeding partnerships and counted the following numbers of cattle in the categories indicated:
Category Mature Cattle Total Cattle
________ _____________ ____________
Cows 3,115 3,115
Bulls 761 1,619
*248 Breeding heifers 888 1,596
Feedlot heifers -- 182
Timeshares Breeding -- 477
Service heifers
Calves -- 904
Steers -- 10
_____ _____
Total 4,764 7,903
===== =====
Mr. Daily further confirmed that there were 90 bulls on loan to ranchers under the borrow-a-bull program. He further counted 2,066 steers and heifers at the Miller Feed Yard in Lasalle, Colorado, and 889 steers and heifers at the North Platte Feed Yard in North Platte, Nebraska, but did not include these cattle with those possibly belonging to the partnerships, because the feedlot managers had told him the cattle belonged to Ric Hoyt and were being raised*249 for slaughter.
Mr. Favre, on the other hand, as reflected in his report, determined to be present and counted the following numbers of cattle in the categories indicated:
Category Cattle
________ ______
Cows 3,991
Bulls 1,819
Heifers 5,397
Heifers and steers 470
Mixed age cattle 97
Timeshares Breeding 2,436
Services bulls
Timeshares Breeding 3,271
Services heifers
Calves 8,486
Steers 238
______
Total 26,205
======
The cattle numbers contained in Mr. Favre's report were based on tally sheets he*250 compiled in counting the cattle. These tally sheets disclose the particular location and the cattle manager. The majority of the tally sheets further contain columns in which to record the tag number, tag color, sex, color, brand, class, etc., of individual cattle. However, in some of the tally sheets, Mr. Favre did not record any of this information, but he recorded only total numbers of cattle and type of cattle. Further, as reflected by the cattle tag numbers that are recorded on Mr. Favre's tally sheets, there were numerous instances where he counted the same cattle more than once. Indeed, on brief, petitioners concede there were duplications but argue the duplication rate to be only 9.6 percent. Petitioners thus assert there were still a total of 23,689 cattle (the 26,205 total cattle Mr. Favre determined were present, less a 9.6-percent discount).
The Court has reviewed the accuracy of the cattle numbers in Mr. Daily's and Mr. Favre's respective reports. Generally, the Court found Mr. Daily's numbers fairly reliable, although it is possible he may have missed or omitted relatively small numbers of cattle. It is further to be noted that, in a number of instances, Mr. Daily obtained*251 signed statements in which the Hoyt organization cattle managers at particular locations essentially agreed with the numbers of cattle Mr. Daily had counted at those locations. In contrast, the Court found a number of instances where Mr. Favre's report numbers were significantly at variance with his tally sheets. Moreover, an even more substantial problem exists with respect to his counting the same cattle more than once. Our examination indicates that his actual duplication rate may far exceed the 9.6-percent duplication rate petitioners have conceded.
Mr. Favre stated that he returned to certain locations to count new cattle that had arrived at those locations. He claimed he avoided counting again any cattle he had already counted, because, according to him, he would have recognized if he had seen those cattle before by their appearance and through using his intuition. In a related connection, Jay Hoyt did testify that different colored tags were used by the Hoyt organization in various parts of the country and that sometimes the same tag number might appear on the different colored tags worn by two separate animals. However, this testimony of Jay Hoyt still does not satisfactorily*252 explain the large number of duplicate tag numbers found in Mr. Favre's tally sheets. With only a few exceptions, the tally sheets either disclose no tag color for the duplicate tag numbers involved or reflect that those duplicate tag numbers were for the same tag color.
The Court has major problems with Mr. Favre's cattle numbers and does not consider those numbers to be reliable. Though it has confidence in the cattle count performed by respondent's expert Mr. Daily, the Court has no confidence in the reliability of Mr. Favre's numbers because it does not believe Mr. Favre's count to have been performed in a competent and proficient manner. As indicated previously, Mr. Daily was accepted by the Court as an expert on cattle counting and cattle appraisal and had extensive prior professional experience in counting and evaluating cattle. In the cattle count he conducted of the Hoyt organization herd, Mr. Daily further was assisted by an experienced crew. In contrast, Mr. Favre testified as a fact witness, and his report was accepted in evidence as a business record of the Hoyt organization. Mr. Favre also had only rather limited prior experience in counting and evaluating cattle, and*253 his level of experience and expertise was substantially below that of Mr. Daily. In conducting his count, Mr. Favre was assisted by Jay Hoyt and other of the Hoyt organization's cattle people.
In connection with evaluating the reliability of Mr. Favre's cattle count numbers, the Court further considers noteworthy that, in a combined report Mr. Favre and certain of the Hoyt organization cattle people issued later in February of 1994, they, among other things, asserted that thousands of cattle in the Hoyt herd had perished from 1988 through 1992 as a result of drought conditions. However, as discussed more fully infra note 31, the Court finds dubious this assertion of Mr. Favre and these other individuals.
On the basis of the foregoing discussion and the credible evidence of record, the Court concludes that, as of April 1993, the Hoyt organization herd included 3,150 cows, 1,855 bulls, 2,000 heifers, 1,000 Timeshares Breeding Services heifers, and 2,300 calves. In arriving at these numbers, we have adjusted and modified the cattle numbers Mr. Daily determined in some situations where we felt it appropriate. It is to be noted, however, that this still does not provide us with the numbers*254 of mature breeding cattle contained annually in the Hoyt organization herd during the period from 1987 through 1992.
D. THE TOTAL NUMBERS OF BREEDING CATTLE PRESENT DURING 1987
THROUGH 1992
Again (as was the case with the numbers of cattle determined in Mr. Daily's and Mr. Favre's respective cattle counts) there is a wide disparity in the numbers of breeding cattle the parties contend were present and available annually from 1987 thorough 1992 to be "owned" by the cattle-breeding partnerships. Mr. Daily (respondent's expert) estimated the following total numbers of cattle, consisting of breeding cattle and calves, were present annually on the dates indicated:
Mature Breeding Cattle
__________________________
Bred Total
Date Bulls Cows Heifers Subtotal Calves Cattle
____ _____ ____ _______ ________ ______ ______
1-1-87 765 3,912 520 5,197 4,725 9,922
1-1-88 546 4,246 374 5,166 3,397*255 8,563
1-1-89 550 2,920 513 3,983 2,336 6,319
1-1-90 987 3,103 550 4,640 2,482 7,122
1-1-91 1,124 3,498 667 5,289 2,798 8,087
1-1-92 761 3,115 583 4,459 3,119 7,578
Mr. Daily based his above 1987 cattle figures on an inventory of the Hoyt organization's cattle dated January 1, 1987. This inventory listed a total of 13,481 animals of all classes and ages. 27 Mr. Daily examined the locations, types of cattle, and cattle numbers listed therein and concluded the inventory represented a reasonable starting point from which to estimate the numbers of cattle present annually from 1987 through 1991. He arrived at his 1988 through 1991 cow figures by examining the Hoyt organization's calving records for those years and concluding that an assumed calf crop rate of 80 percent would be reasonable. He arrived at his 1988 through 1991 bull figures by concluding that a ratio of one bull to every 20 cows would be reasonable. His 1992 cattle figures, however, were based on his own fall 1992 through spring 1993*256 cattle count.
*257 Petitioners, on the other hand, contend that much higher numbers of breeding cattle were present annually during 1987 through 1992. Jay Hoyt, in his testimony, estimated that the Hoyt herd included the following numbers of breeding cattle (which numbers he stated include some calves as well):
Total Breeding Cattle
Year (incl. some calves)
____ _____________________
1987 24,000-29,000
1988 18,000-20,000
1989 16,000-18,000
1990 10,000-12,000
1991 16,000-18,000
1992 17,000-18,000
Jay Hoyt based these estimates on certain unspecified documents he claimed to have examined -- presumably, including the annual herd recap sheets the Hoyt organization prepared. For instance, although he did not elaborate and identify the specific documents upon which he relied, he claimed his 1987 estimate was based on his examination of certain 1986 and 1987 documents. In addition, petitioners*258 (as was earlier indicated supra note 17) maintain the annual herd recap sheets in evidence reflect the cattle-breeding partnerships to have owned the following total numbers of cattle on the dates indicated:
Date Total Number of Cattle
____ ______________________
1-1-87 22,457
1-1-88 25,613
1-1-89 23,418
1-1-90 17,336
1-1-92 22,148
The Court does not accept petitioners' contentions concerning the numbers of breeding cattle present during 1987 through 1992. As was previously discussed, the Court considers much of Jay Hoyt's testimony in the instant cases evasive and less than forthright. Accordingly, the Court does not find his cattle estimates credible. Moreover, as was also previously discussed, the Court found highly suspect the 1987 through 1992 herd recap sheets and does not believe those herd recap sheets to be contemporaneous and reliable documents.
The credible evidence in the record essentially*259 confirms and supports Mr. Daily's estimates of breeding cattle that were present during 1987 through 1992. Mrs. Schnitker, who served as Management's cattle marketing director from 1987 through 1990, 28 estimated Management during those years managed a total of 5,000 cattle annually. Of the 5,000 total cattle, she further estimated 3,000 were mature female cows and another 1,000 cattle consisted of weaned male and female calves. She also related that the total numbers of cattle annually present stayed about the same during these years. Tom James, who had operated and managed Timeshares Breeding Services since about 1986, testified that Timeshares Breeding Services had a total of approximately 3,133 to 3,234 cattle in 1993, and that this would have been the maximum number of cattle Timeshares Breeding Services had in its operation at any one time. 29
*260 Although petitioners argue far greater numbers of additional breeding cattle existed and were available to be purchased and owned by all of the cattle-breeding partnerships during 1987 through 1992, they have failed to produce any concrete, convincing evidence establishing their claim.
Most importantly, petitioners have failed to account for and establish precisely the total number of breeding cattle annually present from 1987 through 1992, which the Hoyt organization collectively managed on behalf of each of the numerous cattle- breeding partnerships it organized, promoted, and operated. The Court believes that the Hoyt organization failed to provide such a full and proper accounting because the requisite numbers of individual breeding cattle it purportedly sold to and managed on behalf of these partnerships never existed. See infra note 38. Moreover, there is evidence in the record indicating that a large number of breeding cattle previously assigned to many of the partnerships may have been sold off by the Hoyt organization to meet its financial obligations. 30 In addition, as indicated earlier, the Hoyt organization had claimed that large numbers of cattle it managed on behalf*261 of the partnerships died as a result of drought and disease during the 1987 through 1992 period -- a claim the Court finds dubious. 31
*262 The Court concludes that petitioners have failed to establish that, during 1987 through 1992, substantially more breeding cattle were present than were estimated by respondent's expert Mr. Daily. 32 The Court further concludes that petitioners have failed to show that breeding cattle existed in each year during this period in numbers corresponding with those purportedly purchased and owned by all of the cattle-breeding partnerships. See Rules 142(a), 240(a). Indeed, the 1987 bills of sale in evidence (which the Court previously determined were highly suspect and unreliable) reflect 26 newly formed partnerships alone to have purportedly purchased over 13,000 breeding cattle during that year.
*263
E. WHETHER A PARTNERSHIP'S STATED PURCHASE PRICE REASONABLY
APPROXIMATED THE CATTLE'S FAIR MARKET VALUE
Petitioners contend that the breeding cattle each partnership acquired from the Hoyt organization had a value of $ 4,000 per animal and that the total stated purchase price each partnership paid for its breeding cattle was reasonable.
Respondent, on the other hand, contends that during the years relevant to the instant cases, the Hoyt organization's breeding cattle had a value substantially below $ 4,000 per animal. The Court essentially agrees with respondent.
In asserting their $ 4,000 per animal valuation, petitioners rely heavily on the testimony of their expert Mr. Hunsley. Mr. Hunsley has been the ASA's executive director since about 1983 and was also an expert witness for the taxpayers in
Mr. Hunsley opined that the cattle in the Hoyt herd were in the top 25 percent of the Shorthorn breed. He further opined that the Hoyt Shorthorn cattle had an average value of $ 4,000 per head during 1987 through 1992. Mr. Hunsley noted that in the Bales case, he had also concluded the cattle he had seen during his 1986 visit were worth $ 4,000 per head. He maintained that the general market prices for Shorthorn cattle had not changed significantly during 1987 through 1992.
The Court does not accept Mr. Hunsley's conclusions with respect to the value of the Hoyt herd cattle during 1987 through 1992. Among other things, Mr. Hunsley did not address how his opinions might have to be revised if (1) a large number of the breeding cattle a partnership purportedly purchased did not, in fact, exist, or (2) the parentage or registered status of a partnership's cattle was suspect or unknown. In addition, the Court has major reservations concerning some of the assertions*265 Mr. Hunsley made regarding the Hoyt organization cattle. On cross-examination by respondent's counsel, Mr. Hunsley denied knowing of any irregularities with respect to cattle the Hoyt organization registered with the ASA. He specifically denied that he had waived or allowed the Hoyt organization to dispense with the ASA rules requiring blood testing to verify the parentage of certain calves the Hoyt organization had registered as being produced from embryo transplants. However, Mr. Hunsley's claims were directly contradicted by Mrs. Schnitker's later testimony.
Mrs. Schnitker explained that her husband had been involved in the embryo transplant work done by the Hoyt organization. She related that around 1990 Jay Hoyt met with her and her husband and told them a calf had to be registered with the ASA for each embryo transplant the Hoyt organization had done, regardless of whether an actual calf had been produced. Mrs. Schnitker said she agreed to handle the registrations, provided she could reach an understanding with Mr. Hunsley with respect to any nonexistent calves being registered. According to Mrs. Schnitker, she and Mr. Hunsley came to such an understanding permitting the Hoyt*266 organization to register these nonexistent calves, but he had also told her the Hoyt organization would not be allowed to register any subsequent cattle characterized as progeny of these nonexistent calves.
The Court finds Mrs. Schnitker's above testimony credible. In addition to believing her to be a trustworthy witness, the Court notes that other reliable evidence in the record corroborates various aspects of her testimony. The record includes a 1991 invoice for the registration work that Mrs. Schnitker issued to the Hoyt organization and a later note and a memorandum of Jay Hoyt directing other Hoyt organization workers to pay Mrs. Schnitker's invoice. 33 Moreover, as indicated earlier, at about this same time: (1) Jay Hoyt, in a February 4, 1991, memorandum, instructed other Hoyt organization workers to register with the ASA a calf for each cow bred, not just "live calves"; and (2) the Hoyt organization proposed to Mr. Hunsley that it be allowed to register calves with the ASA at a lower registration fee of $ 6 per calf, in return for promising to register a minimum of 4,000 calves annually for 1991 and 1992. See supra notes 10 and 11. The record further includes a letter Mr. *267 Hunsley issued to the Hoyt organization on or about February 14, 1991, in which he essentially agreed to the Hoyt organization's proposal regarding a lower calf registration fee. In that letter, Mr. Hunsley also mentioned his close work with Mrs. Schnitker in registering "embryo transplant calves".
The record reflects that petitioners' asserted valuation of $ 4,000 per animal is still substantially higher than the prices the Hoyt organization realized in selling cattle to independent, unrelated third parties in arm's-length transactions. 34 Mrs. Schnitker testified as to the prices she obtained in selling cattle as Management's cattle marketing director from 1987 through 1990. Her sales included sales to feedlots (whereby the cattle essentially would be sold at meat prices) and other sales to Shorthorn breeders. She related that the best quality (i.e., "A" herd) mature*268 breeding cows with registration papers could go for a price as high as $ 2,000 or $ 2,500, depending upon the individual cow's quality. However, lesser quality cattle without registration papers (i.e., "B" herd or lower) would sell for substantially less. Obviously, many of the breeding cattle purportedly sold the partnerships were nowhere near the quality of an "A" herd cow selling for $ 2,000 or $ 2,500. 35 Indeed, the registered status and parentage of a substantial number of breeding cattle the partnerships purportedly purchased and owned are either dubious or unknown.
*269 We conclude the partnerships' stated purchase prices for their "breeding cattle" were many times the actual fair market value of those "cattle". 36 Thus, each partnership's stated purchase price for its cattle did not reasonably approximate those "cattle's" fair market value.
In deciding the extent to which a nonrecourse note has economic substance, a number of cases have relied heavily on whether the fair market value of the property acquired with the note was within a reasonable range of its stated purchase price. See
An acquisition * * * if at a price approximately equal to the
fair market value of the property under ordinary circumstances
would rather quickly yield an equity in the property which the
purchaser could not prudently*271 abandon. This is the stuff of
substance. It meshes with the form of the transaction and
constitutes a sale.
No such meshing occurs when the purchase price exceeds a
demonstrably reasonable estimate of the fair market value.
Payments on the principal of the purchase price yield no equity
so long as the unpaid balance of the purchase price exceeds the
then existing fair market value. Under these circumstances the
purchaser by abandoning the transaction can lose no more than a
mere chance to acquire an equity in the future should the value
of the acquired property increase. * * *
In addition, even a purportedly recourse purchase note will not be treated as true debt where payment, according to its terms, is too contingent. See
In
We are fully aware of the long line of decisions of this
Court and other courts that have dealt with bona fide long-term
recourse notes assumed by limited partners. In those cases, the
courts have given credence to recourse notes as a basis for
supporting claimed losses or establishing section 465 "at risk"
amounts. See, e.g.,
Cir. 1987), revg. and remanding
under sec. 465);
(at risk under sec. 465; partnership's basis); Melvin v.
*273
basis; at risk under sec. 465).
In all those cases, however, the recourse notes were given
to independent third parties whose interests did not necessarily
coincide with those of the note makers. Those cases did not
involve, as does the instant case, transactions between two
organizations created to carry out a tax shelter scheme, notes
given for amounts having no relationship to economic reality, or
notes which almost certainly would not be paid. See Goldstein v.
T.C. 284 (1965);
(1986);
570, 589-590 (1982).
In the instant case, we are convinced, as stated above,
that the purportedly recourse * * * notes served merely as a
facade for the support of the tax benefits promised the
investors * *274 * *. The possibility that the notes would be paid
was illusory. * * *
In
In the instant cases, the Court is convinced that Jay Hoyt and the Hoyt organization never intended to enforce the cattle- breeding partnerships' purportedly recourse notes against a partnership and its partners on a genuinely recourse basis. In that regard, the Court does not find believable Jay Hoyt's testimony to the contrary.
Jay Hoyt testified that although the cattle-breeding partnerships formed before 1986 (including several of the seven in the instant cases) had been limited partnerships, by about 1986*275 many of them had been converted to general partnerships following the execution of restated partnership agreements for them. Even before this conversion, he added, limited partner investors had executed assumption agreements, pursuant to which they agreed to be fully personally liable for all amounts owed under the "Full Recourse Promissory Note" their partnership had issued for its purchased breeding cattle. He related that he typically had signed an individual investor's name to an assumption agreement on behalf of that investor, pursuant to a power of attorney the investors had granted him. 37
*276 However, as the Court previously determined, the stated purchase prices for a partnership's "breeding cattle" greatly exceeded those cattle's fair market value. Neither were these arm's- length transactions. Jay Hoyt, as managing general partner, represented each partnership in these transactions and other Hoyt organization entities "sold" and then "managed" the "breeding cattle" that a partnership had purportedly purchased. The Hoyt organization greatly inflated the stated purchase prices in order to increase the potential tax benefits for investors.
In addition, as was noted earlier, the Hoyt organization well before 1987 could never properly account for all the specific individual breeding cattle that purportedly were "purchased and owned" by the numerous cattle-breeding partnerships it organized and operated over the years. This manifested itself in the many accounting deficiencies and irregularities in the Hoyt organization's cattle management and record-keeping practices. Indeed, petitioners have been unable to establish that breeding cattle existed from 1987 through 1992 in numbers corresponding to those purportedly purchased and owned by all of the cattle-breeding partnerships.
*277 The Hoyt organization further allowed a number of defaulting investors to walk away from their partnership's alleged recourse promissory note debt. In his testimony, Jay Hoyt maintained that he and the Hoyt organization had concluded it was not practical to bring collection actions against a large number of defaulting investors. He further stated that as a "general principle" the Hoyt organization assumed that the "cattle" securing a defaulting investor's "note liability" had a value equal to 110 percent of that "note liability". However, the Court does not believe Jay Hoyt's explanation as to why the Hoyt organization never sought to enforce the "note liability" against these defaulting investors. 38
*278 In his testimony, Jay Hoyt also noted that certain of the cattle-breeding partnerships had almost "fully paid off" their "promissory note liabilities" with respect to some earlier cattle purchase transactions that they and the Hoyt organization had entered into. He further indicated that, in substantial part, these notes had been "paid off" through these partnerships' "transferring back" cattle to the Hoyt organization. However, the Court does not consider such "payments" to be convincing evidence establishing those notes and other subsequent notes various cattle-breeding partnerships issued were valid recourse indebtedness. In a number of instances, the Hoyt organization set highly inflated values on the cattle the partnerships "transferred back" to it in "note payments". For instance, a Hoyt organization note payment summary and a payment receipt reflect that, in late 1987, SGE 82-1 transferred to the Hoyt organization 82 registered Shorthorns having a stated total value of $ 697,750 (which works out to an average stated value per cow of approximately $ 8,508) and that the Hoyt organization credited this $ 697,750 "payment" against SGE 82-1's promissory note, allocating $ 232,122*279 to interest and $ 465,528 to principal. The Hoyt organization further, over the years, contrived other transactions pursuant to which small numbers of breeding cattle (possibly "belonging" to some of the cattle-breeding partnerships) were purportedly sold for allegedly high prices at public cattle sales. See supra note 34.
This highly unusual conduct by the Hoyt organization with respect to these alleged recourse partnership debts casts considerable doubt upon the bona fides of the "recourse promissory notes" the partnerships issued to the Hoyt organization. In the subsequent note payment "transactions", Jay Hoyt and the Hoyt organization placed grossly inflated "values" on certain alleged cattle a partnership "transferred back" to the Hoyt organization, because the "payment" was only "applied" against the grossly inflated stated purchase price that partnership previously purportedly agreed to pay for its "breeding cattle". In actuality, the Hoyt family and the Hoyt organization never contemplated that each partnership's promissory note would ever have to be paid by that partnership and its partners on a genuinely recourse basis.
*280 Jay Hoyt and the Hoyt organization entities involved in the partnerships' breeding cattle purchase transactions were not independent parties acting at arm's length. Their actions evidence that they themselves viewed the partnership notes as essentially being illusory and having no practical economic effect and that the notes were merely a facade to support the tax benefits Jay Hoyt and the Hoyt organization had promised investors in the partnerships. See
For the foregoing reasons and on the record presented, the Court concludes that the partnership notes were not valid indebtedness.
DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 claimed to have acquired large numbers of breeding cattle which did not exist. In addition, the annual herd recap sheets and other records petitioners offered were not reliable and contemporaneous documents. Each partnership's stated purchase price for its breeding cattle did not reasonably approximate the cattle's*281 fair market value. The alleged recourse promissory note each partnership issued was not a valid recourse indebtedness. In some instances, the Hoyt organization attributed and reallocated certain breeding cattle originally assigned to and "owned" by one partnership to another partnership. Accordingly, we hold that DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to the breeding cattle each had purportedly acquired. See
*282 ISSUE 2. INTEREST DEDUCTIONS
As discussed supra in connection with parts E and F of Issue 1, the Court has concluded that the purported recourse promissory notes DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 each issued to the Hoyt organization in transactions subsequent to those involved in
The record further reflects that DF #1, during some of the years in issue, also claimed interest deductions with respect to certain notes it issued in connection with transactions that might have been the subject of the Bales decision. These alleged interest payments were "made" by the partnership purportedly transferring back (at inflated values) "cattle" to the Hoyt organization. For instance, a Hoyt organization payment summary and a payment receipt reflect that, in early 1987, DF #1 transferred to the Hoyt organization 14 heifers having a stated total value of $ 111,056 (which works out to an average stated value per*283 heifer of just under $ 8,000) and that the Hoyt organization credited this $ 111,056 "payment" against three of DF #1's promissory notes, including two notes that DF #1 issued, respectively, in 1976 and 1977. The payment summary further reflects that the Hoyt organization credited this $ 111,056 "payment" against the three notes, allocating $ 13,231 to interest and $ 97,925 to principal.
We are aware that the DF #1 notes issued in connection with the transactions involved in Bales were previously determined by this Court to be valid recourse indebtedness. However, in the instant cases, the Court does not believe DF #1 to be entitled to interest deductions on those notes for the years in issue. As indicated previously, petitioner's collateral estoppel claim is not properly before the Court. See supra note 39. Moreover, by the years in issue, the controlling facts had changed materially. Among other things, by this time, the Hoyt organization's cattle management "practices" had changed so that DF #1 "owned" (for tax purposes) few, if any, actual individual breeding cattle. It is thus extremely likely that the "14 heifers" purportedly "transferred back" by DF #1 to the Hoyt organization*284 in "payment" of these notes (1) did not, in fact, exist and/or (2) were not "owned" by DF #1 for tax purposes. See also the discussion infra concerning Issue 8. We hold that DF #1 is not entitled to the interest deductions it claimed for the years in issue on those notes.
ISSUE 3. CERTAIN FARM AND "OTHER" DEDUCTIONS 40
As discussed supra in connection with Issue 1, the Court has concluded DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89- 1, and TBS 90-1 did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to the breeding cattle each partnership claimed to have acquired from the Hoyt organization. Accordingly, we hold that these foregoing partnerships are not entitled to the farm deductions they claimed for the years in issue.
Petitioners have further failed to substantiate the "other deductions" DF #1, SGE 82-1, and DGE 84-3 claimed for the 1990 and 1991 tax years. *285 Consequently, we sustain respondent's determinations in the FPAA's disallowing DF #1, SGE 82-1, and DGE 84-3 those deductions for the 1990 and 1991 tax years. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
ISSUE 4. DEDUCTIONS FOR GUARANTEED PAYMENTS
Petitioners assert that DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84- 5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 are entitled to deductions for the years in issue for certain guaranteed payments made to Jay Hoyt during those years.
Section 707(c) allows a deduction for a partnership for guaranteed payments to partners. Such payments are determined without regard to the partnership income and are payments to a partners for services or the use of capital. See sec. 707(c). To be deductible by the partnership, the guaranteed payments must meet the requirements of section 162; they must be ordinary and necessary expenses, reasonable in amount, and incurred in a trade or business. See
In deciding whether the payments are deductible under section 162(a), the Court must look to the nature of the services performed by the general*286 partners rather than to their designation or treatment by the partnership. See
In the instant cases, the evidence presented on the payments these partnerships made to Jay Hoyt is most unsatisfactory. The record includes a copy of DGE 84-3's partnership agreement. It provides that the managing general partner, Jay Hoyt, is to receive a fee equal to 5 percent of that partnership's profits. Copies*287 of the partnership agreements of the other partnerships for the years in issue are not in the record. However, Jay Hoyt testified that he received a fee equal to 1 percent of a partnership's gross farm income.
Petitioners have failed to establish that the alleged payments each of these partnerships made to Jay Hoyt are deductible under section 162(a) by that partnership. Petitioners provided scant information concerning (1) the nature of the services Jay Hoyt performed for that partnership and (2) whether the payments represented reasonable compensation for those services Jay Hoyt rendered. Thus we hold that DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, DGE 86-2, TBS 89-1, and TBS 90-1 are not entitled to the deductions for guaranteed payments they claimed for the years in issue. 41 See
*288 ISSUE 5. IRA DEDUCTIONS
DF #1, DGE 84-3, and SGE 84-5 claimed deductions for some of the years in issue for alleged individual retirement account (IRA) contributions they made for certain of their partners.
On brief, respondent concedes some of the claimed contributions DF #1, DGE 84-3, and SGE 84-5 made have been substantiated. The Court thus holds that these foregoing partnerships are entitled to IRA deductions for the years in issue in the amounts respondent conceded. The Court further holds that these partnerships have not substantiated and are not entitled to their claimed IRA deductions for the years in issue in excess of the amounts respondent conceded. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
ISSUE 6. ACCOUNTING AND TAX RETURN PREPARATION FEES DEDUCTIONS
SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, and TBS 90-1 each claimed deductions for accounting and tax return preparation fees for its 1992 tax year.
Petitioners have failed to present sufficient evidence substantiating that SGE 82-1, DGE-84-3, SGE 84-5, and TBS 90-1 paid such accounting and tax preparation fees. Consequently, we sustain respondent's determinations in the FPAA's disallowing the deductions these foregoing partnerships claimed for*289 the 1992 tax year in issue. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
ISSUE 7. INVESTMENT TAX CREDITS
Petitioners claim that DGE 84-3 and SGE 84-5 are entitled to investment credits for 1987 for cattle each partnership purchased in 1984. They maintain that under the earlier settlement concluded for these partnerships for 1984 through 1986, the cattle were excluded and not depreciated by each partnership for those years. Petitioners argue that these "excluded" cattle were thus placed in service in 1987 and that DGE 84-3 and SGE 84-5 are entitled to investment credits under certain transition rules provided to section 38 concerning property purchased under a binding contract.
As discussed supra in connection with Issue 1, the Court concluded DGE 84-3 and SGE 84-5 did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to the breeding cattle each partnership claimed to have acquired. Accordingly, we hold that DGE 84-3 and SGE 84-5 are not entitled to investment credits for the years in issue.
ISSUE 8. CAPITAL GAINS AND/OR ADDITIONAL FARM INCOME
In the respective FPAA's issued to DF #1, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, and TBS 89-1 for their 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, and/or 1992 tax years, *290 respondent determined that (1) each partnership had additional farm income from its transfer to a Hoyt organization entity of calves produced by that partnership's breeding herd, and (2) certain income these partnerships reported from the sale of some of its breeding cattle and breeding value certificates 42 was ordinary income, rather than capital gains.
As discussed supra in connection with Issue 1, the Court has determined that, during the period covering the 1988 through 1992 tax years, SGE 82-1, DGE 84-3, SGE 84-5, and TBS 89-1 did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to the breeding cattle they purportedly acquired*291 from the Hoyt organization. As a result, these partnerships never owned for tax purposes any breeding cattle to generate this income respondent determined they had for the years in issue. Accordingly, we hold that the 1988 through 1992 tax year capital gains and/or other farm income adjustments respondent determined against these foregoing partnerships cannot be sustained.
ISSUE 9. MANAGEMENT'S DEDUCTIONS AND CREDITS
In the FPAA's issued to Management for its 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 tax years, respondent disallowed various deductions and credits claimed by Management.
Among the adjustments in issue between the parties are tens of millions of dollars of other farm deductions attributable to large numbers of cattle Management purportedly had received from numerous cattle-breeding partnerships and then ostensibly transferred to Ranches in payment of feed, management, consulting, freight services, and other goods and services Ranches provided to Management. As discussed supra in connection with Issue 1, the Court has determined certain specified cattle-breeding partnerships, during 1987 through 1990, did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to the breeding*292 cattle they purportedly acquired from the Hoyt organization. As they and other cattle- breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization formed and operated from 1987 through 1990, were never the owners for tax purposes of any breeding cattle, the Court concludes that Management "received" no cattle from these partnerships to "transfer" to Ranches in "payment" of these alleged goods and services Ranches provided to Management.
On brief, respondent has conceded that Management is entitled to certain deductions for the years in issue. The Court thus holds that Management is entitled to farming and other deductions in the amounts respondent conceded. The Court further holds that Management is not entitled to deductions for the years in issue in excess of the amounts respondent conceded. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
On the record presented, petitioners have failed to establish that Management is entitled to fuel tax credits. Consequently, the Court sustains respondent's determinations in the FPAA's that Management is not entitled to fuel tax credits for some of the years in issue. See Rules 142(a), 240(a). Similarly, on the record presented, petitioners have failed to establish that Management*293 is entitled to deduct research and development expenses under section 174. Among other things, the Court is not satisfied that expenditures were actually incurred in the amounts claimed for research or experimentation. See
On brief, petitioners concede they have failed to produce any evidence regarding the section 179 expense that Management claimed for its 1989 tax year. Consequently, we sustain respondent's determination in the FPAA disallowing Management such expense for the 1989 tax year. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
ISSUE 10. MANAGEMENT'S INCOME
In the FPAA's issued to Management for its 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 tax years, respondent determined that Management (1) had (a) substantial management fees from its receipt of calves and*294 culls from numerous cattle-breeding partnerships and (b) substantial sale income from its transfer of much of those same cattle to Ranches, (2) had unreported 1990 capital gains income from its sale of certain other assets, (3) received taxable distributions of assets from Ranches and Hoyt & Sons Ranch Properties, and (4) had income from the discharge of indebtedness.
As discussed supra in connection with Issues 1, 8, and 9, the Court has determined that cattle-breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization formed and operated from 1987 through 1992 did not acquire the benefits and burdens of ownership with respect to breeding cattle they purportedly acquired from the Hoyt organization and were not the owners for tax purposes of any breeding cattle. These partnerships thus did not have any cattle to generate the management fees and sales income (from Management's then "transferring" to Ranches large numbers of animals "received" from the partnerships) respondent determined. Accordingly, we hold that the 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 farm income adjustments respondent determined against Management -- to the extent of the management fee income and the sale income from Ranches -- cannot be*295 sustained. In all other respects, the Court sustains the 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990 farm income adjustments respondent determined. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
Petitioners offered no evidence concerning the 1990 section 1231 gain adjustment respondent determined against Management from its sale of certain other assets. Consequently, the Court sustains respondent's determination in the FPAA that Management had $ 720,526 of section 1231 gain for the 1990 tax year. See Rules 142(a), 240(a).
Petitioners offered no evidence concerning the 1988, 1989, and 1990 taxable distribution adjustments respondent determined Management had from its receipt of assets from Ranches and Hoyt & Sons Ranch Properties. On brief, respondent acknowledges that since it was unclear whether Management received $ 8,160,745 of the assets in 1989 or 1990, the same $ 8,160,745 amount was included in both 1989 and 1990. Respondent now states that he believes the $ 8,160,745 amount belongs in Management's income for 1990. Consequently, the Court sustains respondent's determinations in the FPAA's that Management had $ 1,450,793 in taxable distributions for the 1988 tax year and $ 8,160,745 in taxable distributions for*296 the 1990 tax year. See Rules 142(a), 240(a). The Court further holds that Management had $ 2,648,902 in taxable distributions (the $ 10,809,647 respondent originally determined, less the $ 8,160,745 respondent now states is properly allocable to 1990) for the 1989 tax year.
Petitioners offered no evidence concerning the 1989 and 1990 discharge of indebtedness adjustments respondent determined Management had from the forgiveness of amounts owed by it to Hoyt & Sons Ranch Properties on land leases from 1983 through 1989. On brief, respondent acknowledges that the same $ 4,984,403 amount was included in both 1989 and 1990. Respondent now states he believes this $ 4,984,403 of income should be recognized by Management for 1990. Consequently, the Court sustains respondent's determination in the FPAA that Management had $ 4,984,403 of discharge of indebtedness income for the 1990 tax year. See Rules 142(a), 240(a). The Court further holds that Management had no discharge of indebtedness income for the 1989 tax year.
To reflect the foregoing and the parties' concessions,
Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.
APPENDIX A -- FPAA Adjustments
DF #1
TYE Adjustments
___ *297 ___________
12-31-87 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income $ 129,787
Depreciation expense 23,826
Interest expense 13,285
Other farm deductions 196,258
Guaranteed payments 13,841
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 118,165
IRA contribution 8,000
12-31-88 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 121,264
Interest expense 7,038
Other farm deductions 207,292
Guaranteed payments *298 10,597
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 28,265
9-30-89 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Interest expense 12,888
Other farm deductions 246,107
Guaranteed payments 4,906
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 26,514
9-30-90 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm Income 137,299
Depreciation expense 280,175
Interest expense 82,496
Other farm deductions 27,578
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 520,325
Guaranteed payments *299 280
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income $ 799,505
Other deductions 137,299
9-30-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 359,651
Interest expense 123,750
Sharecrop calves 325,360
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 440,850
Guaranteed payments 3,254
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 1,007,487
Other deductions 261,321
9-30-92 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm Income 109,981
*300 Depreciation expense 439,924
Interest expense 131,737
Calves -- management fee 152,059
Guaranteed payments 2,620
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 574,281
SGE 82-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
9-30-90 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 2,349,777
Interest expense 91,326
Other farm deductions 27,578
Guaranteed payments 280
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 280
Other deductions *301 1,151,341
9-30-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 150,392
Depreciation expense 615,619
Sharecrop calves 491,360
Cattle losses -- drought/disease $ 178,263
Guaranteed payments 4,919
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 792,056
Other deductions 1,117,006
9-30-92 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 65,734
Depreciation expense 262,938
Interest expense 4,000
Calves-management fee *302 272,873
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 3,386
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 270,024
DGE 84-3
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-87 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 1,078,475
Interest expense 330,319
Other farm deductions 92,163
Guaranteed payments 17,082
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 1,392,722
IRA contribution 32,000
12-31-88 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense *303 1,074,885
Interest expense 179,318
Other farm deductions 118,490
Guaranteed payments 11,288
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 1,243,908
IRA contribution 20,000
9-30-89 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense $ 134,884
Interest expense 113,757
Other farm deductions 144,498
Guaranteed payments 1,486
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 244,581
9-30-90 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income*304 2,054,133
Depreciation expense 67,940
Interest expense 707,820
Other farm deductions 27,578
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 19,500
Guaranteed payments 280
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 794,812
Other deductions 869,361
9-30-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 148,621
Depreciation expense 656,894
Interest expense 230,000
Sharecrop calves 401,720
*305 Cattle losses -- drought/disease 367,633
Guaranteed payments 4,017
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 1,232,481
Other deductions 1,058,365
9-30-92 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 102,918
Depreciation expense 411,672
Interest expense 42,750
Calves -- management fee 127,063
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 2,300
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 457,508
SGE 84-5
TYE Adjustments
___ *306 ___________
12-31-87 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense $ 1,090,460
Interest expense 187,962
Other farm deductions 92,163
Guaranteed payments 15,062
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 1,264,350
12-31-88 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 893,334
Interest expense 295
Other farm deductions 119,820
Guaranteed payments 15,328
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 880,664
IRA contribution *307 28,000
9-30-89 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 448,101
Interest expense 303,687
Other farm deductions 141,166
Guaranteed payments 1,486
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 744,396
9-30-90 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 1,807,147
Depreciation expense 138,075
Interest expense 666,370
Other farm deductions 27,578
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 152,425
Guaranteed payments 280
*308 Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 956,422
Other deductions 931,694
9-30-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm Income $ 150,276
Depreciation expense 155,998
Interest expense 209,500
Sharecrop calves 401,720
Guaranteed payments 4,018
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 292,742
Other deductions 381,176
9-30-92 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 101,493
Depreciation expense *309 405,972
Interest expense 42,000
Calves -- management fee 324,948
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 3,806
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 496,884
DGE 86-2
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 862,447
Sharecrop calves 2,479,421
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 976,369
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 4,312,237
TBS 89-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-89 Total Adjustments*310 to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 1,056,720
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income $ 1,056,720
12-31-91 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Farm income 11,686
Depreciation expense 555,199
Board expense 1,983,470
Cattle losses -- drought/disease 237,325
Other Adjustments
Self employment income 2,750,837
Other deductions 14,578
TBS 90-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-92 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Depreciation expense 2,174,204
Interest expense *311 137,750
Accounting fees 3,086
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 2,315,040
MANAGEMENT
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
9-30-87 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Gross receipts or sales 56,813
Sales -- livestock raised 2,803,274
Management fees 74,388,096
Sales to Ranches 36,201,929
Reclassified section 1231 gain 1,159,679
Other sales 2,175,457
Other income 644
Depreciation expense 1,006,785
Interest expense *312 3,618
Other farm deductions 4,608,140
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 6,018,585
Fuel credit 10,732
Research credit 185,640
Investment credit $ 2,189,204
9-30-88 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Gross receipts or sales 217,125
Income -- receipt of distrib. 1,450,793
ptrship. assets
Sales -- livestock raised 1,600,240
Management fees 54,610,680
Sales to Ranches 41,409,067
Other sales 7,339,811
*313 Other income 99,660
Depreciation expense 141,467
Interest expense 14,770
Other farm deductions 5,924,524
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 5,574,221
Fuel credit 13,223
9-30-89 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Gross receipts or sales 99,751
Income -- discharge of indebtedness 4,984,403
Income -- receipt of distrib. 10,809,647
ptrship. assets
Sales -- livestock raised 6,491,658
Management fees 35,889,200
Sales to Ranches*314 54,879,409
Other sales 12,131,943
Depreciation expense 141,858
Interest expense 369,617
Other farm deductions 7,058,246
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 16,580,142
Fuel credit 13,223
Section 179 expense 13,566
9-30-90 Total Adjustments to Ordinary Income
Income -- receipt of distrib. 8,160,745
ptrship. assets
Basis livestock sold 172,739
Sales -- livestock raised 1,999,969
Management fees *315 46,762,200
Sales to Ranches 32,057,283
Other sales 1,441,785
Agriculture payments 3,010
Other income $ 5,527,069
Depreciation expense 537,993
Interest expense 222,963
Other farm deductions 8,014,100
General Partners' Office expenses 620,731
Laguna Tax Service expenses 1,401,315
Income -- discharge of indebtedness 4,984,403
Other Adjustments
Self-employment income 15,016,325
Rental income 56,190
Dividend income *316 1,180
Section 1231 gain 720,026
Fuel credit 14,462
Section 179 expense 2,958,692
APPENDIX B -- Adjustments in Issue
DF #1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-87 Interest expense $ 9,054
Other farm deductions 83,328
Guaranteed payments 833
IRA contribution 8,000
12-31-88 Farm income/capital gain 121,264
Interest expense 7,038
Other farm deductions 134,037
Guaranteed payments *317 1,340
9-30-89 Interest expense 12,888
Other farm deductions 386,937
Guaranteed payments 3,869
9-30-90 Farm income 137,299
Depreciation expense 280,175
Interest expense 56,035
Other farm deductions 386,937
Guaranteed payments 3,869
Other deductions 137,299
9-30-91 Depreciation expense 359,651
Interest expense 125,879
Other farm deductions 247,842
Guaranteed payments *318 2,478
9-30-92 Farm income/capital gain 109,981
Depreciation expense 439,924
Interest expense 131,737
Other farm deductions 283,248
Guaranteed payments 2,620
SGE 82-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
9-30-90 Farm income/capital gain 2,349,777
Depreciation expense 792,666
Interest expense 103,962
Other farm deductions 771,345
Guaranteed payments $ 9,463
Other deductions 1,551,341
9-30-91 Farm income/capital gain 150,392
*319 Depreciation expense 792,666
Interest expense 20,071
Other farm deductions 491,360
Guaranteed payments 4,914
9-30-92 Farm income/capital gain 65,734
Depreciation expense 262,938
Interest expense 48,985
Other farm deductions 272,873
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 3,386
DGE 84-3
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-87 Depreciation expense 432,900
Interest expense 151,515
*320 Other farm deductions 598,176
Guaranteed payments 5,981
Investment credit 1,425,500
12-31-88 Depreciation expense 454,545
Interest expense 151,515
Other farm deductions 598,176
Guaranteed payments 8,022
IRA contribution 28,000
9-30-89 Depreciation expense 228,769
Interest expense 151,515
Other farm deductions 508,329
Guaranteed payments 5,159
9-30-90 Farm income/capital gain 2,054,133
*321 Depreciation expense 398,000
Interest expense 355,000
Other farm deductions 422,343
Guaranteed payments 4,223
9-30-91 Farm income/capital gain 148,621
Depreciation expense 398,000
Interest expense 182,735
Other farm deductions 306,009
Guaranteed payments $ 8,022
Other deductions 1,058,365
9-30-92 Farm income/capital gain 102,918
Depreciation expense 158,625
Interest expense 130,525
Other*322 farm deductions 306,009
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 3,060
SGE 84-5
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-87 Depreciation expense 557,632
Interest expense 195,171
Other farm deductions 946,368
Guaranteed payments 9,463
Investment credit 2,060,100
12-31-88 Depreciation expense 585,514
Interest expense 195,171
Other farm deductions 804,222
Guaranteed payments 8,022
IRA contribution*323 28,000
9-30-89 Depreciation expense 324,476
Interest expense 195,171
Other farm deductions 515,916
Guaranteed payments 5,159
9-30-90 Farm income/capital gain 1,807,147
Depreciation expense 447,027
Interest expense 211,587
Other farm deductions 515,916
Guaranteed payments 5,159
9-30-91 Farm income/capital gain 150,276
Depreciation expense 470,657
Interest expense 211,587
Other farm deductions *324 452,961
Guaranteed payments 4,526
9-30-92 Farm income/capital gain 101,493
Depreciation expense 195,070
Interest expense 166,521
Other farm deductions 452,691
Accounting fees $ 4,526
Guaranteed payments 3,806
DGE 86-2
TYE Adjustments
___
12-31-91 Depreciation expense 862,447
Other farm deductions 2,479,421
TBS 89-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-89 Depreciation expense 1,050,000
12-31-91 Farm income/capital gain 11,686
*325 Depreciation expense 555,199
Interest expense 194,320
Other farm deductions 700,533
Guaranteed payments 7,005
TBS 90-1
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
12-31-92 Depreciation expense 736,707
Interest expense 199,303
Other farm deductions 627,921
Accounting fees 3,086
Guaranteed payments 6,271
MANAGEMENT
TYE Adjustments
___ ___________
9-30-87 Farm income1 114,755,879
Depreciation expense 198,141
Interest expense*326 3,618
Other farm deductions2 40,810,069
Fuel credit 1,862
Research credit 1,315,155
9-30-88 Farm income1 $ 103,783,980
Income from receipt of 1,450,793
distrib. ptrship. assets
Depreciation expense 25,196
Interest expense*327 14,770
Other farm deductions2
9-30-89 Farm income1 102,989,553
Income from receipt of 10,809,647
distrib. ptrship. assets
Income from discharge of 4,984,403
indebtedness
Depreciation expense 231,521
Interest expense 369,617
*328 Other farm deductions2 61,937,655
Fuels credit 14,178
Research credit 762,645
Section 179 expense 13,566
9-30-90 Farm income1 $ 71,585,386
Income from receipt of 8,160,745
distrib. ptrship. assets
Income from discharge of *329 4,984,403
indebtedness
Additional sec. 1231 gain 720,526
Depreciation expense 515,265
Interest expense 222,963
Other farm deductions2 40,161,738
Fuel credit 14,462
Research credit 1,828,968
1. Cases of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: Durham Farms #1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 2468-94; W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Company, Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 5104-94; W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Company, Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 5105-94; W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Company, Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 5106-94; Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 9271-94; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 9752-94; Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 9768-94; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 9814-94; Timeshares Breeding Service 1989-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 18707- 94; W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Company, Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 18710-94; Durham Farms #1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 20957-94; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1982-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 22821-94; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984- 5, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 23429-94; Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 23777-94; Durham Farms #1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 8175-95; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1982-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 10053-95; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 11217-95; Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 12500-95; Durham Genetic Engineering 1986-2, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 13236-95; Timeshares Breeding Services 1989-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 14712-95; Durham Farms #1, J.V., Dan C. Johnson, A Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 20843-95; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5, J.V., Lawrence Dees, A Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 20868-95; Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1982-1, J.V., Gary L. Blackburn, Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 21629-95; Durham Genetic Engineering 1984-3, J.V., Thomas Emerson, A Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 24241-95; Timeshares Breeding Services 1990-1, J.V., Edgar Marco, A Partner Other Than the Tax Matters Partner, docket No. 24643-95. By Order dated Oct. 27, 1999, the Court removed Walter J. Hoyt III, as tax matters partner in each of the consolidated cases. In that same Oct. 27, 1999, Order, the Court appointed Gary L. Blackburn as successor tax matters partner of each partnership in the cases and also permitted him to be intervening tax matters partner in those cases commenced by a partner other than a partnership’s tax matters partner.↩
2. After the trial was held and the parties filed their posttrial briefs, Walter J. Hoyt III was allowed by the Court to withdraw as tax matters partner from these cases.↩
3. See supra note 2.↩
4. The years in issue for Durham Farms #1 are 1987, 1988, and its years ended Sept. 30, 1989 through 1992. The years in issue for Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1982-1 are its years ended Sept. 30, 1990 through 1992. The years in issue for Shorthorn Genetic Engineering 1984-5 are 1987, 1988, and its years ended Sept. 30, 1989 through 1992. The years in issue for Durham Genetic Engineering 1984- 3 are 1987, 1988, and its years ended Sept. 30, 1989 through 1992. The year in issue for Durham Genetic Engineering 1986-2 is 1991. The years in issue for Timeshares Breeding Services 1989-1 are 1989 and 1991. The year in issue for Timeshares Breeding Services 1990-1 is 1992. The years in issue for W.J. Hoyt Sons Management Co. are its years ended Sept. 30, 1987 through 1990. Respondent granted DF #1, SGE 82-1, SGE 84-5, and DGE 84-3, each permission to change to a taxable year ended Sept. 30, beginning with that partnership's year ended Sept. 30, 1989.↩
5. In
6. Each of the breeding cattle a partnership acquired was supposed to be listed and identified in the bill of sale Ranches issued that partnership. According to Jay Hoyt, the Hoyt organization's original practice had been to attach copies of all the animals' registration certificates to the bill of sale. He further indicated that after the Hoyt organization's cattle records were computerized around 1985, a Schedule A containing all of this same information (including each individual animal's tag number, registration number, birth date, and sex, as well as the respective registration numbers of its sire and dam) was instead prepared and attached to the bill of sale. In addition, although the sharecrop agreement that Management and a cattle-breeding partnership entered typically recognized that any registration papers on a partnership's breeding cattle would be taken out in the Hoyt family's name, the sharecrop agreement required Management to know the identity and number of a partnership's breeding cattle at all times.↩
7. The Hoyt organization prepared the tax returns for the cattle-breeding partnerships it formed and operated. Jay Hoyt as the managing general partner of a partnership typically signed and filed that partnership's return. For example, the depreciation schedule included in DGE 84-3's 1988 return reflects that it had "acquired" breeding herds for $ 4,759,500 on Feb. 1, 1984, and for $ 359,000 on Feb. 1, 1986, each of which it had been depreciating over 5 years. Similarly, the depreciation schedule included in SGE 84-5's 1987 return reflects that it had "acquired" breeding herds for $ 4,826,000 on Apr. 1, 1984, and for $ 350,000 on Feb. 1, 1986, each of which it had been depreciating over 5 years.↩
8. For example, in evidence are two bills of sale both dated Apr. 1, 1984, that the Hoyt organization issued to SGE 84-5. One bill of sale reflects SGE 84-5 to have acquired 500 breeding cows with calves at side on that date for a stated price of $ 5,080,000. The other bill of sale reflects SGE 84-5 to have acquired 269 head of breeding cows on that date for a stated price of $ 5,080,000. Also in evidence is a 1984 herd recap sheet for SGE 84-5 that reflects the partnership to have purchased 693 breeding cattle during 1984.↩
9. In the Oct. 31, 1984, memorandum, Jay Hoyt claimed that these "cattle exchange transactions" between other partnerships and FF #3 and FF #4 would be "tax free exchanges". He further maintained that the rationale for the "exchanges" was that the other partnerships would be "receiving" a more mature, "proven cow" from FF #3 or FF #4, in return for their "giving up" an unproven, "glamor girl cow". In fact, the 1984 and 1985 "dispersal sale cattle prices" that FF #3 and FF #4 "realized" were later offered in evidence by the taxpayers in the
10. The ASA generally did not inspect or otherwise verify the existence of the Shorthorn cattle registered with it, because it generally accepted to be true the information concerning the animal provided in the registration application a breeder submitted. However, where an animal being registered was produced through artificial insemination techniques, such as embryo transplanting, the ASA's rules required that the animal's asserted parentage be established through a blood test.↩
11. At about this time, the Hoyt organization proposed to Roger Hunsley (Mr. Hunsley) (who had been the ASA's executive director since about 1983 and an expert witness for the taxpayers in
12. See also River City Ranches #4,
13. As indicated previously, the record contains no bills of sale relating to DF #1's, SGE 82-1's, DGE 84-3's, SGE 84-5's, DGE 86-2's, TBS 89-1's, and TBS 90-1's purchases of breeding cattle during 1987 through 1992. Indeed, the revenue agent who examined the returns covering the period from 1987 through 1992 of all the cattle- breeding partnerships the Hoyt organization had formed (including the returns of the seven partnerships involved in the instant cases) testified that no bills of sale were provided to respondent for any breeding cattle purchases any of the partnerships allegedly made from 1988 through 1991. Yet, in his testimony, Jay Hoyt claimed that all of the bills of sale relating to the partnerships' alleged breeding cattle purchases from 1988 through 1992 had been provided to respondent.↩
14. Unlike the parties in River City Ranches #4,
15. On brief, petitioners further cite the cattle count performed during the litigation of
16. The Hoyt organization hired Mr. Favre to conduct this cattle count. Originally, Mr. Favre was supposed to count the cattle together with respondent's expert Mr. Daily. However, because of disagreements between Mr. Daily and the Hoyt organization concerning (1) the procedures to be used in performing the count and (2) scheduling the counts at various locations, Mr. Favre and Mr. Daily conducted their respective cattle counts separately. It is further to be noted that unlike Mr. Daily (who testified in the instant cases as an expert witness on cattle counting and cattle appraisal), Mr. Favre did not testify as an expert. Rather, Mr. Favre testified as a fact witness, and his cattle count report was entered in evidence as a business record of the Hoyt organization.↩
17. In their brief, petitioners contend that the annual herd recap sheets in evidence reflect that, collectively, all of the cattle-breeding partnerships (which in some years may have included perhaps almost 100 separate partnerships) owned the following total numbers of cattle on the dates indicated:
Date Total Number of Cattle
______ ______________________
1-1-87 22,457
1-1-88 25,613
1-1-89 23,418
1-1-90 17,336
1-1-92 22,148↩
18. It is further to be noted that following Mr. Favre's completion of his cattle count in about spring 1993 (which count was mentioned supra note 16, and is discussed in more detail infra), Jay Hoyt, in a memorandum dated Oct. 1, 1993, instructed the Hoyt organization's cattle managers to prepare herd recap sheets for the cattle-breeding partnerships up through Dec. 31, 1992. See supra note 17.↩
19. We do not find to be credible this and other similar assertions of Jay Hoyt regarding these bills of sale. Respondent had been requesting them from Jay Hoyt, the cattle-breeding partnerships, and the Hoyt organization since at least about 1992 (when respondent actively started examining many of the returns filed by the partnerships and certain Hoyt organizations for the years covering the 1987 through 1992 period). Jay Hoyt testified these alleged 1988 through 1992 bills of sale had been provided by him to respondent. He maintained that respondent had been given access to everything the Hoyt organization had. He also asserted that many of the Hoyt organization's records later became unavailable, because those records had been seized by postal inspectors from the Hoyt organization's offices in June 1995. However, the postal inspector who conducted the seizure testified that shortly after effecting the seizure, he had provided Jay Hoyt with an inventory of the seized documents. This postal inspector also related that, in response to Jay Hoyt's and the Hoyt organization representatives' later requests, he had offered them access to the documents that had been seized. According to the postal inspector, Jay Hoyt had also been provided with copies of all the seized documents.↩
20. The Hoyt organization issued certain warranties to the cattle-breeding partnerships that entered transactions with it. For instance, Ranches (as the "seller" of the breeding cattle) generally agreed to replace any cattle that could no longer serve as breeding cattle during a 10-year period. Similarly, Management (which managed a partnership's "breeding herd") further guaranteed there would be a 10-percent annual increase in the size of the partnership's "breeding herd". However, according to certain Hoyt organization records, the Hoyt organization for a number of years had been greatly "in arrears" on its "warranty obligations" to the cattle-breeding partnerships and by about 1990 "owed" over 5,000 breeding cattle to the partnerships. These "warranty obligations" apparently were never satisfied.↩
21. Mr. Baker testified that, because of the Bales case litigation, he had been given a May 1985 deadline to establish the Hoyt organization's computerized cattle records. See
22. Indeed, much of these witnesses' testimony regarding the Hoyt organization's deceptive cattle marketing practices and its fabrication of pedigree and other cattle record information is corroborated by Jay Hoyt's own May 27, 1987, written comments to an Apr. 22, 1987, memorandum that Mr. Baker had submitted to Ric Hoyt. The following is an excerpt of some of Jay Hoyt's comments to certain of the complaints expressed in Mr. Baker's memorandum:
[Mr. Baker's first complaint]: Louie's [a cattle manager
handling public cattle sales to third parties] 'special' deals
are starting to mess up the SPR [i.e., Shorthorn performance
records] side of cattle office.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: What percentage? 100 percent -- etc.
[Mr. Baker's next complaint]: I created a paper for Louie
because the dam had to be by Instant Replay so the calf could be
registered sired by Copyright. The calf is rejecting on the SPR
weaning sheet because the dam is not enrolled in SPR and is not
in computer. I don't want her in the computer because she
doesn't exist.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: How does R.W. [Mr. Baker] know she
does not exist. R.W. just knows she disappeared. She might be at
Mayo's, left in California, etc.
* * * * * * *
[Mr. Baker's next complaint]: We have to go in and change
birth weights in the calf file because they're too high.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: That's R.W.'s job -- He doesn't deal
with customers and know what they want.
[Mr. Baker's next complaint]: Louie takes a bull paper or
steer paper that died or was slaughtered and uses them for bulls
he's selling without regard of what it does to me.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: What it does to R.W. is gives him a
job. He has absolutely no understanding where the money comes
from to run his office. THIS IS OUR FAULT. He had a chance to
turn a paper into cash that would not have been if he had his
way. That should be a success and not a problem.
[Mr. Baker's next complaint]: The progeny history of the
cow doesn't match, a true picture of the cow's history can never
be assured because we don't know if its her real calf or not,
and when we get slaughter information back we can't put it in on
the right animal because he's a bull and was sold.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: What percentage? This one is sad. It
shows how serious the problem is. The carcass data should just
be attached to a copy of the paper and entered. The bull goes in
the sale DATA. The data is STILL included in every place needed
for Seth [Jay Hoyt's brother] and I. We don't need the original
paper to do our tracking. All that must be done is to record
what happened on the copy of the paper.
[Mr. Baker's next complaint]: That messes up what I tell
you, USDA, and Seth. I have to take up untold hours finding red
calves that have red sires and red dams, knowing full well the
sire has to be taken with a grain of salt. All of these things
are easy for Louie because he just says make it work. It's a
nightmare for us because we have to cover the tracks and make
sure everything fits together.
[Jay Hoyt's comment]: WRONG. R.W. has never been instructed
or asked 'to cover anyone's tracks'. His job is to record what
happens IN THE OPEN, in front of everyone. His personal
protection is provided by the Policy. We take the
responsibility. I sense R.W. will think 'if the Policy said kill
someone would that be OK, and wouldn't I be held accountable?'
Sure, but R.W. is not asked to kill anyone. He is asked to
provide them with a gun and shells. He knows what they are going
to do with it, sure, but he isn't doing it. They don't put gun
sellers in jail when the gun kills someone. We are dealing with
the real live problem of giving the marketing people what they
ask for and only they will be held accountable for what they do
with it if R.W. documents it with Louie's or Ric's instructions.
R.W. just records what they did with what he produced under
their instructions.↩
23. In this same Feb. 4, 1991, memorandum, which was discussed earlier, Jay Hoyt had also instructed these workers to register with the ASA a calf for each cow bred, not just existing, "live calves". See supra note 10.↩
24. As discussed previously, the record does not contain any of the alleged bills of sale for years after 1987 that Jay Hoyt claimed were issued by the Hoyt organization to cattle-breeding partnerships.↩
25. The record contains a handwritten note of Jay Hoyt to one of the Hoyt organization's cattle managers. This note states, in pertinent part:
The cattle numbers we used in the loan application are the
numbers in the computer and balance to the books. They are the
numbers. Any difference between them and yours are assigned to
location 'Ric'. It's his job to get them accounted for. Not
yours or mine. This is to be 'fixed' with the equity in his
place. Don't say they don't exist, say they are not in the herd
I'm responsible for. Ric has failed to account for almost 2,000
head. Might explain why he acts so nervous-spooky.↩
26. See supra note 16, describing how they wound up undertaking separate counts.↩
27. In their stipulation, the parties agreed that all joint exhibits (including the Jan. 1, 1987, inventory) were true copies of the original and that (although all other evidentiary objections were reserved) any objections as to authenticity were waived. The Jan. 1, 1987, inventory is further listed and described in the stipulation as being "a cattle inventory dated January 1, 1987, prepared by Gayle Wallace. It indicates that there were a total of 13,481 head of all cattle of all classes and ages as of that date." However, in the stipulation, petitioners further stated they did not agree with the description given numerous joint exhibits listed therein, including the Jan. 1, 1987, inventory. On brief, petitioners dispute there is any evidence in the record establishing this inventory was prepared by Gayle Wallace. (Ms. Wallace was a Hoyt organization worker who in 1987 had worked together with Mr. Hawkins in helping maintain the Hoyt organization's cattle records. They further maintain that it and certain other Hoyt organization cattle inventories in the record are not inventories of the Hoyt organization's "entire herd" and are only listings "as of a particular time, of cattle in specific locations".↩
28. Mrs. Schnitker had begun working for the Hoyt organization as Ric Hoyt's secretary. She eventually became Ric Hoyt's assistant, as he traveled extensively on business and was out of the office for substantial periods during the year. In addition, she had some background in the cattle business and was familiar with the required paperwork, as her husband (who also worked for the Hoyt organization) previously had worked on several ranches. Mrs. Schnitker became Management's cattle marketing director in late 1987, when Ric Hoyt either left the Hoyt organization or reduced his activities on the Hoyt organization's behalf. She served as Management's cattle marketing director from late 1987 through July 31, 1990. As cattle marketing director, Mrs. Schnitker reported to another individual who served as Management's general manager. In connection with being cattle marketing director, Mrs. Schnitker had to see that sufficient cattle were sold to generate the funds Management needed to pay its operating expenses. In addition, she was responsible for Management's cattle registration department and was Mr. Hawkins' supervisor. (As indicated previously, Mr. Hawkins helped maintain the Hoyt organization's cattle records.) Mrs. Schnitker related that generally the cattle sold to third parties were mostly bulls and steers and included only a few cows, as she had been told female breeding cattle were to be sold to the cattle-breeding partnerships. However, she added that, on occasion, when Management's financial needs were pressing, a load of heifers would be sold. Mrs. Schnitker further testified that she did not know whether any of the cattle sold had belonged to the cattle-breeding partnerships. She elaborated that she relied on Mr. Hawkins for information on the cattle Management managed, as she would have to have accurate information regarding what numbers of cattle were available to be sold to meet Management's cash operating requirements. She also stated she considered the cattle information Mr. Hawkins provided to her to be reliable, as she knew him to be a careful and meticulous individual.↩
29. Tom James estimated that, in 1993, the Timeshares Breeding Services operation had a total of 3,133 to 3,234 cattle, consisting of the following numbers of bulls, cows, and heifers:
Location or Parties
Holding Cattle Bulls Cows Heifers
___________________ _____ ____ _______
Clements, CA 410 -- 370
Trent, TX 33 255-256 --
Various Users 265 -- Represents calves owed by users for their use of bulls in three or four breeding seasons.
Total 708 255-256 2,170-2,270↩
30. Included in materials the Hoyt organization prepared for a special meeting in early 1990 of Hoyt & Sons Ranch Properties (another Hoyt organization entity) unit holders are statements that the Hoyt "combined herd" was now one-third its former size because of (1) the Hoyt organization's repayment of loans received from institutional lenders and (2) reductions due to the drought from 1987 through 1988. See infra note 31.↩
31. In his written statement submitted to the District Court in the summons enforcement proceeding in early 1993, Jay Hoyt stated that "In 1987, 1988 and 1989, because of drought, we were forced to sell at beef prices, a substantial portion of our purebred cow herd." Similarly, a Combined Report, Analysis, And Conclusion Of Experts, dated Feb. 19, 1994 (written by Mr. Favre and several of the Hoyt organization's cattle people), asserts that, because of the drought that occurred in California, Oregon, and other western States from 1988 through 1992, the Hoyt organization was unable to determine and record the deaths of thousands of cattle. This report relates that, in 1988, the Hoyt organization decided not to sell some cows and bulls and, instead, to use the drought as part of a natural selection process that would eliminate cattle unable to forage well in poor feed conditions. However, Mr. Hawkins (who helped maintain the Hoyt organization's cattle records) testified that the Hoyt organization had not suffered any substantial cattle losses during this period as a result of drought or disease. Moreover, a cattle expert for petitioners acknowledged that he would question the competence of any cattle operator that allowed a large number of cattle to perish during drought. This expert indicated that an operator could either provide food and water to the cattle, move them, or sell them off. In any event, petitioners have now conceded the alleged large losses for drought and disease previously claimed by the partnerships in the instant cases. See supra note 15.↩
32. On brief, petitioners note that: (1) Petitioner's expert Mr. Hunsley (the ASA's executive director) testified that, in 1986 (when he was serving as an expert witness for the taxpayers in
33. By this time, Mrs. Schnitker had left her position as Management's cattle marketing director and was no longer a Hoyt organization worker.↩
34. The record discloses that the Hoyt organization contrived certain transactions pursuant to which small numbers of breeding cattle (possibly "belonging" to some of the cattle-breeding partnerships) ostensibly were sold for high prices. For instance, in an interoffice memorandum dated Dec. 9, 1985, Jay Hoyt outlined plans to have his brother Bob Hoyt and the brother's business associate "purchase" a heifer for $ 19,000 at one of the Hoyt organization's cattle sales to "help our sales average". This memorandum further states that (1) Ranches would provide the brother and the brother's business associate with the funds to "purchase" the heifer and (2) the brother and business associate would "transfer" the heifer back as their capital contribution to a Timeshare partnership. In another instance, in his memorandum dated Dec. 2, 1991, to various Hoyt organization workers, Jay Hoyt instructed the workers to have the partnership representatives line up two individuals to buy two Timeshare bulls at the Red Bluff and Klamath Falls cattle sales. These two bulls, Jay Hoyt stated, should "sell" for $ 4,500 to $ 5,000 apiece. He added that if the money had to be provided to the two individuals, the workers should take it out of the General Partners' Office (an office in the Hoyt organization) and should get the money back to the General Partners' Office by deducting the money out of the Feedlot Co.'s (another entity in the Hoyt organization) first check from the Red Bluff and Klamath Falls sales. At any rate, the Court finds the bona fides of these and other similar "transactions" to be highly suspect and questionable.↩
35. There is no credible evidence in the record from which the Court can estimate the actual number of "A" herd cattle annually in the Hoyt herd from 1987 through 1992. The Court does not believe Jay Hoyt's claim that, during 1987, of the 24,000 to 29,000 total cattle he estimated were present in the Hoyt organization herd, approximately 40 percent were "A" herd animals. The Court thinks that, in all likelihood, the number of "A" herd animals in the Hoyt organization herd had greatly declined by 1987 or 1988. Among other things, when Ranches was liquidated, Ric and Steve Hoyt took some of the cattle Ranches previously either owned and/or managed. Moreover, in a memorandum dated Sept. 17, 1990, to the Hoyt organization's cattle and ranch managers, Jay Hoyt advised them that the "A" herd concept was being abandoned, because, according to Jay Hoyt, no herd sire prospect (i.e., essentially a potentially very high quality breeding bull) had been sold in the last 2 years.↩
36. The record contains a marketing plan for Management. This plan notes that in order for Management to make a profit on its bulls, it will have to sell them for the following specified prices: (1) A weaner bull for $ 800, (2) a 10- to 12-month-old bull for $ 1,050, (3) a 13- to 15-month-old bull for $ 1,320, and (4) a 16- to 18-month-old bull for $ 1,600. The plan goes on to state that for bulls that cannot be sold at a profit, one option is to market those bulls to "Time Share" which will "pay" $ 3,500 per bull. However, it states, "Time Share" was not planning to buy a great number of bulls from Management in 1989. The record further reflects that, at about this time, the Hoyt organization typically "sold" bulls to various TBS partnerships for stated prices of around $ 3,500 per bull.↩
37. Many of the alleged partnership agreements, promissory notes, and other related documents that purportedly were executed during the 1987 through 1992 period do not appear in the record. Jay Hoyt claimed that these documents were unavailable because they had been seized by postal inspectors from the Hoyt organization's offices in June 1995. However, as indicated earlier supra note 19, the postal inspector who conducted the seizure also testified. This postal inspector related that he had (1) provided Jay Hoyt with an inventory of the seized documents shortly after the seizure was effected, and (2) later (a) offered Jay Hoyt and other Hoyt organization representatives access to the seized documents and (b) provided them with copies of the seized documents.↩
38. Among other things, the record contains standard letters a large group of disgruntled investors (who were allowed to withdraw from their cattle-breeding partnerships) issued to the Hoyt organization in 1994 and 1995. In the letters, these investors noted that the Hoyt organization had represented that the investors would owe no further money because their respective cattle partnership's assets had a value sufficient to cover an investor's "note liability". If not, the letters advised, these investors requested a full accounting by the Hoyt organization with respect to all cattle that had been owned by their partnerships.↩
39. On brief, petitioners assert that this Court's prior decision in
40. As indicated earlier, petitioners conceded the deductions these cattle-breeding partnerships claimed for drought and disease.↩
41. It is thus unnecessary for the Court to decide whether, for purposes of sec. 707(c), the payments Jay Hoyt received were determined without regard to partnership income, an issue upon which the parties disagree.↩
42. The sharecrop agreements provided that a partnership would still retain the breeding value certificates (i.e., essentially the rights to any registration papers) on calves produced by its breeding herd, even though, pursuant to the sharecrop agreement, all calves produced were to belong to the Hoyt organization entity that managed the partnership's breeding herd.↩
1. Includes $ 74,388,096 of management fee income from sharecrop agreements with cattle-breeding partnerships and $ 36,201,929 of sales income (see comment 2 below) from its transfer of animals to Ranches.↩
2. Includes $ 36,201,929 payment made to Ranches to satisfy debt "over several years" for feed, management, consulting, freight services, etc. ↩
1. Includes $ 54,610,680 of management fee income from sharecrop agreements with cattle-breeding partnerships and $ 41,409,067 of sales income (see comment 2 below) from its transfer of animals to Ranches.↩
2. Includes $ 41,409,067 payment made to Ranches to satisfy debt "over several years" for feed, management, consulting, freight services, etc.↩
1. Includes $ 35,889,200 of management fee income from sharecrop agreements with cattle-breeding partnerships and $ 54,879,409 of sales income (see comment 2 below) from transfer of animals to Ranches.↩
2. Includes $ 54,879,409 payment made to Ranches to satisfy debt "over several years" for feed, management, consulting, freight services, etc.↩
1. Includes $ 47,762,200 of management fee income from sharecrop agreements with cattle-breeding partnerships and $ 32,057,283 of sales income (see comment 2 below) from transfer of animals to Ranches.↩
2. Includes $ 32,057,283 payment made to Ranches to satisfy debt "over several years" for feed, management, consulting, freight services, etc.↩
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