DocketNumber: Docket Nos. 5485-74 5565-74.
Citation Numbers: 36 T.C.M. 1759, 1977 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 13, 1977 T.C. Memo. 430
Filed Date: 12/22/1977
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 11/21/2020
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
TANNENWALD,
Docket No. | 1970 | 1971 |
5485-74 | $ 87,778.00 | $293.00 |
5565-74 | 137,708.00 | 0 |
1) Whether payments received by petitioners in exchange for their relinquishment of their rights to acquire interests in a corporation are taxable as capital gain or ordinary income; and
2) Whether Baden Securities International Corporation, a small business corporation of which petitioners were shareholders, is entitled to a deduction for automobile expenses and a loss incurred on the sale of an automobile.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been*15 stipulated and are found accordingly. The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.
Petitioner Robert J. Denison (Denison) is an individual who resided in New York, New York, at the time of filing his petition herein. Petitioner George F. Baker, III, (Baker) is an individual who resided in New York, New York, at the time of filing his petition herein. Both petitioners filed their income tax returns for the year in question with the Office of the Internal Revenue Service at New York, New York.
Petitioners were associated in business with Richard B. Nye (Nye). *16 sole shareholders of Woodwall, Incorporated, an investment advisor to an offshore equity fund.
City Investing Company ("Investing") is a publicly owned corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange which is experienced in real estate.In March, 1969, Nye proposed to Investing that it sponsor separate funds which would invest in real estate and securities and that a new corporation be organized, to be owned jointly by Investing and by petitioners and Nye, which would directly or through subsidiaries, manage and render investment advice to these funds.
Petitioners and Nye thought the relationship would be beneficial to them because Investing had experience in real estate which they lacked. The proposal was attractive to Investing because petitioners and Nye were well respected and Investing believed their participation would help attract capital. They recorded their agreement in a Memorandum of Understanding ("Memorandum"), dated April 17, 1969, as follows:
1. A new corporation called City Security*17 Corporation ("CSC") will be formed in an appropriate jurisdiction in the United States. The outstanding capital stock of CSC will be owned 62 1/2% by City Investing Company, or a whollyowned subsidiary of City Investing Company, and 37 1/2% *18 management;
b. real estate brokerage;
c. investment advice.
5. It is City Investing Company's intention to build an "in-house" investment management capability and, to that end, City may hire one or more financial analysts or fund managers to become employees of CSC or subsidiaries.Nevertheless, it is understood that Messrs. Baker, Denison, and Nye will be available for investment advisory functions, in their capacity as officers of CSC, for not less than two years from the date the first fund is functioning.
6.It is intended that, at an appropriate time, shares of CSC will be offered to the public and that such offerings may include shares owned by the stockholders of CSC.
It was contemplated that the new corporation, City Security Corporation, ("Security"), would have full-time employees to take care of day-to-day operations. Petitioners expected to be available for general advice as to security investments and Investing was expected to be available for general advice as to real estate investments. Neither petitioners nor Investing were to be compensated for these services. Although it was not expected that they would be required to invest much capital, it was*19 understood that petitioners, Nye, and Investing would all contribute their pro rata share to the extent necessary.
Security was incorporated on May 19, 1969, and Denison was designated a director. It was agreed that, at least for the time being, petitioners and Nye would not be officers as the Memorandum provided. Stock certificates of Security were not issued until 1973.
C. I. Mortgage Group, the only fund that was actually formed, was a domestic real estate trust organized in Massachusetts under a Declaration of Trust on May 15, 1969. Petitioners and Nye participated with Investing in finding personnel to operate Mortgage Group and in meeting with counsel and underwriters with respect to a contemplated public offering of securities of Mortgage Group. Because of unfavorable conditions in the securities market in the summer of 1969, the public offering was postponed. In order to achieve a favorable operating record in the meantime, it was agreed that Mortgage Group, through Lehman Brothers ("Lehman"), should attempt a private placement of its securities to raise $20,000,000. Investing and one of its subsidiaries each invested $5,000,000 in common stock. Petitioners and*20 Nye caused a fund which they managed to invest $2,000,000 in debentures and warrants.
In the fall of 1969, market conditions improved and Investing decided to proceed with a public offering of Mortgage Group's securities. In connection with this offering, Investing informed petitioners and Nye that the manager of Mortgage Group would be owned solely by Investing. As a result, petitioners and Nye asserted a claim for breach of contract against Investing. On the basis of estimated earnings of Security and the price-earnings ratio of comparable management companies, they estimated their damages at a couple million dollars. Subsequently, Investing, petitioners, and Nye reached a settlement whereby petitioner and Nye assigned all their interests under the Memorandum to Investing for the sum of $250,000 each.
Baden Securities International Corporation ("Baden") was organized by petitioners and Nye in January, 1969, to act as investment advisor to a Netherlands Antilles Fund. They were the sole shareholders of Baden and, except for a brief period in 1970, were also the sole employees. The corporation's office was at 245 Park Avenue, New York, New York, in 1970. For the year at*21 issue, Baden filed a United States Small Business Corporate Income Tax Return.
Petitioners' and Nye's activities consisted of meeting with and transporting current and prospective clients (many of whom were wealthy Europeans) and meeting with salesmen, security analysts and other portfolio managers. To provide transportation to these meetings and for clients, Baden purchased a 1969 Cadillac in February, 1970, and hired chauffeurs to drive it. Baden sold the car at a loss on November 16, 1970.
OPINION
The first issue for our decision is whether the payments received by petitioners from Investing are taxable as capital gains, as petitioners contend, or as ordinary income, as respondent contends. Resolution of this issue depends, first, upon whether the petitioners' rights under the Memorandum constituted capital assets under section 1221 *22 exchange for services, that the receipt of stock would have been taxable to them as compensation, and that the settlement received in lieu thereof is, therefore, taxable as ordinary income. Petitioners, on the other hand, contend that the stock would have been a capital asset and that an executory contract to acquire a capital asset is itself a capital asset.
It is well settled that an amount received as a substitute for ordinary income is taxable as ordinary income even though a property right has technically been transferred. See
In our view, the record herein clearly demonstrates that petitioners' interests under the Memorandum were to acquire investments in the stock of Security, i.e., in the nature of a joint venture with Investing. As prospective shareholders, they were expected to make proportionate contributions to the capital of Security, albeit that the operations of Security were to be highly leveraged. Cf.
*25 Respondent next contends that, even if petitioners' interests constituted capital assets, they still are not entitled to capital gains treatment on the ground that the transfer of their rights under the Memorandum did not constitute a "sale or exchange" as required by section 1222. Petitioners' rights were not extinguished leaving nothing to be transferred to Investing, as respondent contends. To the contrary, petitioners' right to acquire a 28.6 percent interest in Security passed to Investing just as surely as if actual stock had been transferred.
The second issue for decision is whether Baden, a small business corporation, is entitled to deduct automobile expenses as an ordinary and necessary business expense under section 162(a) and to deduct a loss incurred on the sale of the same automobile under section 165(a).
Respondent does not question the amounts of the claimed deductions nor does he seem to question that some type of transportation was an appropriate component of Baden's business. Rather, the main thrust of his argument is that the use of a chauffeured Cadillac by Baden was extravagant and that, as a consequence, petitioners have failed to sustain their burden of proof. We reject respondent's position to the extent that it seeks to engraft a per se exception of "extravagance" to the usual rule of what is otherwise considered a legitimate expenditure in connection with a business. This Court has on several occasions held that the expenses of a chauffeur driven automobile were deductible.
We have evaluated the record herein (including the testimony of the witnesses whom we saw and heard) recognizing that there is no "verbal formula that will provide a ready touchstone" for decision. See
Having found that the automobile was, for all practical purposes, used entirely in the business of Baden, there is no question but that Baden is entitled to a deduction under section 165(a) for the loss incurred on its sale.
1.
2. Later reduced by mutual agreement to 28.6 percent.↩
3. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended and in effect during the taxable year in question.↩
4. There is some evidence that petitioners' reputations as investment advisors were an element in attracting Investing to the contemplated project. But, Investing's reputation was a similar countervailing element which influenced the petitioners. In any event, we seriously question whether the element of reputation can sustain a finding of ordinary income on the part of a co-investor who is obligated to pay full value for his investment. Cf.
5. The reversal of our decision (
6. See also
7. See also,
Rutkin v. United States , 72 S. Ct. 571 ( 1952 )
Paul E. Dorman and Wineta E. Dorman v. United States , 296 F.2d 27 ( 1961 )
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. José Ferrer , 304 F.2d 125 ( 1962 )
Commissioner v. P. G. Lake, Inc. , 78 S. Ct. 691 ( 1958 )
International Trading Company v. Commissioner of Internal ... , 484 F.2d 707 ( 1973 )
James and Martha Kuper and Charles and Kathleen Kuper, ... , 533 F.2d 152 ( 1976 )
Lee Turzillo and Lucille Turzillo v. Commissioner of ... , 346 F.2d 884 ( 1965 )
Deputy, Administratrix v. Du Pont , 60 S. Ct. 363 ( 1940 )
Welch v. Helvering , 54 S. Ct. 8 ( 1933 )
Commissioner v. Duberstein , 80 S. Ct. 1190 ( 1960 )
Nathan Putchat and Sally Putchat, Husband and Wife v. ... , 425 F.2d 737 ( 1970 )
Betty Finney and Edward F. Finney v. Commissioner of ... , 253 F.2d 639 ( 1958 )